《关于论文剽窃》PPT课件.ppt

Plagiarism,WhatisPlagiarismandHowCanYouAvoidIt?什么是剽窃，如何避免？,WritingServices,2009,Aboutthispresentation,Duringthispresentation,youlllearnhowtodetectplagiarismandhowtopreventitinyourownwriting.Theobjectiveofthispresentationistohelpyoufeelmoreconfidentinusingandcreditingacademicsourceseffectively.在这个课件中，你将学习怎样检查剽窃和在你的写作中如何避免。这个课件的目的就是帮助你在更好的更有自信的使用学术资源。,Real-LifeExamplesofPlagiarism剽窃实例,Plagiarismisanissueintheacademicenvironmentandbeyond.Asthefollowingreal-lifeexamplesdemonstrate,usinginformationwithoutcreditingitsoriginalsourcecanharmyourcredibility.剽窃在学术研究中存在的一个普遍问题，事实可以证明，引用别人的信息但没有注明会破坏你的可信度。,Example#1例1,Duringthe2008federalelectioncampaign,itwasrevealedthataspeechgivenbyStephenHarperin2003hadbeenplagiarizedfromaspeechgivenbytheAustralianprimeminister.在2008年的联邦选举活动中，史蒂芬.哈伯在2003年做的报告被证实是从澳大利亚首相所作的报告中剽窃的。Thecolourcodedtextonthenextslidehighlightsthedramaticsimilaritybetweenthetwotexts.用其他颜色标注的地方在两篇文章中高度相似。,Example#1,AustralianPrimeMinisterJohnHowardsaid:“Asthepossessionofweaponsofmassdestructionspreads,sothedangerofsuchweaponscomingintothehandsofterroristgroupswillmultiply.Thatistheultimatenightmarewhichtheworldmusttakedecisiveandeffectivestepstoprevent.Possessionofchemical,biologicalornuclearweaponsbyterroristswouldconstituteadirect,undeniableandlethalthreattoAustraliaanditspeople.”StephenHarpersaid:“Asthepossessionofweaponsofmassdestructionspreads,thedangerofsuchweaponscomingintothehandsofterroristgroupswillmultiply,particularlygiveninthiscasetheshamelessassociationofIraqwithroguenon-stateorganizations.Thatistheultimatenightmarewhichtheworldmusttakedecisiveandeffectivestepstoprevent.Possessionofchemical,biologicalornuclearweaponsbyterroristswouldconstituteadirect,undeniableandlethalthreattotheworld,includingtoCanadaanditspeople.,Harperstafferquitsoverplagiarized2003speechonIraq,Source:http:/www.cbc.ca/news/canadavotes/story/2008/09/30/rae-harper.html.RetrievedFeb.10,2009.,Example#2,AccusationsofplagiarismalsodamagedthecredibilityofStephaneDionscampaignduringthesameelection.对剽窃的指责损害了史提芬迪奥在选举中的诚信。DionsGreenShiftplanincorporatedtheadviceandknowledgeofenvironmentalexpertsaroundtheworld.However,hisreportfailedtocreditoneofitsmostprominentsources,DavidSuzuki.迪奥的绿色移动计划包含世界各地环境专家的建议和知识。然而，他的报告没有注明他所引用的最著名的信息来源于大卫铃木。Onthenextslide,compareSuzukisoriginaltextwithDionsreport.在下一张幻灯片中，将铃木的原创文章与迪奥的进行比较。,Example#2,ExcerptsfromSuzukisreport:AcrossCanada,airpollutioncausesthousandsofprematuredeaths,tensofthousandsofhospitalizations,andhundredsofthousandsofdaysabsentfromworkandschoolannually.TheOntarioMedicalAssociation(OMA)estimatedthattherewere5,800prematuredeathsduetoairpollutioninOntarioalonein2005.,Excerptfrom:StephaneDionsCleanAirPlanripsoffaDavidSuzukiFoundationreportSteveJanke,Sept.4,2008(AngryintheGreatWhiteNorthblog),ExcerptsfromDionsReport:InCanada,airpollutioncausesthousandsofprematuredeaths,tensofthousandsofhospitalizations,andhundredsofthousandsofdaysabsentfromworkandschoolannually.TheOntarioMedicalAssociationissuedareportin2005sayingthateveryyear5,800Ontarianswilldieprematurelybecauseofsmogrelatedillness,Quickquiz,Youhavecommittedplagiarismifyou:假如你有下列行为，你可能涉嫌抄袭a)Makeuseoftheworksofotherstogatherinformation.利用别人的著作收集信息b)Usetheworkofanotherandmisrepresentitasyourown.把别人的著作当成你的c)Makeuseoftheworksofotherstosupportyourownarguments.利用别人的著作来只来支持的观点d)Examinetheideasandargumentsofotherstohelpyoushapeyourownthoughtsorviewsonaparticularissue.利用别人的思想或观点来帮助你在某一特殊事件上形成自己的观点,Source:http:/www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/,Plagiarismis,misrepresentingtheideas,expressionofideasorworkofothersasonesown.Itincludesreproducingorparaphrasingportionsofsomeoneelsespublishedorunpublishedmaterial,regardlessofthesource,andrepresentingtheseasonesownthinkingbynotacknowledgingtheappropriatesourceorbythefailuretouseappropriatequotationmarks.把别人的著作、观点、观点的表达作为自己的。主要包括复制或者改写别人已经出版或没有出版的材料，但没有注明资料的来源和对所应用的材料进行致谢，或者使用引号不恰当。,Source:http:/www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/,Plagiarismis,oftenunintentional.Manystudentsworrythattheywillinadvertentlycommitplagiarism,bycitingimproperlyorbylosingtrackofwhatideasaretheirown.许多情况下不是有意的，许多学生担心他们可能通过不恰当的引用或者丢失他们自己的思想而在无意中涉嫌抄袭。,Source:http:/www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/,Examples,usingdirect,verbatimquotations*,paraphrasedmaterial,algorithms,formulae,scientificormathematicalconcepts,orideaswithoutappropriateacknowledgmentinanyacademicassignment;直接使用，逐字使用，改造材料，算法，公式，科学或数学概念，或者想法。但没有文章的任何地方进行恰当的致谢。submissionofatake-homeexamination,essay,laboratoryreportorotherassignmentwritten,inwholeorinpart,bysomeoneelse;所提交的家庭作业、作文、实验报告或者其他写作，全部或者部分由别人代劳。usinganothersdataorresearchfindings;使用别人的试验数据或者研究成果buyingorsellingtermpapersorassignments;购买或销售学期论文或作业submittingacomputerprogramdevelopedinwholeorinpartbysomeoneelse提交的计算机程序全部或者部分由别人代劳。Thisincludespersonalinterviews,presentationsandonlinediscussions这些包括个人面试、自我介绍和网上讨论。,Source:http:/www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/,Penalties处罚,Ifastudentisfoundguiltyofacademicmisconduct,anOfficialWarningwillbegiventhatanoffenceisnownotedinthestudentsrecordandthatasubsequentoffencewillattractamoreseverepenalty.Inaddition,oneormoreofthefollowingpenaltiesmaybeassessed:假如一个学生被发现存在学术不端行为，将会被给予一个正式警告，并被记录在学生档案，并会引起一个随后的更加严厉的处罚。另外，随后可能会有一个或者更多的处罚。Arequirementforsubmissionofaneworalternativepieceofwork.需要提交新或替换的作业TherescindingofUniversity-fundedscholarshipsorbursaries.取消大学的奖学金或助学金。Partialortotallossofmarksontheexaminationorassignmentorcourseinwhichtheoffenceoccurred.关于作弊的这门课或作业的成绩部分或全部取消。SuspensionorexpulsionfromtheUniversity被大学停职或开除。Arecommendationforrevocation/rescindingofadegree.被建议取消学位。,Source:http:/www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/,Toavoidplagiarizing避免剽窃,Citeyoursources引用你的资源Learntoquoteandparaphraseyoursourcesproperly学会恰当的引用或改述你的资源Drawfrommanysources从更多的资源提取Mapoutyourargumentandthenbringinsourcestosupportit提出你的观点，然后从资料中寻找信息来支持你的观点。,Tips,Nevercopymorethan3-4wordsinarowfromasourcewithoutusingquotationmarks(orgoingbackandproperlyparaphrasing).在一行中从来不要不用引用而复制超过3-4个词（或者追溯或者恰当的改述）Neverusespecialwordsorphraseswithoutproperlyquotingandcitingthem.从来不要使用没有经过正确的引用的特殊的词或短语。,WhatdoIneedtocite?,Youshouldalwaysprovidereferencesfor在下列情况下你应该提供参考文献Directquotations直接引用Summaries,paraphrases总结和改述Statistics统计Charts,graphs,diagrams表、图Controversialinterpretations有争议的解释Resultsofothersresearch别人研究的结果,WhatdontIneedtocite?,Youdontneedtoprovidereferencesfor在下列情况下你不需要提供参考文献：CommonknowledgeorfactsNOTE:thisdoesnotmeanyoucancopyfromtextsword-for-word.常识或事实-注意，这并不是让你从课文中一字一句的抄写。Yourownargumentsandoriginalideas(butyoumustaskforpermissiontousepart/allofpreviouslysubmittedmaterial)你自己的观点或者新颖的想法（但是你必须征求意见允许部分或者全部使用以前已经提交的材料。,Shouldthisbecited?,Manycountriesrequirethatfoodlabelsannouncegeneticallymodifiedingredients.许多国家要求食品标签注明是否含转基因成分。Common/publicknowledgenoneedtocite.常识或公共知识-不需要引用,Shouldthisbecited?,PreviousresearchhasshownthattheslowerkineticsobservedduringtransitionsfromanelevatedbaselinemetabolicratewererelatedtoasloweradjustmentofcardiacoutputandhencemuscleO2delivery.以前的研究已经证实较慢的动力学在转变过程中可以被观察到从一个提高的基准代谢速率，这与较慢的心血输出量和肌肉氧的传送有关。Othersfindingscite别人的研究成果-引用,Shouldthisbecited?,PreviousresearchshowedthattheslowerkineticsobservedduringtransitionsfromanelevatedbaselinemetabolicratewererelatedtoasloweradjustmentofcardiacoutputandhencemuscleO2delivery(HughsonHughsonFrates&Sharp,2005).,Usesignalphrasestointroducereferences:用标志短语介绍参考文献AccordingtoPrescottandFleisher(1991),datacollectionisanessentialelementoftheintelligencegatheringprocess,andcancompriseasignificantpartoftheresourcesallocatedtowarddevelopinginsights.In1991,PrescottandFleishernotedthatdatacollectionisanessentialelementoftheintelligencegatheringprocess,andcancompriseasignificantpartoftheresourcesallocatedtowarddevelopinginsights.,Citeyoursources引用你的资源,(APAStyle-Intext),Incorporateavarietyofsourcesthatcontributedifferentinformationtoonelargerpoint:把一些不同的信息归纳到一个大的观点上：Contemporarycorporateinformationspecialistsapplyavarietyofmethodsfororganizingopensourcesincludingbutnotlimitedtoweb-linkanalysis(Reid,2003),webometrics(Bouthillier&Jin,2005),scanningmethods(Deckeretal.,2005),sourcemapping(Vriens&Achterbergh,2003),textmining(Leongetal.,2004),ontologycreation(Golden,2007),bloganalysis(Pikas,2005),scientometrics(Courtialetal.,1997),andablossomingvarietyofdifferentpatentanalysis(Douetal.,2005)andpatternrecognitionmethods(Rosenkrans,2003).,Citeyoursources,Whencitingquotations,includethepagenumber:当引用报价单时，包括页码PrescottandFleisherpointtothe“dearthofinformationaboutspecificbusinessorcommercialapplications”(1991,p.860).AsPrescottandFleisherexplain,“Thereisadearthofinformationaboutspecificbusinessorcommercialapplications”(1991,p.860).,Citeyoursources,(APAStyle-Intext),Setofflongquotations(longerthan4lines):长段引用AccordingtoPrescottandFleisher,Loremipsumdolorsitamet,consecteturadipisicingelit,seddoeiusmodtemporincididuntutlaboreetdoloremagnaaliqua.Utenimeiusmodtemporincididuntutlaboreetdoloremagnaaliqua.Utenimadminimeniam,quisnostrudexercitationullamcolaborisnisiutaliquipexeacommodoconsequat.(1991,p.860),Citeyoursources,(APAStyle-Intext),Citeasecondaryworkdiscussedwithinyoursource:在你的材料中二次引用Nametheoriginalsourceinyoursignalphrase,andcitethesourcewhereyoufoundtheinformationinparentheses:在你的材料中单独列出来信息来源，并且标注你从哪个材料中发现这个信息的McLeodsstudy(ascitedinSmithetal.,2008),Citeyoursources,Citeyoursources,Citeequations:引用公式TheQuadratrixofHippiasisexpressedbythefollowingCartesianequation(Smith2008,p.74):y=xcot(x/2a).,Remember,equationsandfiguresmustalsobecitediftheyarenotcommonlyknownbyyourreaders.Ifindoubt,cite.记住，如果方程式和图不是一般常识对于读者来说，必须进行引用，如果有疑问，也要引用。Here,thecitationisincludedastheequationisintroduced,preventingconfusionbetweenthereferencenumberandthenumbersusedintheequation.这里，引用包括方程式都应该进行介绍，避免在参考文献序号和方程式序号之间有困惑。,Citeyoursources,Citecomputersoftwareusedforanalysis:引用分析用的计算机软件,Robinson,M.J.(2008).TheeffectsofexerciseintensityonPGC-1alphaproteininhumans.(Mastersthesis,UniversityofGuelph,2008).,Citeyoursources,Whenadaptingorreproducingatable,citetheoriginalsourceinthenotebelowthetable.当改编或复制一个表格，在表格的下方注明表格来源,Citeyoursources,Creditthosewhoseformulasyouhaveusedforcalculations对你已经引用的公式的作者表示感谢,Lee,H.J.(2008).SpatialandtemporalpopulationgeneticstructureoffiveNortheasternPacificlittorinidgastropodspecies.(Doctoraldissertation,UniversityofGuelph,2008).,Lee,H.J.(2008).SpatialandtemporalpopulationgeneticstructureoffiveNortheasternPacificlittorinidgastropodspecies.(Doctoraldissertation,UniversityofGuelph,2008).,Wheresmyvoice?我的观点在哪？,Afteryouvecitedallthesesources,whatsleftforyoutosay?Lots!Whatmakesyourpaperuniqueishowandwhyyoudecidetobringthetextstogether,howyouorderthem,andwhatyousayaboutthem.当你引用这些信息以后，剩下的就是你要说什么？你有许多话要说，什么使你的文章独一无二，为什么你要把这些信息放到你的文章中，你如何组织安排它们，关于这些信息你想说些什么。Tobringyourvoiceoutinthepaper,thinkofyourselfasthemoderatorofadiscussion:Stayinchargebymappingoutyourargumentfirst,andthendecidinghowthesourcesfitwithinit.Ifyoudontknowwhatyourargumentisyet,startbygroupingyourresearchunderheadings.Themoreyouareabletoimposeyourownstructureontothematerial,themoreyouareincontroloftheargument.在文章中发表你的观点，你要认为你是一个讨论的仲裁者：首先要列出你的论点，然后决定引用这些论据如何支撑论点。如果你仍然不知道你的论点，开始要把你的观点列在标题下方，如果你能用你的结构排列这些材料，你就能更控制整个讨论。,Wheresmyvoice?,Mapoutyourargumentandessaystructurefirstthendecidehowyoursourceswillsupportyourargument.拟定你的论点和提纲，然后决定如何用你引用的信息支持你的观点。Explainwhatauthorsideasmeaninthecontextofyourpaper在你的文章中解释作者的想法。Compareandcontrasttheviewsofotherauthors,addingyourowncomments,critique,orobservations.与其他作者的观点进行比较对比，加上你的评论，解释或观察。,Source:http:/www.academicintegrity.uoguelph.ca/,Keepingtrackofyoursources,Note-taking记笔记Firstnotesourcesbibliographicinformation.首先记录文献目录信息来源Paraphraseorsummarizeasyougo随时解释和总结Puta“P”oran“S”nexttoparaphrases&summaries在解释或总结的地方标注上“P”或“S”Usea“Q”tomarkthebeginningandendofpassagescopieddirectlyfromthetext用“Q”标记直接从文章中复制的段落的开始和结尾Usedifferentcolouredinkforcopiedideas对复制的观点用不同的颜色进行标注。Whetheryouparaphraseorcopydirectquotations,alwayskeepthecitation/pageinformationwiththetext,sothatifyoudecidetorearrangeyournotesyouhavearecordofwhatcamefromwhere.不论你是改述或直接复制，一定要在文章保留引用的页码信息，这样当你决定从新编排你的材料时，你能知道这些信息从哪里来。,Keepingtrackofyoursources,GiussaniDA,SalinasCE,VillenaMhowever,priortothisstudy,ithadbeenimpossibletoisolatetheeffectofincreasesanddecreasesinfetaloxygenationontheregulationofprenatalgrowth.Q(p.912):(P)Embryosathighaltitudesweremorelikelytosurvivethanthoseatsealevel,withtheexceptionofHAHAembryos.,