高考英语一轮总复习 语法专项突破 考点精讲 第三节 介词和代词

高考英语一轮总复习 语法专项突破 考点精讲 第三节 介词和代词考点一常见介词的用法介词against，beyond，by，for，with，without，over，in，on，at，across，through等介词是常考的介词，它们大部分都有多层含义，全面掌握这些介词的用法和意义，准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面就几个含义较多、掌握较难的介词做一下介绍。1against意为“反对；对抗；违背；逆着；倚、靠；以为背景”。Our classroom building stood out clearly against the blue sky. 蓝天清晰地衬托出我们的教学大楼。2beyond意为“在的另一边；超出；非所能及”。The exercise was beyond the abilities of most of the class.这个练习超出了大多数学生的能力。3by意为“在旁边；到为止；按照；按计算数量、报酬等；通过方式；以的幅度”。Do you rent the camera by the hour or by the day? 你的照相机出租是按小时还是按天数算？ 4with意为“和在一起 ；带有；随着；用，凭借；关于；由于，因为”。He woke up from a nightmare, trembling with fear. 他从噩梦中惊醒， 因为恐惧而吓得发抖。5over意为“在的正上方；多于；在期间”。We have something interesting to talk about over the meal.我们有很多感兴趣的事可以边吃边谈。6for意为“为了；支持，同意；因为，由于；就而言”。She is in her thirties but looks old for her age. 她现在三十几岁， 但是看起来比她实际年龄要老。7off意为“在的外面；在的沿海；偏离；从离开”。He lives in a village a little way off the main road. 他住在离大路不远的一个村子。8through意为“穿过；整个；依据，经由；度过”。My parents love got me through the hard time. 我父母的爱帮助我度过了困难时期。考点二介词的固定搭配介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。常见的介词搭配有：apart from 除之外；for the benefit of为了的利益；in the way挡道；in time及时；on watch值班，守夜；for lack of由于缺乏； in addition to 除之外还；in case以免，万一； in turn依次，转而； in return for用以交换； in charge of负责； in favour of同意； in terms of 就而论； in particular尤其，特别；on behalf of 代表；on the contrary 相反；on the spot在现场，当场；on purpose故意；other than除之外；out of place不在合适的位置，不适当的； out of date过期等。 考点三替代词及it的用法1替代词的应用that替代the可数名词单数和不可数名词(尤其是有后置定语的)those替代the复数名词(尤其是有后置定语的)one替代a(n)可数名词单数the one替代the可数名词单数ones替代零冠词可数名词复数the ones替代the可数名词复数it替代前面提到过的同一个人或者物。The book is more interesting than that/the one I read a few days ago.这本书比我几天前读的那本更有趣。The books on the desk are better than those/the ones under the desk.桌上的那些书比桌下的那些书要好。Helping others is a habit, one you can learn even at an early age.帮助别人是一种习惯，一种你小时候就能学会的习惯。Mr. Li gave me many valuable presents, ones that I had never seen.李先生给了我很多珍贵的礼物，这些是我从未见过的。Yesterday I lost my pen and I couldnt find it anywhere. So I had to buy one.昨天我丢了钢笔，哪里也没找到，只好又买了一只。2it的用法(1)指代作用除了上面讲到的指代前面提到的同一个人或物外，还指代不清楚或没必要知道说话对象的性别时；还指代环境、情形；也可指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节、度量衡单位等。It is a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?宝宝真可爱，是男孩还是女孩？It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here.从这里离最近的医院有6英里。(2)形式作用it常用来作形式主语或形式宾语In my opinion, it is no use arguing with him.以我看来，与他争论没有用。You must make it clear to them that the situation is serious.你必须让他们清楚形势严峻。(3)表示“喜欢；厌恶”等心理方面的动词后跟if/when等引导的从句时，常在从句前加it作形式宾语，常见的词有appreciate，like，love，dislike，hate等。Id appreciate it if you could teach me how to use the puter.如果你能教我如何用电脑，我将不胜感激。(4)it的一些固定搭配，如make it成功，确定时间为；get it 明白了；when it es to.当提到When shall we meet again?我们下一次什么时候见面？Make it any day you like; its all the same to me. 你喜欢哪天就哪天，对我来说都一样。考点四不定代词的用法1all, both, either，any, neither, none的区别都任何一个都不(全部否定)部分否定两者botheitherneither bothnot或notboth三者或三者以上allanynone allnot或notallThere are trees on both sides/either side of the street. 在街的两旁都有树。All horses are animals, but not all animals are horses.所有的马都是动物，但并不是所有的动物都是马。Because Henry and Mark had to work，neither of them came yesterday.因为亨利和马克要上班，所以两人都没来。They were all very tired, but none of them would stop to have a rest.他们都非常累，但没有一个想停下来休息。2one，another，the other，some，others，the others的区别一个/一些另外一个/一些剩余的一个/一些单数oneanotherthe other复数someothersthe others【点津】“another基数词复数名词” “基数词other复数名词”。One was happy but the other was disappointed.一人感到开心，另一人却感到失望。Some people like to stay at home on Sunday, while others like to go to the cinema.一些人喜欢周日待在家里，而另一些人则喜欢去看电影。I felt so bad yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face another day like that.昨天一整天我感觉很糟，所以今天早上我决定不能像那样面对一天了。I have got ten pencils. Two of them are red, and the others are blue.我有十只铅笔，两只红的，其余都是蓝的。Theres room for another three people in the back of the bus.公共汽车后面还能坐下三个人。3复合不定代词某任何每个，所有没有人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodyno one/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothingNothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。Nobody can achieve anything of real significance unless he works very hard. 一个人要是不努力， 他就将一事无成。It is everybodys duty to take good care of public property. 爱护公物，人人有责。4any，every的区别anyeverynot anynot every或every.not(三个或三个以上中)任何一个(三个或三个以上中)每一个任何人/物都不(全部否定)并非每个(部分否定)I have many books here, and you can take any one. 我这里有很多书，你可以拿任何一本。Every man dies, but not every man really lives.每个人都会死去， 但不是每个人都曾经真正活过。I hope there are not any sour grapes between you two.我希望你俩之间不会有任何酸葡萄心理。考点五人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词等的用法1人称代词(1)人称代词的主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语。He told me what had happened.他告诉我发生了什么。(2)下列情况下常用宾格在be后作表语Who is it? 是谁？Its me. 是我。在单独使用或带not的简略答语中I like swimming. 我喜欢游泳。Me, too. 我也是。2物主代词形容词性物主代词只能作定语，名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词名词”，在句中做主、宾、表语或与of连用作后置定语。Those strange ideas of yours cant be realized at all. 你的那些奇想根本没办法实现。3反身代词反身代词有myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves，在句中做主、宾、表或同位语。He was running so fast that he couldnt stop himself. 他跑得太快了，一下子停不下来。It would be better to rely on ourselves than on others. 与其求人，不如求己。4指示代词指示代词主要有this，that，these，those，注意以下几点：(1)指上文一般用that，指下文只用this。That is why Im working hard at my lesson.那就是我要努力学习的原因。This is an opportunity to promote the reputation of the pany.这是提高公司声誉的机会。(2)打电话时，用this指自己，用that指对方。This is Joan speaking. Whos that, please?我是琼，请问你是谁？(3)this和that还可表示程度，意为“如此，那么”，相当于so，作状语。The next village is ten kilometres away, and we cant walk that far in an hour.下一个村子离这儿十公里， 我们一小时走不了那么远。5疑问代词疑问代词有what，which，who，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whichever等，用法要点如下：(1)what除了用来询问职业外，一般指物，which可指人或物；who，whom，whose一般指人。What does he do? 他是干什么的？ He is a famous actor and singer.他是个著名的演员和歌手。Which of you will go with me?你们哪一个跟我一起去？(2)没有一定范围时用what，意为“什么”；有一定范围时用which，意为“哪一个”。What kind of books, if any, do you prefer?若有书的话， 你喜欢哪类？Which pencil do you like, the red one or the blue one? 你喜欢哪支铅笔， 红的还是蓝的？(3)whatever，whoever，whichever表示强调，意为“到底什么/谁/哪一个”。Whatever do you want? 你到底想要什么？(对应学生用书第237页).用适当的介词完成下列句子1(xx新课标全国卷改编)It was a real race _ time to get the project done.Luckily，we made it.【解析】句意：完成这项工程真的是在与时间赛跑。但幸运的是，我们成功了。against在此处为“对抗之意”。【答案】against2(xx新课标全国卷改编)A serious study of physics is impossible _ some knowledge of mathematics.【解析】句意：没有一定的数学知识，进行严肃的物理学研究是不可能的。without“没有”。【答案】without3(xx北京高考改编)I have an appointment_Dr. Smith, but I need to change it.【解析】句意：我和Smith博士有一个约会，但是我需要改一下。have an appointment with sb.与某人有约会、预约。【答案】with4(xx山东高考改编)The Smiths are praised _ the way they bring up their children.【解析】句意：史密斯夫妇因为他们培养孩子的方式而受到了赞扬。根据语境可知此处表达夫妇二人受赞扬的原因，应该用介词for。【答案】for5(xx福建高考改编)Mrs.Smith finds it hard to clear up the mess，as her children are always _ the way whenever she tries to.【解析】句意：史密斯太太觉得很难把杂乱的东西收拾好，因为无论她什么时候试图整理，她的孩子们总是碍手碍脚。in the way/in sb.s way妨碍。【答案】in6(xx辽宁高考改编)_behalf of everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country.【解析】句意：我代表这儿的每一个人，希望你们的回国旅程愉快。on behalf of为固定词组“代表”。【答案】On7(xx江苏高考改编)I am always delighted when I receive an email from you._ regard to the party on July 1st，I shall be pleased to attend.【解析】句意：我总是很高兴收到你的邮件，关于七月一日的聚会，我将乐意参加。with regard to关于。【答案】With8(xx湖北高考改编)An artist who was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered_chance a long lost antique Greek vase.【解析】句意：最近一位乘坐渡船到这个南部岛屿旅行的艺术家偶然发现了一个丢失已久的希腊古董花瓶。by chance偶然。【答案】by9(xx江苏高考改编)Team leaders must ensure that all members get _ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated with making mistakes.【解析】句意：团队领导者必须要确保所有的队员克服本能的欲望以避免犯错误带来的尴尬。get over克服。【答案】over10(xx湖北高考改编)Butterflies feed _a sweet liquid produced by flowers, which bees and other insects collect.【解析】句意：蝴蝶以花卉产生的一种甜甜的液体为食，蜜蜂和其他昆虫则采集这种液体。feed on以为食。【答案】on.用适当的代词完成下列句子1Some people like to talk about generation gaps.I dont think there is _ in my family though.【解析】句意：有些人喜欢谈论代沟。然而我认为在我家不存在代沟。one代指前面提到的generation gaps中的一个，即a generation gap。【答案】one2The scientists hoped further research would lead to a better understanding of the disease，how _ spread and what other factors might be involved.【解析】此处为how引导的宾语从句，代词指代the disease，为特指意义的单数名词，所以用it。【答案】it3In society where social roles are determined，boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers，and girls _ of their mothers.【解析】that在此代指前面提到的the behavior。【答案】that4What seems to be a good thing to one person may be a bad thing to _【解析】句意：对一个人来说似乎是好事的东西，对另一个人来说可能就是坏事。填another与前面的one person对应。【答案】another5Did you watch the football match last night?Yes，thats a most close one，and eventually neither could defeat _【解析】从语意可知，是双方在比赛，实力相当，表示二者中的另外一方，只能用the other。【答案】the other6Which cup do you like，Tommy?_I think theyre both ugly.【解析】根据答语中的“theyre both ugly”可知，汤米对两个杯子都不喜欢，所以填neither。【答案】Neither7As the two dictionaries are useful，Ill take _ and _ of them is very important to me.【解析】句意：由于这两本词典都有用，我会把它们都带走，每一本对我来说都非常重要。根据句意可知，说话人对这两本词典都很满意，故第一空用both；第二空所在句的谓语动词为单数，故设空处应用either，表示“两者中的任何一个”。【答案】both；either8Seeing a large crowd at the street corner.I became aware of _ unusual happening.【解析】句意：看到街道的拐角处有一大群人，我意识到发生了某些不寻常的事情。unusual作后置定语修饰something，表示“某些不寻常的事情”，符合句意。【答案】something9Do you have _ ready for the opening ceremony，Ted?No，we still need some volunteers.【解析】句意：泰德，开幕式的一切都准备好了吗？还没有，我们还需要一些志愿者。从后面的some volunteers可知填everything，表示“全部，一切”。【答案】everything10I shop online all the time and Ive never had _ like this happenJoshua says he got cheated!【解析】根据“Joshua says he got cheated”可知，前面表示“在我身上从来没有发生过任何像这样的事情”。【答案】anything.用适当的介词填空Fathers Day occurs on the 3rd Sunday in June.The idea for creating a day _1_ children to honor their fathers began in Spokane，Washington.A woman _2_ the name of Sonora Smart Dodd thought _3_ the idea for Fathers Day while listening to a Mothers Day sermon _4_ 1909.Having been raised _5_ her father，Henry Jackson Smart，after her mother died，Sonora wanted her father to know how special he was _6_ her.It was her father that made all the parental sacrifices and was，_7_ the eyes of his daughter，a courageous，selfless，and loving man.Sonoras father was born in June，so she chose to hold the first Fathers Day celebration _8_ Spokane，Washington _9_ the 19th of June，1910.In 1924 President Calvin Coolidge announced the third Sunday in June _10_ Fathers Day.Roses are the flowers for Fathers Day.【语篇解读】本文介绍了父亲节的来历。最早是1909年由住在华盛顿斯波肯市的索罗拉斯马特杜德夫人最早提出设立父亲节的。1924年，美国总统加尔文库利奇宣布每年6月的第三个星期天为父亲节。【答案】1for表示“为，给”某人，引出不定式的逻辑主语。2withwith the name ofnamed/called(名叫)。3ofthink of(想到)是固定搭配。4in表示在某年或某月用介词in。5by在被动语态中表示动词的执行者，用by。6to表示“对某人特别”是be special to sb.。类似的还有be kind/friendly to sb.等。7in表示“在某人的眼中”是in the eyes of sb.。8in表示“在”某个大城市，用介词in。9on表示“在”具体某一天用介词on。10as表示“当作，作为”，用as。.请改正下列句子中的代词错误1Every of the twin sisters is so lovely that I cant help kissing both of them.2To some life is pleasure，while to another it is suffering.But I dont know what it is to me.3I would appreciate it very much if you could give me any suggestions.4You mustnt always do something as he asks you to do.You should have your own way of life.5Many people in the West make a rule to buy Christmas presents for their relatives and friends.6If our parents do everything for us children，we wont learn to depend on us.7I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face the other day like that.8If you are from Asia，youll find the American culture is so different from one of your own country.9Yesterday several pairs of shoes were tried on，but all of them were satisfactory.10None in my life impressed me so deeply as my visit to the Palace Museum.【答案】1.EveryEach2.anotherothers3anysome4.somethinganything5.make与a rule之间加it6.usourselves7.the otheranother8.onethat9.allnone10.NoneNothing