商务方向英语语法第十六课.ppt

English Grammar 英语语法第十六讲,as在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句 as多和such或the same连用，构成“such.as”和“the same.as”结构，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 e.g. Such people as were recommended by him were reliable. Id like to use the same tool as is used here.,the same.that虽然在结构上与the same.as相同，但是句意有时有差别 e.g. This is the same book as I read last week. 这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。 This is the same book that I read last week. 这就是我上周读的那本书。 但如果先行词是表示抽象概念，则没有区别 e.g. She tole me the same story as/that she had told you.,as还可以用在so或as之后，构成“so.as, as.as”结构。这种结构前面的so或as是副词，后面的as是代词。 e.g. In the city, I saw so grand a National Day celebration as I never dreamed of. He is as great a painter as ever lived. (one of the greatest),2. as引导非限制性定语从句 as作为关系代词代替整个主句，as引导的从句位置比较灵活，可以位于主句前面，中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，通常译为“正如.一样，正像.一样”，表示一种附加说明，含有“显然，为人所熟知”的含义。 注意：which指的通常是前面提到过的情况或事实，而不是后面提到的，引导的从句只能放在主句之后。表示一种较为重要的评说。,e.g. As might be expected, John was admitted to the university. Children, as is always the case, love their mother. The material is elastic, as shown in the figure.(不能换成which, as后面为is或was+过去分词构成的被动语态，is或was可以省略，which后面的is或was则不可以省略),下面是常见的as引导的结构，一般位于句首，但也可以位于句中或句尾。 as is well known 众所周知 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as may be imagined 可以想象得到 as often happens/occurs 这种情况经常发生 as has been said before 如前所述 as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的,as wil be shown in. 将在.中指出 as is hoped 正如所希望的 as is usual with sb (某人)经常如此 as is natural 很自然 as is supposed 如所料想的 as is anticipated 如所预料的 as is the custom with 习惯如此,as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，一般都是连系动词（be,seem,become等）作谓语动词，一般不用其他行为动词；which引导非限制性定语从句，则可用各类动词作谓语动词 e.g. He did much but said little, as became his character. She failed in the experiment, which surprised all of us.,She is dead, as I live. 她的的确确是死了。 as I live 是一种习惯说法，意为indeed,用于强调，类似的还有: as I am here; as the sun shines等,but在定语从句中的用法 but作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句，同具有否定意义的主句连用，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。but在其意义上等于“thatnot”, “whonot”, “whichnot”。but只用于限制性定语从句。,e.g. There was not a single student in my class but (who did not) learnt a lot from him. 我的班上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。 Not a day went by but (which did not) brought us good news. 没有一天不给我们带来好消息。,There isnt a girl but faces this problem. There is nothing in the world but is influenced by the sun. There are few of them but admire your achievement. No rule but has exceptions.(省略There is) Few books but have a misprint or two. (省略There are),限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句比较 限制性定语从句： 意义：起限定作用，指特定的人或物，不可省略，否则原句句意不完整。 结构要求：紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号。 功能：修饰先行词。 引导词：关系代词，关系副词。 译法：一般译为定语从句。,非限制性定语从句： 意义：仅作补充或说明，若省略掉，原句句意也是完整的。 结构要求：用逗号与主句隔开。 功能：修饰先行词或整个主句。 引导词：不用that, 关系代词或关系副词。 译法：可译为并列分句。,比较： He has two sisters who are working in the city.他有两个妹妹在这个城市里工作。（可能还有别的妹妹不在这工作。） He has two sisters, who are working in the city. 他有两个妹妹，都在这个城市里工作。（补充说明）,The children who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.想踢足球的那些孩子因为下雨而感到失望。（只有那些想踢足球的孩子感到失望，而另外一些孩子则可能不在乎。） The children, who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. 那些孩子都想踢足球，都因为下雨而感到失望。,There were very few passengers that escaped without serious injury. 没受重伤而逃出来的旅客很少。（逃出来的旅客大都受了重伤。） There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury. 旅客很少，他们都逃了出来，没受重伤。（旅客人数少，没有受到什么重伤。）,有的时候只有一个逗号之差，句意却是大相径庭。 He will wear no clothes which will distinguish him from his fellow men. He will wear no clothes, which will distinguish him from his fellow men.,特殊用法： 1. 先行词作为另一个名词或代词的同位语； e.g. I lent her the money, fool that I was. He sent some flowers to Mary, angel that she is. He didnt love her, pretty girl as she is.,2. 关系代词充当宾补成分； e.g. He is not the gentleman (that) people thought him. He is still the optimistic man as you used to find him.,3. 一个先行词可以跟两个定语从句，限制性或是非限制性的，用but, and或or连接起来。 e.g. The book which you are reading and which is read by many young people is written by Mark Twain. The man whom you met yesterday and whose name often appears in the newspaper is a famous scientist.,在某些句子中，第一个定语从句同先行词关系密切，表示一个统一的意思；后面跟一个定语从句加以修饰，这两个句子之间不可加and, but或or。 e.g. He is the only man that is alive who witnessed the accident. There is not a day (that) he spent with her that does not arouse sweet memory.,名词性从句： 引导名词性从句的关联词 1. 连接词that, whether和if that本身无意义，有时可省略；whether和if本身有意义，均不能省略。that和whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if引导名词性从句时，只能引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句。 e.g. It is doubtful whether/if he is coming.,whether可以作介词宾语，而if则不能 e.g. I havent settled the question of whether(不用if) Ill lend him the money. whether引导的句子可以放在复合句的句首，if则不行；连接宾语从句时，两者可以互换 e.g. Whether she comes or not makes no difference. (不用if) I dont know whether/if he will attend the meeting.,whether后可以接不定式，而if则不能 e.g. He didnt know whether (不用if) to get married or to wait. if, whether常用在see, ask, try, wonder, know等动词之后 引导宾语从句即可用whetheror或者whetheror not, 也可以用ifor或者if or not,I dont care whether (if) you come or not. Please try to find out whether (if) he is at home or at the office. I asked her if she wanted tea or coffee or ice-cream.,whetheror可以引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，这时or不可省，if则不可以 Whether(不用if) it rains or snows, I dont care.,whether后可以直接跟or not或者or no,构成whether or not或whether or no, if 则不可以 He will write to you whether or not he can do it. He will leave for Paris tomorrow, whether or no.,whether和if引导的宾语从句，可以用肯定式，也可以用否定式，但含义不同。 e.g. He asked whether she could help. 他问她是否能帮忙。（表示疑问，可加or not） He asked whether she couldnt help. 他认为她能帮忙。（表示肯定，后不可加or not）,She considered whether it would be wiser to remain silent. 她考虑保持沉默是否会更明智。（表示疑问） She considered whether it wouldnt be wiser to remain silent. 她认为保持沉默会更明智。（表示肯定） He wondered if he had better break up the relation with her. 他想知道是否最好同她断绝关系。（表示疑问） He wondered if he hadnt better break up the relation with her. 他知道最好和她断绝关系。（表示肯定）,doubt(怀疑)的肯定形式接if或whether从句，但其否定形式dont doubt和疑问形式Do you doubt要接that从句；doubt作“不相信”理解，表示强烈的不相信时，在陈述句中也可接that从句 e.g. I doubt whether she will stay here. (怀疑) I doubt that she is guilty. (不相信) I doubt whether its true. 我怀疑那是不是真的。 I doubt that its true. 我不信那是真的。,I dont doubt that you are innocent. 我相信你是清白的 She never doubted that she was right. 她从不怀疑自己是正确的 Do you doubt that she will win? 你怀疑她会赢吗？,关系代词 引导名词性从句的关系代词：who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever, 在句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分 e.g. Who will preside at the meeting has not been decided yet. (引导主语从句同时作从句的主语),He asked whom I borrowed the money from. (引导宾语从句同时作从句的宾语) Which team has won the game is not known yet. (引导主语从句同时作从句的定语) This is what he said to me. (引导表语从句同时作从句的宾语),whatever=no matter what (anything that) whoever=no matter who (anyone who) whichever=no matter which (anything which) e.g. Whatever is worth doing should be done well. The gold medal will be presented to whoever that comes out first.,关系副词: 引导名词性从句的关系副词有： when=the time when where=the place where how=the way in which why=the reason why 这些关系副词起双重作用，在句中既是连接词，又作状语。其引导的从句可以用作主语、宾语或表语。,When we can begin the expedition is still a question. (引导主语从句同时作从句的时间状语) We didnt know why she didnt come. (引导宾语从句同时作从句的原因状语) The question is how we can get the loan. (引导表语从句同时作从句的方式状语) Thats where he used to live. (引导表语从句同时作从句的地点状语),but, but that 和but what 1. 用于no doubt和no deny之后，等于that There can be no doubt but that it is the best choice. 这无疑是最好的选择 She didnt doubt but that (but) he was a responsible man. 她不怀疑他是个有责任心的人 I can not deny but what it is an urgent matter. 我不否认这是件紧迫的事情,2. 用于特殊疑问句中或否定词之后，相当于thatnot Who knows but that it may be true? 谁知道这是不是真的? = Who knows that it may not be true? I can hardly believe but that the answer is right. 我简直不敢相信这个答案不正确 = I can hardly believe that the answer is not right.,3. but that可以引导条件状语从句 表示“若不是”，相当于if从句，主句常用虚拟语气 He would have helped you but that he was short of money at the time. He would have said yes but that he was afraid.,同位语从句(Appositive Clause) 同位语从句用于对名词作进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容 常见名词有：belief 相信；fact 事实；hope 希望；idea 想法；doubt 怀疑；news 消息；rumor 传闻；conclusion 结论；evidence 证据；suggestion 建议；problem 问题；order 命令；answer 回答；decision 决定；discovery 发现；explanation 解释；information 消息；knowledge 知识；law 法律；opinion 观点；possibility/probability 可能；principle 原则；truth 真理；promise 许诺；report 报告；thought 思想；statement 声明；rule 规定；certainty 肯定；likelihood 可能； 同位语从句一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词或关系副词或whether/if引导,The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging. There arose the question where we could get the loan. I have no idea what has happened to him. Nobody can explain the fact why he suddenly disappeared. There is some doubt whether he will come.,有时引导同位语从句的名词可以放在从句之后出现 e.g. The man is narrow-minded and rather selfish-a fact many people know. What he should do, when he should do, how he should do-these questions puzzled him all day long.,同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词之后，而是被别的词隔开 An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way. He got a message from Mr. Johnson that the manager could not see him that afternoon.,同位语从句和定语从句的区别 1 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时又在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），that作宾语时常可省略，而同位语从句中的that是连词，只是起连接主句和从句的作用，不充当句中的任何成分，that一般不可省。,2 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述它的性质或特征；同位语从句等同于先行词，是名词性的，其功能是对名词作补充说明。 3 同位语从句的先行词应是表示抽象概念的词，如idea, belief, conclusion, impression等，而定语从句的先行词可以是各种表示抽象概念或具体概念的词。,Practice: judge the clause types,She received the message that he would come by plane. (appositive clause) She received the message (that) you sent her a few days ago. (attributive clause) The rumor that he stole the ring proved groundless. (appositive clause) The rumor (that) he spread among friends has been denied. (attributive clause),The news that he has succeeded inspired them all. (appositive clause) Whats the news that upset her so much? (attributive clause) Its a fact that she has done her best. (appositive clause) It is a fact (that) you cant deny. (attributive clause),