地球生态系统-圈层英文版.ppt

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,TheEarthasaSystem,EarthsSpheres,EarthSystemScience(ESS),ThestudyoftheinteractionsbetweenandamongeventsandEarthsspheresArelativelynewscience(1988),EarthsSphere,AtmosphereHydrosphereLithosphereBiosphereCryosphereAnthrosphere,Atmosphere,AgaseoussphereanditenvelopestheEarth,Consistsofamixtureofgasescomposedprimarilyofnitrogen,oxygen,carbondioxide,andwatervapor.,Hydrosphere,AllofthewateronEarth71%oftheearthiscoveredbywaterandonly29%isterrafirma,Lithosphere,TheEarthssolidsurface,oftencalledthecrustoftheearth.ItincludescontinentalandoceaniccrustaswellasthevariouslayersoftheEarthsinterior.,Biosphere,Alllifeonearth,includingman,andallorganisms.Thelifezoneonourplanetdistinguishesourplanetfromtheothersinthesolarsystem.,Cryosphere,TheportionoftheEarthssurfacewherewaterisinasolidformSnoworice:includesglaciers,iceshelves,snow,icebergs,andarcticclimatology,Anthrosphere,Manandhisdirectancestors,hominids.Thehumanpopulation,itsbuildings,dams,andotherconstructions.,InterconnectedSpheres,SpheresarecloselyconnectedChangesareoftenchainreactionsAchangeinonesphereresultsinchangesinothers-calledaneventForestfiredestroysplantsinanareaInteractionsbetweenspheresNoplants=erosionSoilinwater=increasedturbidityTurbidity=impactswaterplants/animals,EventSphere,Causes&EffectsInteractionsEventSphereSphereSphere,ESSAnalysis,EventsCause-effecteventsInteractionsNaturaleventsEarthquake,hurricane,forestfiresHumancausedeventsOilspill,airpollution,construction,ESSAnalysis,Whatspherescausedtheevent?SphereEventWhatareeffectsoftheeventonthespheres?EventSpheresHowdochangesinonesphereimpactonotherspheres?SphereSphere,UnderstandingInteractions,GlobalimplicationsHelpspeoplepredictoutcomesPreparationfornaturaldisastersEnvironmentalimpactsofhumanactivities,ESSAnalysis,AnExample-handoutYellowstoneForestFireGroupactivityMtStHelenseruption,1980HurricaneAndrew,1992,
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