2018中考英语形容词和副词用法总结

形容词和副词用法总结及练习一、形容词：（一）概念：形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征，通常分成两类：1. 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词。2. 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词，大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid, asleep, awake, alone, alive, awake, ashamed, alike。 其他常见表语形容词：worth, ready, sorry, well（二）形容词在句中的位置：有的形容词放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置形容词；少数形容词放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置形容词。 1）当名词被多个前置形容词修饰时，形容词之间有一个先后顺序问题。一般规则为： （限定词）一般描绘性形容词表示大小、长短、高低的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词表示物质、材料的形容词（名词）。如： There is a famous fine old stone bridge near the village. 2）【重点】当形容词词组相当于一个定语从句时，或形容词用来修饰somebody, something, anything, nothing 等的时候，便会出现后置形容词。如：The boy interested in music is my brother. Do you have anything interesting to tell us? 二、副词：（一）概念：用以修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词叫做副词。例如： not（不），here（这里），now（现在）。不少副词同时也可用作介词或其它词类。如：Have you read this book before? (副词，作时间状语) He will arrive before ten oclock. （介词，before ten oclock 是介词短语，作时间状语）（二）副词的种类1、时间副词： 1）表示发生时间的副词： Its beginning to rain now! 现在开始下雨了！ 2）表示频繁程度的副词，也称频度副词：always, often, usually, sometimes, never, ever, hardly等一般位于系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，实义动词之前: She often changes her mind. 3）还有一些其他表示时间的副词： He has just had an operation. 他刚动过手术。2、地点副词： 1）表示地点的副词： She is studying abroad. 她在国外留学。 2）以where 构成的副词也是地点副词：Its the same everywhere. 到处都一样。3、【重点】方式副词 1）英语中有大量方式副词，说明行为方式（回答how的问题）： How beautifully your wife dances. 2）表示情绪的副词： She smiled gratefully. 3）还有一些以-ly结尾的副词，表示动作发生的状况： He left the town secretly. 4、【重点】程度副词和强调副词1）程度副词可修饰动词，表示“到某种程度”： Is she badly hurt? 她伤得重吗？ 说明 这类副词除修饰动词外，还可修饰形容词（a）或另一副词(b): a. fairly simple 相当简单 quite correct 完全正确 b. wonderfully well 好极了 do it very quickly 干得很快2）【重点】much 是一个特殊的程度副词，它可以：a. 修饰形容词等： Im not much good at singing. b. 修饰比较级： You sing much better than me. Their house is much nicer than ours. 5. 【重点】疑问副词和连接副词1）疑问副词： 疑问副词用来引导特殊问句：2）连接副词： 连接副词意思和词形都和疑问副词一样，但都引导从句或与不定式连用：how: Do you know how to start this machine? 你知道这台机器怎样启动吗？where: I dont know where he lives. 我不知道他住在哪儿。（引导宾语从句）6. 一些其它类型的副词，如表示方向的副词： Lets go inside. Take two steps forward. （三）副词的位置1. 副词修饰动词时，通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如： Usually I do my homework in the evening. (句首) I often get up at six. (句中) Please speak slowly. 2. 副词修饰形容词或副词时，通常放在形容词或副词的前面如： These flowers are quite beautiful. （在形容词前） 这些花相当漂亮。 He works very hard. （在副词前）他工作很努力。 但也有例外，如：She is old enough to go to school. （在形容词后）她已到了上学的年龄。3. 按一般规则, 既有地点状语又有时间状语时，地点状语应放在时间状语之前。如： We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我们昨天下午在教室开了一个会。 He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看电视。常见形容词用法比较1.elder 和older elder为年长的，只指人，用来比较年龄长幼，尤指兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，它只能用在名词前作定语，不能用于than引导的比较状语从句中。如： Jordan has two elder brothers and an elder and a younger sister. older为年龄较大的，较老的，较旧的，可指人，也可指物，作定语或表语，能用在than引导的比较状语从句中。 My elder brother is 7 years older than my younger sister. 2. good 和wellgood和well都表示好。通常，作定语或表语时用good，作状语时用well；表示身体好的用well.Doing sports is good for us. 做运动对我们有益。（作表语）Sandy dances well and she is a good dancer. 桑迪舞跳得好，她是个出色的舞者。(well作状语,good作定语)-How are you? -I am very well. （作表语，表示身体好的）3. huge, big, large,和great1) huge强调尺寸、体积庞大（指体积时，比large, great所指的体积大），容量和数量巨大，不强调重量。About ten years ago scientists from the United States found that the large object caused a huge hole in Mexico.2) big最通俗、常用，强调比正常程度、范围及规模的标准大，修饰人、物或数量。反义词是little或smallMy best friend is Xiao Li, but last week in school we had a big fight. 3) large强调远远超过标准的大，可指数量、容量、体积和面积，比big正式，反义词是small.So it is proved that the large object had a close relation with the death of dinosaurs and other animals.4) great通常指抽象的事物。可表数量、距离和程度，修饰人时，意为伟大的。This is a great chance that many people do not have. 形容词与介词的搭配在英语中，有很多形容词后需要加特定的介词，构成固定的搭配。1. 与about构成的搭配Be anxious about be sorry aboutbe careful about be sure/ certain about be worried about 2. 与at构成的搭配Be expert at be surprised at be angry at be good at be clever at 3. 与for构成的搭配Be famous/ well-known for be ready for be sorry for be fit/ unfit for be good/ bad for 4.与in构成的搭配Be interested in be weak in be poor in be different in be experienced in 5.与of构成的搭配Be afraid of be fond of be proud of be tired of be full of be short of be ashamed of 6.与to构成的搭配Be good/ bad to be kind to be nice to be rude to be useful to be polite to 7. 与with构成的搭配Be angry with be careful with be busy with be satisfied with be pleased with be happy with be patient with be strict with 特别提示1. 有些形容词后跟不同的介词意义差别不大Be experienced at/ in具有方面的经验 be sure/ certain of/ about对有把握2.有些形容词后跟不同的介词意义不同Be good at 在方面擅长 be good to对友好 be good for 对有帮助形容词的常用句型1. Its +形容词+ of+ sb. +动词不定式 某人（做某事）, 说明人的性质或特征。常用形容词有：good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful, careless, right, wrong等Its very kind of you to help me. Its foolish of you to make such mistake. 2. Its +形容词+for + sb. +动词不定式 做某事对某人来说, 说明动词不定式的性质、特征。常用形容词有：difficult, easy, hard, dangerous, safe, useful, pleasant, interesting, impossible等It is impossible for a child to answer the question. 小孩子不可能回答出这个问题。It is dangerous for you to swim alone. 你自己一个人去游泳很危险。3. 主语+be动词 +形容词+动词不定式 这一句型常用表示感情、情绪，以及表示能力和意志的形容词，如: glad, pleased, sorry, sad, thankful 或ready, able, sure, certain等。Im very sorry to hear the news. Im glad to see you. Comrade Lei Feng is always ready to help others. Tom is sure/ certain to come. 比较结构的同义转换1. not as/ soas与lessthan的转换The place was not as/ so crowded as it usually is yesterday.The place was less crowded than it usually is yesterday.2. morethan与lessthan, not as/ soas的转换Your picture is more beautiful than his.=His picture is less beautiful than yours.=His picture isnt as/ so beautiful as yours.3.最高级与morethan, nomore than的转换Math is the most difficult subject of all.=Math is more difficult than any other subject.=No subject is more difficult than math. 比较级和最高级的修饰语1. 比较级的修饰语Much（得多），far（得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，a bit（有点），a little（有点），a lot（很）， a great deal(大大地), twice(两倍), five times(五倍), two-fifths(五分之二), a half(一半)等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。e.g. Tom is a little taller than Mike. It is even colder today than yesterday. 2. 最高级的修饰语By far/ far and away 最，很 much 得多 almost 几乎 nearly 几乎The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长河。This is (by) far the best book that Ive ever read. 这是我读过的最好的书。形容词最高级用法最高级是表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比较方式 the+ 形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句Jack is the tallest student in his class. He is the fastest runner of the three boys. This is the most boring book Ive ever read. one of the+形容词最高级+名词复数+表示范围的短语或从句China is one of the largest countries in the world. 用法比较：介词in和of引导的短语说明比较的范围如果在一定的地域空间内进行比较用in; 如果在同一类事物范围内进行比较用of.China is the largest country in Asia.China is the largest one of all the Asian countries. 运用比较级表达最高级的概念： 比较级+than any other+名词单数，比较级+than the other+名词复数或比较级+than the rest of +the+名词复数 Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.= Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. = Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.形容词比较级的用法用于两者比较，表示比更：A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+ B，e.g. I am two years older than my little sister.A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+ B：e.g. She gets to school earlier than the other students. 比较级+and+比较级，这种结构表示事物本身程度的逐渐增长，意为越来越。e.g. In spring the days are getting longer and longer. the+比较级the+比较级，表示一方的程度随着另一方的程度的增长而增长，表示越，越。e.g. The mort you practice using English，the better youll learn it 你英语练得越多，就会学得越好。A十动词十the+比较级+of短语（比较范围），这种结构表示两者中更的那一个。当比较双方只出现一方（没有than及其后面的部分），且句中含有of the two时，比较级前要加the.e.g. Penny is the taller of the two girls. The larger of the two houses belongs to Mr. Black. 表示两者程度不同的其他方式可用more than(多于)， not more than(不多于)， less than(少于)， not less than(不少于)， less+形容词+ than(不如)等。We havent got more than one hour left right now. It is less cold today than it was yesterday. not+比较级 +than与no+比较级+than 这两个结构表达的意思完全不同:前者往往表示一方不比另一方，后者往往表示前者和后者一样都不；修饰说明数量时，前者表示最多，不比多，后者表示仅仅，带有感情色彩。I am not taller than you. 我不比你高。I am no taller than you. 我和你一样高。My French is not better than yours. My French is no better than yours. She is not more than seven years old. She is no more than seven years old. 修饰比较级时常见的错误1. more不可修饰比较级，但much可以用来加强比较级，意为的多，更He looks more younger than I. () He looks much younger than I. ( )2. 比较的对象或范围出现错误。1）The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. () （比较的对象应该是上海的天气，而不是上海）The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. ()2）China is larger than any country in Asia. ()（出现了逻辑上的错误: 中国就是亚洲国家，应当排除在外。）China is larger than any country in Africa. () 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。China is larger than any other country in Asia. () 中国比亚洲的任何（其他的）国家都大。特别提示Than后面接代词时，一般要用主格，但在口语中也可使用宾格。如果than后是一个句子，则不可使用宾格。He works harder than me. He works harder than I do. 副词的比较等级：副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级。其构成方式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况。规则变化的一般规律是：单音节词的比较级和最高级在词尾加-er或-est; 多音节词以及-ly结尾的副词（early除外），前面加more 或most.。不规则的变化式只能采用“各个击破”的办法去记忆。1）规则变化 2）不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 soon loud fast wide early happily carefully sooner louder faster wider earlier more happily more carefully soonest loudest fastest widest earliest most happily most carefully原级比较级最高级wellbadlylittlemuchfarbetterworselessmorefarther（距离）further（程度）bestworstleastmostfarthestfurthest一、副词的比较级的用法1、单独使用: Try to do better next time. Hell come back sooner or later. Please speak more slowly. He swims better than I do. Can you do any better than that? He arrived earlier than usual. 3、比较级前可有状语修饰：You must work much faster. Can you come over a bit more quickly? 4. asas和not soas结构这两个结构也可结合副词使用：1） asas 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像一样”，后面的副词要用原级：She can run as fast as a deer. 2）在否定句中，asas和soas都可以用： I dont go there as much as I used. I didnt do as(so) well as I should. 3）这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语： She can read twice as fast as he does. 二、副词最高级的用法：副词最高级可修饰动词，前面多数不带定冠词the:He laughs best who laughs last. (谚语) 谁笑在最后谁笑的最好。Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我们四人中我唱的最差。三、副词比较级和最高级的特殊用法：副词比较级和最高级还可用在一些特别结构或短语中。1）more and more 越来越: It rained more and more heavily.She went farther and farther away. 2）the morethe more 越，越： The more I work, the more I accomplish. 3）had better 最好：Wed better not disturb him. What had we better do?