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名词&代词u Mary and Lindas book Marys and Lindas books.u 人名+s=某人的店铺,家庭,学校等地点.I usually buy some meat at the Johnsons.They took part in the birthday party at Toms.u of 所有格名词词组第二次出现时,用that/those 代替. The population of New York is greater than that of Chicago. It seems that the students of USA are more active than those of China.用砖头建的房子比用木头建的结实.真题回顾1. I respect Oprahs opinion, but I would also like her to respect_. A. my own B. mines C. mine D. me2. _ is a great pity that there are some disagreements in the school board meeting. A. That B. This C. It D. There3. We like our English teacher because she often tells _ funny stories in class. A. us B. our C. we D. ours4. There are 40 teachers in this school , ten of whom are _. A. man teachers B. men teacherC. man teacher D. men teachers练习1、 I dont know _ standing over there.A. the girls name B. the names girlC. the name of the girl D. the names of girl2. Todays libraries differ great from _.A. the past B. those of the past C. that are past D. those past3. The police investigate the _ about the bank robbery.A. stander-by B. standers-by C. stander-bys D.standers-bys主谓一致两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接,谓语用复数Tom and Dick _are_ good friends.但若表示一个集合体时则用单数.A singer and dancer _was_ present at the party.The worker and writer _is_ talking to the students.2用 and 连接的两个名词若被 no, each, every, many a 修饰,则谓语动词用单数.No bird and no beast _is _ seen in the bare island.Many a boy and many a girl _has_ made such a funny experiment.At Christmas each boy and each girl _is _ given a present.3. 两个主语由not onlybut also, or, eitheror, neithernor等连接时,谓语动词与第二个主语保持一致Either he or I _am_ to go there._Are_ either you or he going to attend the meeting?4. 主语后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等,谓语应于前面主语保持一致A professor, together with some students, _was_ sent to help in the work.No one but the teachers _is_ allowed to use the room.5一些集合名词做主语,如果看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员,谓语用复数如audience, mittee,class, crew, family, government, public等.但people, police等只能用复数My family _ is _ a big family.My family _are_ listening to the radio.The police _ are _ trying to catch the thief.6表示时间、重量、长度等名词,尽管是复数形式,但作为一个整体看,谓语还是用单数.Five minutes _ is _ enough.One dollar and seventy eight cents _ is _ what she has. 7. all 作为主语,代表人物时,一般用作复数；代表整个事件或情况时,一般看作单数.All that I want _ is _ a good dictionary.All _were/are_ silent. 人人都缄口无言.万籁俱寂.All _ were/are _ out of danger.8 形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时,谓语动词用复数. What a life the poor _ were _ living! The young _ are _ happy to give their seats to the old.9who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时,其谓语取决于先行词.l Those who wantto go should sign your names here.l He is one of the students whohavepassed the exam.l He is the only one of the students whohaspassed the exam.10. 以-ics结尾的学科名称通常作单数.physics、mathematics、mechanics、politics、statistics、economics等11.还有一些以-s接的单、复数同形的名词,如: headquarters, means, series, species, works等,随后动词的单、复数形式取决于这些名称是作单数,还是用作复数.A headquarters was set up to direct the operation . The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms .12.如果作主语的名词词组由分数+of-词组构成,其动词形式依of-词组中名词类别而定.Over sixty percent of the city _was_ destroyed in the war.Thirty-five percent of the doctors _were_ women.13.如果主语是all of .,some of .,none of .,half of .,most of .等表示非确定数量的名词词组,其后的动词形式依of-词组中的名词类别而定.例如：Most of the money _ was _ recovered by Deputy Player.Most of the members _ were_ there.All of the cargo _ was _ lost.All of the crew _ were_ saved.14.如果主语是由a kind/sort/type of ,this kind/sort/type of +名词构成,动词用单数.This kind of man annoys me.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定词是these/those,同时,of-词组中的名词又是复数,则动词用复数：These kinds of menannoyme.Those types/sorts of machinesareup to date . 15. 1由who, why, how, whether等wh-词引导的名词性分句作主语,其后的动词通常用单数.Who will be chosen to the Beijingisnot decided. 2.两个由and连接的并列名词性分句作主语,如果主语表示两件事情,动词用复数.例如：What caused the accident and who was responsible for itremaina mystery to us.真题回顾1. The educator and scholar from Shanghai. 20#真题A. e B. es C. is ing D. are ing2. Many a _ realized that this doesnt make any sense. 20#真题A. persons has B. persons have C. person has D. person have3. What they said _ us much to think about. 20#真题A. have left B. has left C. is left D. are left4. A doctor, along with a group of young nurses, _ going to demonstrate the heart operation process. 20#真题A. is B. are C. will D. shall5. Neither of the employees nor the boss _satisfied with the profits. 20#真题A. wereB. was C. beD. been6. The puter, working very fast, _ data at the speed of light. 20#真题A. handles B. handling C. Handled D. has handled7. In the fall the cattle from the high country back down to the farm. 20#真题A. is driven B. are driven C. drives D. drive8. When and where to hold the meeting _ not decided yet. 20#真题A. is B. are C. has D. have9. After careful investigation we find that one of the statements _ to be untrue. A. is turned out B. have been turned outC. has turned out D. have turned out 10. How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of their children. 20#真题A. have B. has C. having D. had冠词1. the +adj.the unemployedthe poor/richthe questionedthe struggledthe disadvantagedthe injuredThe injured were taken to hospital for treatment. the oldthe youngThe disadvantaged, including the disabled and the elderly need more care and support from the society.2. 零冠词的使用 专有名词： Tiananmen Square 节假日: New Years Day, May day, Christmas, April Fools Day 杂志： News Week, Times, Readers Digest 一年四季: spring, summer, fall/autumn, winter3. 固定搭配与与冠词有关的表达 使用定冠词的表达by the wayin the endin the face ofin the futurein the world 究竟,到底in the least 丝毫,一点I dont think you need to worry in the least.我认为你一点都不用担心.on the averageon the contraryon the one hand, on the other handon the spot 当场,在现场on the whole 总的来说 the day before yesterday for the time being at the cost of 以.为代价 More and more countries are developing their industries at the cost of environment. to the extent of 到.程度 tell the truthl 使用不定冠词的表达 as a matter of fact, as a rule, have a chance, have a good time, have a say, have a try, keep an eye on, on a large scale, in a hurry, take a walk, take an interest inl 不使用冠词的表达 at noon/night/dawn, in front of, at bottom, in order, in public/private/danger/trouble/advance/sight/ in fashion, in fact, at hand, at last, at present, day and night, on top of, take part in, take place 真题回顾1、The mother asked the boys to put _ everything in _ order before they left the room.A. the, a B. an, the C. /,a D./,/连词一、连词属于虚词之一,它不能在句子里独立地担任句子成分,而只能起连接作用连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子.例如：Would you like some tea or coffee ? 连接词与词您是喝茶,还是喝咖啡 ？Do we have our meeting in the morning or in the afternoon ? 连接短语与短语我们是上午开会,还是下午开会？Do it carefully, or youll make some mistake.连接句子与句子认真地干,不然会出差错的.一、连词属于虚词之一,它不能在句子里独立地担任句子成分,而只能起连接作用连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子.例如：Would you like some tea or coffee ? 连接词与词您是喝茶,还是喝咖啡 ？Do we have our meeting in the morning or in the afternoon ? 连接短语与短语我们是上午开会,还是下午开会？Do it carefully, or youll make some mistake.连接句子与句子认真地干,不然会出差错的.二、连词主要可分成两类：并列连词: 用来连接平行对等即互不从属的词、词组、或分句.按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：1表示转折意思but , yet , however , nevertheless 2表示因果关系for , so , therefore , hence3表示并列关系and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut , bothand , as well as 从属连词: 是用来引起从句的,它在主句和从句中间起连接作用.具体地说,从属连词主要引起名词从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句和状语从句,不会引起定语从句.1. 引起名词从句的连词：that , whether , if2. 引起状语从句的连词：1时间状语从句：when , whenever , as , while, before , after, until, till, since, ever since, once, as soon as, every time, the moment, instantly, directly2地点状语从句：where , wherever 3原因状语从句：as, because, since, seeing , considering , now that , not thatbut that 4目的状语从句：that , so that , in order that , lest , for fear that , in case 5结果状语从句：that , so that , such that6条件状语从句：if , unless , so/as long as, so far as, on condition ,provided 7让步状语从句：though , although , no matter , even if , even though , however , whatever8比较状语从句：than , as9方式状语从句：as , as if , as though 真题回顾1、We stored up some food and water _ things got worse. A.even though B. what if C. now that D. in case2. We should learn from this lesson and consider the long-term influence of dams _ the short-term benefits.A、rather than B. owing to C. because of D. or else3. Her hair was golden when she was a child, but it went darker _ she grew up. A. If B. as C. since D. even4. Call the university operator, _ you will find the phone number of Professor Smith. A. So B. and C. when D. before5. _ its good performance, the machine is too expensive. A. Besides B. Except for C. In spite of D. Apart from6. You may write an to me or just phone me. _ will do.A. Each B. Either C. Neither D. None7. -Do you like pop music or country music? -_. I only like sports.A. Each B. Either C. Neither D. Both8. It was already ten oclock in the evening _ we arrived at the hotel.A. since B. while C. that D. when9. _ a change of weather, please take the coat with you.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for写作写作中常用的过渡词可以分为以下几类：1表并列关系的过渡词：and, also, as well, as well as, or, too, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor等.2表递进关系的过渡词：besides, in addition加之,除之外, moreover, whats more, whats worse等. 3表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, not onlybut also, the formerthe latter, the first whereas the second, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers等.4表原因的过渡词：because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to, for this reason, owing to, considering that, seeing that等.5表结果的过渡词：so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, hence, sothat, suchthat, accordingly等.6表条件的过渡词：if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等.7表时间的过渡词：when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等.8表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterwards后来, meanwhile几乎同时, thereafter在那以后, last, finally, eventually终于等.9表换一种方式表达的过渡词：in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等.10表进行举例说明的过渡词：for instance, for example, take as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that is等.11表陈述事实的过渡词：in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等. 12表强调的过渡词：certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely等.13表比较、对比的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, on the contrary, by contrast, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise 等.14表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等.15表总结的过渡词：in a word, in general, in short, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusionin summary, on the whole等.16表增补的过渡词：in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover, whats more等.数词一、基数词与其主要用法：表示数目的词称基数词.15 fifteen 242two hundred and forty-two,5058 five thousand and fifty-eight,9,600,000 nine million six hundred thousand1.基数词可以用于数字的计算. 6+8=14 Six plus eight is fourteen. 9-7=2 Nine minus seven is two. 7X5= 35 Seven times five is thirty-five. 84=2 Eight divided by four is two.2基数词可以表示人的大致年龄和年代. He died in his fifties. This took place in 1990s/1990s. The professor became successful in his thirties.3基数词可以用来表达年份、时间、 . 1700 seventeen hundred 1814 eighteen fourteen 9:20 nine twenty 11:30 eleven thirty/ half past eleven 5:45 five forty-five/ a quarter to six4基数词可以用于编号. Number six, line 4, page 19, Bus 332, Platform 5, Room 1015基数词可以和其他词一起构成合成形容词,在句子中作定语. A one-month-old baby can recognize its mother by smell. This eleven-month-old baby can speak a few words. The teacher asked us to write a four-thousand-word essay as our homework. This four-paragraph essay is too difficult for me to understand. 二、序数词与其主要用法表示顺序的词称为序数词.如first, second, third, fourth, ninth, twenty-first, forty-fifth等.序数词可以用来表示日期和世纪.May the first / the first of May, August the eighth / the eighth of August, the twentieth century, the twenty-first century序数词在句子中前面一般加the The first of October is our National Day. She was the third to arrive.序数词在句子中前面加不定冠词,表示再一又一. Theyll have to do it a second time. Shall I ask him a third time? When he sat down , a fourth man rose to ask.三、分数词的构成分数的分子用基数词表示,分母用序数词表示；若分子大于1,分母需用复数. two-thirds , one-third , nine-tenths , five-twelfths特殊表达法有：one half ,a quarter , three quarters .考试重点: 数词部分需特别注意dozen, hundred, million, billion 表示具体数字时,这些词用单数形式；表示不具体的数字时,须用dozens of, hundreds of 这类的结构. I want three dozen eggs/ of these. He has been there dozens of times.例： It is reported that _ people in this area were saved in the storm. A. hundred B. hundred of C. hundreds of D. some hundreds当数词与名词构成合成形容词时,合成形容词中间若用连字符,则其中的名词须用单数形式. The homework for the next period is to write a two-hundred-word position about your hometown. Mary is a eleven-year-old girl. 1. It is _ from my school to the railway station.A. two-hours walk B. two-hours walkC. two-hour walk D. a two-hour walk虚拟语气例句：1.表示与现在事实相反If I had enough money now , I would lend it to you.If I were you , I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.2.表示与过去事实相反If he had taken your advice , he wouldnt have made such a bad mistake.She would have e to enjoy the party if she hadnt been very busy.3.表示与将来事实相反I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to do it again, he could certainly achieve more.考试可能会涉与：虚拟条件句的倒装为了强调语气,虚拟条件句可用倒装结构. 虚拟条件句的倒装是通过去掉if,把条件从句谓语中的助动词、情态动词或系动词放在句首实现的.例如：If I had been in that situation, I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money. Had I been in that situation, I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Should there be a drought, what should we do at that time ？ If there should be a drought, what should we do at that time ？虚拟条件句 中的一些含蓄表达有时假设的情况并不以条件从句的形式表现出来,而是通过某个介词或介词短语如：otherwise, without, but for、上下文或其它方式表现出来. 这种句子称为含蓄条件句.例如：But for the help from you , I would not have had the chance to go to college.Without many teachers advice, I could not have passed the examination so quickly.虚拟语气在从句中的运用u 在某些词或短语后接的从句中要使用虚拟语气,表示愿望、建议或命令等.u 根据虚拟语气的形式不同,可以分为should类和过去时态类.一、should类这一类的虚拟语气是通过从句中的谓语动词使用should +动词原形体现出来的,should可以省略.其具体运用体现在：1.在suggest , order, demand , propose, mand, request, desire,insist等表示建议、命令、要求、意见的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气.如： Mike suggests that Curie should leave the house at once. The leader ordered that the taskshould be finished as soon as possible. Jack proposed that we should deal with the problem by the view of development.2.与suggest , order, demand , propose, mand, request, desire,insist等动词相对应的名词suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表语从句或同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气. 如： The general sent the order that the battleshould be held on until the plete failure of the enemy. My proposal is that weshould set a deadline for handing in the plan.3.在It is/was suggested ordered , demanded , proposed , etc. 结构以与necessary , essential, important, strange, natural等形容词后的主语从句中要使用虚拟语气. 如：Its requested that we should keep the stability of the society for the peoples peaceful life. It is necessary that the badly wounded manshould be treated immediately.虚拟语气在从句中的运用二、过去时态类 英语中,还有一些词或短语后接的从句或句子,也要使用虚拟语气,虚拟语气是通过句中的谓语使用过去的某种时态如：一般过去时、过去完成时等来体现的. 1. wish , would rather 后的宾语从句.He wished he had never been involved in such affairs. Vivian wishes she could get the job soon. I would rather you could teach me again.2. It isabout/high time that句型It is time we went out for a walk.It was high time they had begun to prepare the experiment. It is about time we gave up searching for the missing dog.3. as if, as though引导的从句.如：The little boy knows so many things as if he was a man.He acted as usual as though nothing had happened.4.由if only 要是,那该多好啊！引导的惊叹句.如：If only I had passed the test ！If only it stopped raining！真题回顾 Tom Smith wished that his parents _ in the stricken area when the earthquake occurred. A. were not B. are not C. have not been D. had not been The proposal that business panies _guided by professionals for their new scheme of developments was accepted without disagreement. A. be B. are C. was D. were Professor Wang said that he would rather his student Jane _ to the conference. A. go B. went C. gone D. going If I _ a book on the habits of mice, Id not start working without sufficient observation on them. A. were to write B. have written C. write D. am writing _, the police would have caught the criminal earlier. A. Had they received the clue in time B. If they received the clue in time C. They have received the clue in time D. Did they receive the clue in time _ the interference from the local residents, the delegation would have caught the train bound for Edinburgh. A. Due to B. Except for C. In case of D. But for All the participants believe that it is high time that the two neighboring countries _ a fresh round of negotiation regarding the economic cooperation. A. starting B. started C. have started D. being starting The suggestion that colleges _ administrated by professors was approved by the board. A. isB. areC. beD. were The player asked he an opportunity to explain his case. A. gives B. be given C. is givenD. should give The new findings by the research crew suggested that the governments housing plans _not practicable. A. be B. should be C. was D. were The chairman insist that there a meeting to be held within the shortest possible time. A. isB. will be C. was D. be My su
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