《英语句子成分》PPT课件.ppt

ComponentsandStructuresofSentence,英语语法构成示意图,句子成分,一、主语,Subject：句子说明的人或事物，一般位于_。,句首,1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。,什么情况下用it作形式主语？,你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？1)Itiswrongtotellalie.()2)Itisnousearguingaboutit.()3)Itisuncertainwhowillcome.(),说谎是错误的。,争吵是没用的。,谁要来还不确定。,1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.,二、谓语,Predicate:说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由_充当。动词常分为实义动词,连系动词,情态动词和助动词.,动词,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.,1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,三、宾语,Object：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在_或_后面.,及物动词,介词,4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,Predicative：跟在连系动词后面的词语或从句,用来说明主语的身份,特征,状态.,四、表语,1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）,6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）,1）状态系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。Heisateacher.2）持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay。Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.他开会时总保持沉默。,系动词,3）表像系动词，用来表示看起来像这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Helookstired.Heseems(tobe)verysad.4）感官系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,taste。Thisflowersmellsverysweet.,5）变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,run,get,go,come。Hebecamemadafterthat.6）终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout。Therumorprovedfalse.这谣言证实有假。Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.他的计划终于成功了。,Attribute:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词）,五、定语,5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.（定语从句）,Adverbial：修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。,六、状语,9种状语种类如下：,1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?2.Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.3.Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.,（时间状语）,（原因状语）,（条件状语）,（地点状语）,（方式状语）,Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.9.Iamtallerthanheis.,（伴随状语）,（目的状语）,（结果状语）,（让步状语）,（比较状语）,Complement是用于补充说明主语或宾语的身份或特征。,七、补语,EveryonecallshimJack.（宾补）HeiscalledJack.（主补）,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Henoticedamanentertheroom.,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,S.,Predicative,O.Complement,选择填空：,()1._willleaveforBeijing.A.NowtherethemanB.ThemanherenowC.ThemanwhoisherenowD.Themanisherenow()2.Theweather_.A.wetandcoldB.iswetandcoldC.notwetandcoldD.werewetandcold()3.Theappletasted_.A.sweetsB.sweetlyC.nicelyD.sweet,()4.Hegotup_yesterdaymorning.A.latelyB.lateC.latestD.latter()5.Theactor_attheageof70.A.deadB.diedC.dyedD.dying()6._wereallverytired,butnoneof_wouldstoptotakearest.A.We,usB.Us,weC.We,ourD.We,we,()7.Hefoundthestreetmuch_.A.crowdB.crowdingC.crowdedD.crowdedly()8.Ithink_necessarytolearnEnglishwell.A.itsB.itC.thatD.thatis,()9.Thedog_mad.A.looksB.islookedC.isbeinglookedD.waslooked()10.Iwillneverforgettheday_Ijoinedthearmy.A.thatB.whenC.inwhichD.where,基本句型,从结构上分：,简单句(Simplesentence),并列句(Compoundsentence),复合句(Complexsentence),英语句子长短简繁不一，表面上似乎难以捉摸，但可以从实质上发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。即可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一：+（主谓）二：+（主谓/系表）三：+（主谓宾）四:+InO+D(主谓间宾直宾）五:+O（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型一(subject)+V(verb)（主谓）特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。e.g.Hiswordsworks.S,V,基本句型二+（主系表）特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做(连)系动词。系动词可分四类：1）be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词；2）感官动词类look,feel,smell,taste,sound等+adj.3）表示变化：get,grow,become,turn,go等4）表示状态延续：stay,keep,prove,remain,stand等,+adj.,+adj.,SV(link-V.)PThisisanEnglishdictionary.Everythinglooksdifferent.天气更凉爽了。Theweatherbecomescooler.,基本句型三+（主谓宾）特点：谓语动词都是实义动词，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。e.g.Welikethemovie.S,V,o,SV(Vt.)O她经常帮她妈妈。Sheoftenhelpshermother.2.我想要一杯茶。Iwantacupoftea.,基本句型四+InO+D（主谓间宾直宾）特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常可改为S+V+DO+prep.+InOe.g.Shegavemeanapple.=Shegaveanappletome.,SV(Vt.)InODOShepassedhimanewdress.John告诉我他的想法。Johntoldmehisidea.,基本句型五+O（主谓宾宾补）特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。e.g.Wemadehimthemanager.S,V,O,OC,SV(Vt.)OOCWekeepthetableclean.Isawthemgettingonthebus.他让我马上回来。Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.,Idontwanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiaryasmostpeopledo,butIwantthisdiarytobemyfriend,andIshallcallmyfriendKitty.,S,V,_,_,O,_,Ad.,(,),S,_,V,S,V,O,_,_,OC,S,_,V,O,OC,并列复合句,Analyzethesentences:Icanwellrememberthattherewasatimewhenadeepbluesky,thesongofthebirds,moonlightandflowerscouldneverhavekeptmespellbound.,S,V,_,Oc,S,V,P,Ac,（,）,_,_,S,_,_,V,O,OC,Itsnopleasurelookingthroughtheseanylongerbecausenatureisonethingthatreallymustbeexperienced.,S,V,P,_,_,_,S,Ad.C(状从),S,V,P,_,_,At.C(定从),Bye-bye!,