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Academic Writing CourseContentsActivities in Discussion1Elements in Discussion Section2Certainty about Claims3Cause and Effect4a)considering both sides of an issue,or question before reaching a conclusion;Meanings of Discussion in Academic Senseb)considering the results of research and the implications of these results.P72-73Colorectal cancer 结直肠癌lung cancer 肺癌Esophagus cancer 食道癌liver cancer 肝癌prostate cancer 前列腺癌laryngeal cancer 喉癌bladder cancer 膀胱癌Myeloma 骨髓瘤malignancy 恶性肿瘤rectal cancer 直肠癌colon cancer 结肠癌esophageal adenocarcinoma食管腺癌endometrial cancer 子宫内膜癌menopausal hormone therapy绝经后激素治疗leukemia 白血病melanoma(恶性)黑素瘤，(良性)胎记瘤breast cancer 乳腺癌estrogen 雌激素progesterone 黄体酮carcinogenesis 癌病变，致癌作用Some expressions in Reading PassageIntroductory and Concluding Paragraph?lwe found elevated risks of colorectal and lung cancer with both types of meat.lRed but not processed meat intake was also associated with increased risk of cancer of the esophagus and liver.lWe statistically observed elevated risks of advanced prostate cancer with both red and processed meat intake,of laryngeal cancer with red meat intake,and of bladder cancer and myeloma with processed meat intake.lA diet high in red or processed meat was associated with an elevated risk of both colorectal and lung cancer;lRed meat was associated with an elevated risk of esophageal and liver cancer.P74P72What has the results discussed?lWe observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.lWe found a positive association between red meat intake and cancer of the esophagus and the liver,and a significantly positive association for laryngeal cancer.lWe found an inverse association between red meat intake and endometrial cancer;lWe observed a suggestion of an elevated risk of advanced prostate cancer with both types of meat.lWith regard to breast cancer,a pooled analysis of eight cohort studies found no association with red meat intake;P73Elements in Discussion Section?ParagraphFunction123456789Provide a brief summary of key findingsDiscuss possible mechanisms and explanations for the findings.Compare study results with relevant findings from previous studies.Discuss the limitations of the present study consider alternative explanations of the findingsConclude with a brief summary of key findings lreference to the main purpose of the study la generalised review of the most important findings-summary of results lpossible explanations for the findings in general lcomparison with expected results and other studies llimitations of the overall study that restrict the extent to which the findings can be generalised Elements in Discussion SectionPara.1Paras.2-7Para.8Strong or Cautious Claim?Read and decide which of the sentences below are considered to be academically competent.1.The management of danger is also not the sort of language to appear within policy documents that refer to GRT children,where it might be construed to reflect systematic failures in schools.2.The management of danger is also not the sort of language to appear within policy documents that refer to GRT children,which reflects systematic failures in schools.1.Consistent with previous studies,we observed a stronger positive association for rectal than colon cancer.2.It is possible that the referent group had a smaller-than-expected cancer incidence by chance.3.We observed a suggestion of an elevated risk for advanced prostate cancer with both meat types.4.In contrast to our findings,childhood leukemia has been positively associated with intake of processed meats in a case-control study.5.Associations between saturated fat and cancer are likely to be related to energy balance in general,whereas iron is thought to contribute to carcinogenesis specifically by generating free radicals and inducing oxidative stress.6.This could explain some of the inconsistencies in the literature as most previous studies have not specifically addressed advanced prostate cancer.Strengthening or Weakening a Claim?P80 strengtheningweakeningweakeningstrengtheningweakeningweakening7.It lends strong support to implicate red and processed meat as risk factors for this malignancy.8.We found a positive association between red meat intake specifically and cancers of the esophagus and liver.9.A decrease in the consumption of red and processed meat could reduce the incidence of cancer at multiple sites.10.An earlier start in data collection would have increased the time needed to survey more participants.Ideally,the number of participants would have been more evenly distributed across gender/year in population.A larger sample with diversity would have benefited our results.11.Our study suggests a threshold effect for red meat intake on esophageal cancer risk,12.Although breast cancer risk related to meat intake did not appear to differ by menopausal status in our study,we had very few premenopausal cases(n=94)and lacked information on hormone receptor status for a large number of cases.strengtheningstrengtheningweakeningweakeningweakeningweakeningCause and Effecteffectstherefore consequently soas a result in consequenceaccordingly thus hencebecause of thisfor this reasonresult in lead to causebring about give rise toproducecausesdue to because ofowing to as a result of on account of foron the ground ofthrough because since ason the ground thatExerciseComplete the following paragraph by filling in missing causal words.Recurring headaches can have initiate disruptive effects in a persons life.(1)_,in many cases,these headaches make a person nauseous to the point that he or she must go to bed.(2)_,sleep is often interrupted(3)_ the pain.Disrupted sleep worsens the physical and emotional state of the sufferer.For those who try to maintain a normal lifestyle,drugs are often relied on to get through the day.Such drugs,of course,(4)_ other negative effects.Drugs can inhibit productivity on a job,perhaps even(5)_ regular absences.Not only is work affected,but the seemingly unpredictable occurrence of these headaches(6)_ disruption in family life.The interruption to a persons family life is enormous:cancelling plans in the last minute and straining relationships with friends and family.It is no wonder that many of these people feel discouraged and even depressed(7)_ the cycle of misery reoccurring headaches cause.FirstlyFurthermorebecause ofcan lead tocausingcausesdue toP77-78Turn the following notes into a paragraph of cause and effectLack of water dryness in the soil leaves wilt death of plant.Too much water leaves droop or become yellow death of plant.Too strong sun baked soil roots killed death of plant.Lack of light pale leaves&thin stems death of plant.There are several factors to be taken into account when studying why some plants become weak or die.One reason is lack of water.Dryness in the soil causes the leaves to wilt,and may give rise to the death of the plant.On the other hand,too much water may result in the leaves drooping,or becoming yellow.While sunshine is necessary for plants,if it is too strong,the soil may be baked and the roots killed.However,if there is no light,the leaves will become pale and the stems thin.Consequently the plant may die.P78Academic Writing Course
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