《阅读理解讲义》PPT课件.ppt

MBA 联考阅读理解应试教程 A Course of MBA Reading Comprehension,三、词语释义题 词语释义题与一般的词汇测试题不同，它要求考生推测某个超纲词或某个基本词汇或短语、语句在具体语境中的特定含义。 考生要基于上下文来猜测它们的真正的含义。 词语释义题一般有两种类型：1）对某个单个的词或词组进行释义；2）就某个句子进行释义。 词语释义题在阅读理解试题中占的比例为5%左右。 解题步骤： 1）用查读法迅速在文章中找到要解释的词语或语句； 2）研读该词语或语句所在的句子和它的上下句子； 3）结合A，B，C和D选项的解释确定其在文中的特定含义。,例33 2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第一篇文章 Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized（仔细审查）privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices.” The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that ensure that information wont fall into the wrong hands.,“This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list,” said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the survey. The online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commission rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection. The government, like the online shopping industry, favors self-regulation over imposition of further government restrictions on electronic commerce. Marc Rosenberg, executive director of the privacy group, said the study showed that self-regulations had failed. “We need legislation to enforce fair information practices,” he said, “Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997,” when the group released its first report. The survey also asked whether the 100 sites used “profile-based” advertising, and whether the sites incorporate “cookies” technology, which gives Web sites basic information on visitors. Profiling is the practice of gathering information about consumers interests by tracing their movements online. The information is then used to create targeted,advertising on Web sites. All but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy, a major improvement over the early days of electronic commerce, when such policies were scarce. But that did not satisfy the privacy group: “Companies are posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices,” Rosenberg said. The sites also did not perform well by other measures, the group said. It found that 35 of the sites feature profile-based advertising, and 87 percent use cookies. The group concluded that the policies that were posted “are typically confusing, incomplete, and inconsistent.” The report, “Surfer Beware III: Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection,” is the third such survey by the group. It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity when exploring the Internet.,51. What does the sentence “This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list” mean? A. The study shows that someone else would buy consumers a gift for Christmas. B. The study shows that consumers privacy is being invaded. C. The study shows that companies want to make a Christmas list for children. D. The study shows that Santa would not bring the Christmas gifts this year.,例34 2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章第一、二段 Suppose you go into a fruiterers shop, wanting an apple you take up one, and on biting it you find it is sour; you look at it, and see that it is hard and green. You take up another one, and that, too, is hard, green, and sour. The shopman offers you a third; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour, like those that you have already tried. Nothing can be more simple than that, you think; but if you will take the trouble to analyze and trace out into its logical elements that has been done by the mind, you will be greatly surprised. In the first place you have performed the operation of induction. You find that, in two experiences, hardness and greenness in apples went together with sourness. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. True, it is a very small basis, but still it is enough from which to make an induction; you generalized the facts, and you expect to find sourness in apples where you get hardness and greenness. You found upon that a,general law, that all hard and green apples are sour; and that, so far as it goes, is a perfect induction. Well, having got your natural law in this way, when you are offered another apple which you find it hard and green, you say, “All hard and green apples are sour; this apple is hard and green; therefore, this apple is sour.” That train of reasoning is what logicians call a syllogism (三段论法), and has all its various parts and terms its major premises, its minor premises, and conclusion. And, by the help of further reasoning, which, if drawn out, would have to be exhibited in two or three other syllogisms, you arrive at your final determination. “I will not have that apple.” So that, you see, you have, in the first place, established a law by induction, and upon that you have founded a deduction, and reasoned out the special particular case. 56. The term “natural law” as it appears in the text refers to _. A. common sense B. the result of an induction C. the order of natureD. a scientific discovery,例文35 2003年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第四篇文章 The truly incompetent may never know the depths of their own incompetence, a pair of social psychologists said on Thursday. We found again and again that people who perform poorly relative to their peers ( 同等人)tended to think that they did rather well. Justin Kruger, co-author of a study on the subject, said in a telephone interview. Kruger and co-author David Dunning found that when it came to a variety of skills-logical reasoning, grammar, even sense of humor-people who essentially were inept( 无能的；愚蠢的) never realized it , while those who had some ability were self-critical. It had little to do with innate modesty, Kruger said, but rather with a central paradox:Incompetents lack the basic skills to evaluate their performance realistically. Once they get those skills, they know where they stand, even if that is at the bottom.,Americans and Western Europeans especially had an unrealistically sunny assessment of their own capabilities, Dunning said by telephone in a separate interview, while Japanese and Koreans tended to give a reasonable assessment of their performance. In certain areas, such as athletic performance, which can be easily quantified, there is less self-delusion(欺骗), the researchers said. But even in some cases in which the failure should seem obvious, the perpetrator is blithely (愉快的；快活的) unaware of the problem. This was especially true in the areas of logical reasoning, where research subjects-students at Cornell University, where the two researchers were based-often rated themselves highly even when they flubbed(搞得一团糟) all questions in a reasoning test. Later, when the students were instructed in logical reasoning, they scored better on a test but rate themselves lower, having learned what constituted competence in this area. Grammar was another area in which objective knowledge was helpful in determining competence, but the more subjective area of,humor posed different challenges, the researchers said. Participants were asked to rate how funny certain jokes were, and compare their responses with what an expert panel of comedians thought. On average, participants overestimated their sense of humor by about 16 percentage points. This might be thought of as the above-average effect , the notion that most Americans would rate themselves as above average, a statistical impossibility. The researchers also conducted pilot studies of doctors and gun enthusiasts. The doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses and the gun fanciers thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety. So who should be trusted: The person who admits incompetence or the one who shows confidence? Neither, according to Dunning. You cant take them at their word. Youve got to take a look at their performance,“ Dunning added.,65. What do you know about above-average effect based on the passage? A. Most Americans assess themselves as above average. B. American doctors overestimated how well they had performed on a test of medical diagnoses. C. American gun enthusiasts thought they knew more than they actually did about gun safety. D. All of the above.,四、推断题 推断题是阅读理解试题中高难度的一种题型，要求考生根据阅读材料所提供的信息来进行推理、归纳，从而得出合乎逻辑的推断。 推断题的答案一般不能在原文中直接找到，但大部分文章都会给出间接的提示，考生首先要弄懂文章表面的意思，然后从字里行间中根据某些线索进行合理的归纳或推理。掌握文章的主旨有助于合理的推理。 推断题的设计有一个特点：某一个选项是正确答案，其他三个选项一般都是文中的某个细节。也就是说，其他三个选项在文章中都有出处。 解题方法：用做细节题的方法将各选项与原文定位处进行对比，逐一排除与原文内容不符的选项。,例文36 2001年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第一篇文章最后一段 Letting the bank fail seemed too risky. It was estimated that more than 100 other banks had placed enough funds in Continental to put them at risk if Continental failed. Thus, on a rainy Thursday at the end of July, the FDIC in effect nationalized Continental Illinois at a cost Of $ 4. 5 billion. This kept the banks doors open and prevented a chain reaction. However, in all but a technical sense. Continental had become the biggest bank failure in U.S. history. 33. The nationalization of Continental_. A. saved it B. made hot money owners continue to pull their funds out of Continental C. almost brought down the banking system D. fired many high-ranking officers,例37 2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第一篇文章 Shoppers who have flocked to online stores for their holiday shopping are losing privacy with every mouse click, according to a new report. The study by the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center scrutinized（仔细审查）privacy policies on 100 of the most popular online shopping sites and compared those policies with a set of basic privacy principles that have come to be known as “fair information practices.” The group found that none of the 100 sites met all of the basic criteria for privacy protection, which include giving notice of what information is collected and how it is used, offering consumers a choice over whether the information will be used in certain ways, allowing access to data that give consumers a chance to see and correct the information collected, and instituting the kind of security measures that ensure that information wont fall into the wrong hands.,“This study shows that somebody else, other than Santa, is reading your Christmas list,” said Jeff Chester, executive director of the Center for Media Education, which also worked on the survey. The online privacy of children is protected by Federal Trade Commission rules, but adults do not share the same degree of privacy protection. The government, like the online shopping industry, favors self-regulation over imposition of further government restrictions on electronic commerce. Marc Rosenberg, executive director of the privacy group, said the study showed that self-regulations had failed. “We need legislation to enforce fair information practices,” he said, “Consumers are at greater risk than they were in 1997,” when the group released its first report. The survey also asked whether the 100 sites used “profile-based” advertising, and whether the sites incorporate “cookies” technology, which gives Web sites basic information on visitors. Profiling is the practice of gathering information about consumers interests by tracing their movements online. The information is then used to create targeted,BC,advertising on Web sites. All but 18 of the top shopping sites did display a privacy policy, a major improvement over the early days of electronic commerce, when such policies were scarce. But that did not satisfy the privacy group: “Companies are posting privacy policies, but these policies are not the same thing as fair information practices,” Rosenberg said. The sites also did not perform well by other measures, the group said. It found that 35 of the sites feature profile-based advertising, and 87 percent use cookies. The group concluded that the policies that were posted “are typically confusing, incomplete, and inconsistent.” The report, “Surfer Beware III: Privacy Policies Without Privacy Protection,” is the third such survey by the group. It called for further development of technologies that help consumers protect their privacy and even anonymity when exploring the Internet.,D,A,53. It could be drawn from the passage that _. A. the Washington-based Electronic Privacy Information Center has released at least 3 reports concerning the online privacy B. adults cannot get any online privacy protection C. both the online privacy of children and that of adults are not protected by FTC rules D. only 18 of the top shopping sites displayed a privacy policy nowadays,例文38 2002年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章最后一段 Well now, suppose, having got your conclusion of the law, that at some times afterwards, you are discussing the qualities of apple with a friend; you will say to him, It is a very curious thing, but I find that all hard and green apples are sour! Your friend says to you, But how do you know that? You at once reply, Oh, because I have tried them over and over again, and have always found them to be son. Well, if we were talking science instead of common sense, we should call that an experimental verification. And, if still opposed, you go further, and say, I have heard from people. In Somersetshire and Devonshire, where a large number of apples are grown, and in London, where many apples are sold and eaten, that they have observed the same thing. It is also found to be the case in Normandy, and in North America. In short, I find it to be the universal experience of mankind wherever attention has been directed to the subject. Whereupon, your friend, unless he is a very unreasonable man, agrees with you, and is perhaps he does not know he believes it, that the more extensive verifications have been made, and,results of the same kind arrived at-that the more varied the conditions under which the same results are attained, the more certain is the ultimate conclusion, and he disputes the question no further. He sees that the experiment has been tried under all sorts of conditions, as to time, place, and people, with the same result; and he says with you, therefore, that the law you have laid down must be a good one, and he must believe it. 58. The writer is probably _. A. French B. English C. American D. None of the above,五、是非判断题 是非判断题主要询问各选项的陈述是否与文章中的事实相符或不相符。 问题既可以针对文章中的细节进行设计，也可以针对某一句话，某一个段落，甚至整个篇章的推断进行设计。答案或者是文章的内容，或者是文章以外的内容。 解题方法：使用排除法，将选项分别带进原文，查明各选项是否与原文内容相符或不符。 是非判断题出题率较高，占阅读理解题量的30%左右，仅次于细节题，因此，要引起足够重视。,例39 2000年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第一篇文章 In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the workers life more enjoyable, it does not actually make them work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the workers freedom to do their jobs in their own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most of factories employers are now experimenting with having many,small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of worker contribution an important factor, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.,21. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is NOT true? A. To make jobs more varied. B. To give the workers freedom to do their jobs in their own way. C. Degree of worker contribution. D. Demands for longer working hours.,例40 2000年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第二篇文章 The Internet can make the news more democratic, giving the public a chance to ask questions and seek out facts behind stories and candidates, according to the head of the largest US on-line service. “But the greatest potential for public participation is still in the future,” Steve Case, Chairman of America On-line, told a recent meeting on Journalism and the Internet sponsored by the Freedom Forum （讨论会）. However, some other experts often say the new technology of computers is changing the face of journalism, giving reporters access to more information and their readers a chance to ask questions and turn to different sources. “You dont have to buy a newspaper and be confined to the four corners of that paper any more,” Sam Meddis, on-line technology editor at USA Today, observed about the variety of information available to computer users.,A,B,C,But the experts noted the easy access to the Internet also means anyone can post information for others to see. “ Anyone can say anything they want, whether its right or wrong,” said Case. Readers have to determine for themselves who to trust. “In a world of almost infinite voices, respected journalists and respected brand names will probably become more important, not less,” Case said. The Internet today is about where radio was 80 years ago, or television 50 years ago or cable 25 years ago, he said. But it is growing rapidly because it provides people with fast access to news and a chance to comment on it.,26. It can be inferred from this passage that the fact that _ may NOT be regarded as an advantage of the Internet. A. the news can be made more democratic B. the public can turn to different sources C. the public can get a chance to ask questions D. anything can be posted on the Internet for others to see,D,28. Which of the following statements is true? A. Only respected journalists can post information on the Internet for others to see. B. Respected journalists will probably become more important than before. C. Everyone is using the Internet now. D. The greatest potential of public participation of the Internet is in the near future.,例文41 2001年全国MBA入学联考英语试题阅读部分第五篇文章 In a sense, the new protectionism is not protectionism at all, at least not in the traditional sense of the term. The old protectionism referred only to trade-restricting and trade-expanding devices, such as the tariff or export subsidy. The new protectionism is much broader than this; it includes interventions into foreign trade but is not limited to them. The new protectionism, in fact, refers to how the whole of government intervention into the private economy affects interna