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英语句子成分及结构解析,、英语句子成分介绍,英语的基本成分有七种:_和_,主语(subject)、,谓语(predicate)、,表语(predicative)、,宾语(object)、,定语(attribute)、,状语(adverbial),补语(complement)。,()、主语:主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme), 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语、从句。,1名词作主语。 2代词用作主语。 3不定式用作主语(常用it 作形式主语) 4 动名词用作主语 5. 从句用作主语。,Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. What he has said is true.,(二)谓语,谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词主要动词)构成。 1由简单的动词构成。 2由动词短语构成的谓语。 注意:谓语动词要与主语的人称和数一致。,简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well.,(三)表语,表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态等。可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。 补充: 能做系动词的实义动词: come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell,sound ,smell , look , taste (感观动词) 3. seem, appear (似乎,好像),The war was over. They seem to know the truth. Time is precious. Im not quite myself today. Who was the first? He is out of condition. The book is what I need.,(四)宾语,宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如: Eg: Our team beat all the others. 我们的球队打败了所有其他球队。 可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句等.,I like my job. I love you.,He wanted to leave here. They enjoyed playing computer games.,(四)宾语,扩展: 宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等,间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。如:I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。,.please pass me the book. .He bought me some flowers. . I give lessons to my students.,(五)补语,补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement). 可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等,宾语补足语,I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her a hand. Please make yourself at home. Please keep the dog out. We must keep it a secret.,(六)定语,定语是修饰或限定名词或代词。 可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、不定式、动名词、分词、从句等。,定语,He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. He bought some sleeping pills. There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good. I met a friend on my way home.,(形容词),(名词),(动名词),(现在分词),(过去分词),(副词),(七)同位语,同谓语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。对前面的名词、代词做进一步的解释。 1名词 2Of 短语用作同谓语,(八)状语,1、状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。 2可用作状语的有副词、不定式、分词、从句等。 副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。 He speaks the language badly but read it well. 这种语言,他讲得不好,但阅读能力很强。 Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors. 我们期望旅馆的旅客把房门锁上。,(八)状语,3状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 。,I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train.,(8)状语,用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率等. I will be back in a while. They are playing on the playground. He was late because he got up late. He got up so late that I missed the train.,1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday., 主语, 谓 语, 定语, 宾 语, 同位语, 状 语,二、句子的基本句型结构,由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等句子成分,按不同方式可组合成五种基本句型:(句子成分的表示方法: S: Subject主语; V: Verb动词; O: Object宾语; P: Predicative表语; OC: Object Complement宾语补足语; InO: Indirect Object间接宾语; DO:Dir ect Object 直接宾语),第一种:S+V (主语+谓语动词) 第二种:S+V+O (主语+谓语动词+宾语) 第三种:S+V+P (主语+连系动词+表语) 第四种:S+V+InO+DO (主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语) 第五种:S+V+O+OC (主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语),1 、第一种句型:主语+不及物动词(S+V) 主语一般在句首。谓语一般在主语之后。该句型所用动词都是不及物动词,其后当然不能接宾语,但是可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整 个句子。,1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词 都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词, 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,2 第二种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语(S+V+O) 该句型所用动词都是及物动词。注意:一些不及物动词之后加上介词就可以具有及物动词的功能,其后就可以接宾语了。这一类词组有: listen to 听; look at 看; look after 照看; turn on 打开;turn off 关上;look for 寻找; live on 以为生; put on 穿上; hand in 上交; pick up 捡起; belong to属于; arrive at/in 到达等。,1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said “Good morning.“ 5. He admits that he was mistaken.,3 第三种句型:主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P) 此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。连系动词的后面必须接表语,说明主语的情况和状态。通常可作表语的是名词或形容词。 注意:下列动词在表示状态的存在和变化时,也可以作连系动词使用 : look 看起来; smell 闻起来;sound 听起来;taste 尝起来; feel 感觉; keep 保持; grow/go/get/turn变得。,系动词分两类:be, look, keep, seem等,表情况;get, grow, become, turn等属另一类,表变化。 be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词:look well/面色好, sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,smell bad/难闻,1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red.,*There be 结构: There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物,试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男孩。) 前一个there无实意,后一个there为副词那里。,4 第四种句型:主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+InO+DO) (1)宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象,通常由名词或代词 的宾格担任。 (2)通常情况下,间接宾语位于直接宾语的前面,但有时根据强调需要,间接宾语位于直接 宾语之后,这时要在间接宾语前加to或for。 I give him a book=I give a book to him.,要求双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的动词,直接宾语提前,动词后加to或for,现归纳如下,后面加to的动词: give 给 tell 告诉 bring 带来 send 寄,送 hand 交给 read 读 pass 递给 lend 借给 return 把还给 throw 扔给 leave 留给 promise 许诺,答应 refuse 拒绝,后面加for的动词: get 得到 make 制造,做 buy 买 do 做 play 演奏 order 命令 sing 唱歌 pay 为而付钱 简单句的五种基本句型口诀 英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。句型种类为动词,后接什么是关键;vt.又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见;还有宾语补足语,各种搭配记心间。,She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine.,5 第五种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语 (S+V(及物动词)+O+OC),(1)有些及物动词,只接一个宾语不能表达完整的意思,还需要再加一个宾语的补语加以说 明 ,使意思完整。这样的宾语和宾语补足语又称为复合宾语,可以由名词、形容词和不定式来担任。,5 第五种句型:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语 (S+V(及物动词)+O+OC),(2)一些使役性动词如make, let, have和一些表示感官的动词如see, watch, look at(notice, observe) hear, listen to, feel等,用不定式作宾语补语时,要省去“to”。但用于被动语态时,还要 加上“to”。,1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus.,Thank you !,
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