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写作专题25基础写作1简单句的写作(1)常见的错误类型缺少句子成分句子成分过多词性混用 汉语式英语主谓不一致 时态混用语态使用错误 重复累赘改正下列句子。1I afraid he wont come tomorrow._答案I am afraid he wont come tomorrow.2Many students are like playing computer games._答案Many students like playing computer games.360% of the students against the idea of entrance fee._答案60% of the students are against the idea of entrance fee.4In the bedroom there are a bed, a desk and a chair._答案In the bedroom there is a bed, a desk and a chair.5The apple is tasted good._答案The apple tasted good.6The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry it._答案The box is too heavy for the weak boy to carry.(2)基本句型句子最重要的部分是主语和谓语，主语是句子的中心，谓语是主语的动作或者主语所处的状态。简单句的骨架就是一个主谓结构，共有五种句型，这五种句型是写作学习的核心内容，因为所谓的复杂的句子，即并列句、主从复合句，全部是简单句组合或相套而来。五种简单句句型如下：主语谓语(不及物动词)这一句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词，没有直接宾语，但常带有状语。 soon.火车马上就要开了。主语谓语(及物动词)宾语这一句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，它必须带有自己的宾语。在英文中，当一个动词(包括单个动词和动词短语)作及物动词用时，它必须要有自己的宾语(除非宾语在上下文里很明确地提到过，为避免不必要的重复，才会省去)，否则会视为“句子不完整”。如： 他有个妹妹。主语系动词表语常见的系动词有：be(是)，become(变成)，look(看上去)，seem(看起来)，appear(显得)，get(变得)，feel(摸起来)，grow(变得)，turn(变成)，remain(仍然是)，come(变得)，fall(变成)，hold(保持)，keep(保持)，stand(保持)，stay(保持)，smell(闻起来)，sound(听起来)，taste(尝起来)等。常用作表语的有：名词、形容词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句等。如： .这台机器状况良好。主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语这一句型中常见的谓语动词有：give(给某人)，bring(带给某人)，tell(告诉某人)，send(送给某人)，leave(留给某人)，pass(递给某人)，read(给某人读)，write(给某人写)，take(给某人拿)，show(给某人看)，teach(教某人)，get(给某人弄到)，award(授予某人)，lend(借给某人)，rent(租赁给某人)，buy(给某人买)，pay(支付某人)，hand(递给某人)等。如： .她给我带来了一件衬衣。主语谓语宾语宾语补足语此句型概括了这样一种情况：有些及物动词的后面有时常带复合宾语结构(即宾语宾语补足语)，在这一结构中，宾语补足语与前面的宾语存在逻辑上的主谓关系或系表关系。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、动词不定式、分词或介词短语担当。常带复合宾语结构的及物动词有：elect(选举)，feel(感觉到)，find(发现)，get(使得)，have(使，让)，hear(听到)，imagine(想象)，keep(保持)，make(使)，notice(注意到)，see(看见)，let(使)，smell(闻到)，start(使开始)，watch(注视，看)，appoint(任命)，believe(相信)，call(称)，catch(发现)，allow(允许)，ask(请求，要求)，cause(使得)，consider(认为)，expect(预期)，know(知道)，tell(告诉)，think(想，认为)，want(想要)，wish(希望)，listen to(听)，look at(看，瞧)等。如： .我们选他当班长。 .消息使我很高兴。2并列句和复合句的写作(1)并列句并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓“并列”“对等”是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上也有一定程度的内在联系。否则，它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构(或者说分句)连接在一起，就要用并列连词。并列连词用来连接平行对等(即互不从属)的分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面几种：表示转折关系：but, yet如：Everything in the world is outside you but health belongs to yourself.世界上的一切都是身外之物，只有健康属于自己。He has learned English for only one year, yet he can communicate with people in English.他才学了一年英语，但已能用英语与人交流了。表示因果关系：for, so如：Youd better take an umbrella with you, for its going to rain.要下雨了，你最好随身带把伞。Ive got a meeting to attend, so I have to go now.我要去开个会，所以现在我得走了。表示并列、选择、递进等关系：and, or, either. or, neither. nor, not only. but(also) 如：She came to my house yesterday evening, and we went to hers.昨晚她来我家了，而且我们又去她家了。Do it this way or youll be in trouble.你就这么办，不然你会有麻烦的。Either you tell him the truth, or I do it.要么你告诉他事实，要么我来告诉他。(2)复合句复合句明显不同于简单句，因为它有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。从表面上看，它与并列句相似，其实不然。并列句的几个主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的，而复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、对等的，其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句(Main Clause)，其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句(Subordinate Clause)。复合句的子句(或从句)包括定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句(即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句)。定语从句熟练使用定语从句是高考英语写作的一项基本要求，根据内容要点，在短文中正确地运用定语从句有助于提高写作分数。To make our society more harmonious, wed better take care of the environment (that/which) we live in.为使我们的社会更加和谐，我们最好爱护我们所居住的环境。As a child, he used to work hard and help his father on the small farm where they lived.当他还是一个小孩的时候，他经常辛苦地劳动，帮助他的父亲在他们生活的小农场上干活。状语从句状语从句在书面表达中是最为常见的复合句，在使用时，注意前后两句的逻辑关系。从句中的连词在句中不作任何成分，只起连接作用，也是英语高分作文的必需条件，所以，考生必须学会准确并熟练运用状语从句。a时间状语从句由连词when, whenever, as, while, after, before, until, till, since, once, as soon as, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, instantly, directly, the day, the week, the year, the first time, any time, next time, every time, each time, the last time, all the time, by the time等引导。The moment the girl saw her mother, she burst out crying.这个女孩一看见她妈妈突然大哭起来。b条件状语从句由if, unless, as long as, so long as等引导，另外，if only, only if, suppose/supposing, provided/providing, on condition that, assuming, in case, granted/granting也可引导条件状语从句。We can surely overcome these difficulties as long as we are closely united.只要我们紧密团结，我们就一定能克服这些困难。c结果状语从句与目的状语从句.结果状语从句由so that, so. that, such. that等引导，口语中so. that, such. that中的that有时可以省略。.目的状语从句由so that, in order that等引导，口语中so也可引导目的状语从句。两种状语从句的引导词极为相似，甚至so that两种状语从句均可使用，因此，使用时要注意两者之间的差异。He made such rapid progress that he was praised by all.他取得了很大的进步，因此大家一致表扬了他。Lets take the front seats so that we may see more clearly.我们坐到前排去，以便可以看得更清楚些。d让步状语从句由though, although, as, even if, even though, whoever, whatever, however, no matter who (what, how, when), whether, while等引导。We wouldnt lose heart even if/though we should fail ten times.就是失败十次，我们也不会灰心。e原因状语从句由because, as, since, for, now that等引导。Since/Now that a lot of people make mistakes in their lives, we want to give him a chance.既然很多人一生中都会犯错误，我们想给他一个机会。名词性从句名词性从句是重要的语法项目之一，也是写作中常用的高级表达之一。a主语从句可以使写作内容更加丰富，主语的类型也会多样化，避免主语过于单调。Whether well have the sports meeting depends on the weather.我们是否开运动会取决于天气。注意：有时为了避免头重脚轻，可以用it作形式主语，把真正主语后置。Its still uncertain who will be sent to attend the meeting on behalf of the manager.谁将被派去代表经理开会还没确定下来。b宾语从句写作中使用最为常见的句型之一，其特点是不易出错，与汉语理解基本吻合。The teacher often tells us (that) we should study hard in order to be admitted into a famous university.老师经常告诉我们要好好学习以便上一所名牌大学。注意：如宾语从句跟有宾语补足语，一般用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置后，这种类型的写法会使文章句式多样化，丰富句子内容。c表语从句句子结构简单，使用起来也不易出错，提倡考生在写作时使用表语从句来充实内容。The chance is that one smoke in four will die from smoking.可能的比例是每四个吸烟者中就有一个会因吸烟而死亡。d同位语从句用于对名词的内容进行解释说明。The leading factor is the increasing number of cars, but we cant ignore the fact that the road conditions are extremely terrible.主要因素是日益增长的小汽车，但是，我们不能忽视道路状况极其糟糕的事实。3高级表达与过渡衔接(1)使用高级词汇写作时，如能贴切自然地运用高级词汇与高级句式，便会为作文增添色彩。使用高级词汇有三大技巧：标新立异写作时要恰当得体地使用一些蕴含感情色彩，别人有可能想不到的词汇，恰当地求新求异。I received your email last week, but I am busy preparing for my final exam, which is important for me, so I didnt reply to you without delay.I received your email last week, but I am busy preparing for my final exam, which is vital for me, so I didnt reply to you without delay.上周我收到了你的邮件，但我在忙着为对我来说很重要的期末考试做准备，因此没能及时地给你回复。山东高考满分作文短语优先多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。Developing a good habit is also of great importance.养成良好的习惯也相当重要。江西高考满分作文On behalf of our school, I would like to express our warm welcome to you.我代表我们学校，想表达一下对你们的热烈欢迎。陕西高考满分作文避免重复尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词，必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches.I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches.我喜欢阅读而我的弟弟喜欢看足球比赛。(2)活用高级结构使用非谓语动词I value this book because it shows me how to keep the balance of friendship in a positive way.我很珍惜这本书，因为它向我展示了如何用积极的方式保持友谊的平衡。重庆高考使用被动语态I remember we planned to visit Yunnan in July but now because my left foot was injured, I cannot go with you as planned.我记得我们计划7月份去云南旅行，但是现在由于我的左脚受伤了，我无法按计划与你一同前往。北京高考使用强调句As a saying goes, the little thing matters most.As a saying goes, it is the little thing that matters most.正如一句谚语所说的：小事情最重要。上海高考使用倒装结构In short, not only has the inclusion poisoned Chinese, it may also bring about distance between the Chinese people.简言之，这种收录不仅污染了汉语，而且也可能引发中国人之间的隔阂。重庆高考使用感叹句It is a very splendid moment.How splendid a moment it is！辽宁高考使用with复合结构With English words getting popular in both media and daily life, a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them, leaving the public divided into two opposing groups：“For” and “Against”随着英语词汇在媒体以及日常生活中的普及，一本汉语词典里收录了239个英文单词，这一现象使公众分成了对立的两派：支持派和反对派。重庆高考使用虚拟语气Besides, I wish there would not be too many students in a class.此外，我希望班内学生别太多。全国卷使用形式主语或形式宾语As the number of English learners is on the rise, its not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts.因为英语学习者的数量在不断增加，对他们来说在中文语境中理解这些词并不困难。江苏高考使用名词性从句I strongly recommend you to read it and share what you gain with me in your reply.我强烈推荐你读一读，并把你的收获在你的来信中与我分享一下。重庆高考That is why I recommend another category of books, literary books.这就是我推荐另一类书文学书籍的原因。浙江高考使用定语从句The best gift Ive ever received is a book from my English teacher, which she brought to me when she returned from her holiday.我收到的最好的礼物就是我的英语老师度假归来带给我的一本书。重庆高考使用状语从句The important thing is to learn to control your temper so that you may not do or say anything youll regret.为了不说和不做你将来会后悔的事情，重要的一点就是学会控制你的脾气。安徽高考(3)巧用衔接过渡词 衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的过渡性词语是非常必要的。高考作文中常用到的过渡性词语归纳如下：表示罗列递进first, second, third; firstly, then/next, after that, finally; for one thing., for another.; on (the) one hand., on the other hand.; besides/whats more/in addition/furthermore/moreover/another/also; especially/in particular等。Firstly, I collected all the books, newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place. Then I wiped the dust off all the furniture. After that, I swept and mopped the floors.首先，我把所有的书籍、报纸和其他的散落在屋子里的东西收集起来放好，接着我扫去所有家具上的灰尘，然后我扫地、拖地。陕西高考表示时间的过渡词now, at present, recently, after, afterward, after that, after a while, in a few days, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, immediately, soon, suddenly, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, the moment, from now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile, till, not. until, when, while, as, during等。Soon afterward, a second entrance was opened for us to the parking place.从那之后不久，(学校)又为我们在停车的地方开了一个入口。北京高考满分作文表示转折关系but, however, while, or, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等。Some people support it while others do not.有人支持，然而其他的人反对。江苏高考表示并列关系or, and, not only. but (also)., as well as, both. and., either. or., neither. nor.等。Our teachers are kind to us and treat us as their friends.我们的老师对我们很好并把我们当朋友对待。天津高考表示因果关系because, therefore, because of, since, now that, as, thanks to, owing to, due to, therefore, as a result (of), so. that, such. that等 。Besides listening to teachers carefully in class, we often study deep into the night. Therefore, I believe I can succeed.除了课上认真听老师讲课之外，我们经常学习到深夜。因此，我相信我能成功。表示条件关系as/so long as, on condition that, if, unless等。As long as we stick to our dreams, we will become a winner sooner or later.只要我们坚持梦想，我们迟早会成为赢家。湖南高考表示举例for example, for instance, such as, take. for example等。They are of different shapes, such as diamonds, butterflies, flowers and birds.它们形状各异，诸如像钻石、蝴蝶、花和鸟。全国卷表示概括归纳in short, in brief, in conclusion, in a/one word, to sum up, all in all, on the whole, in general, generally speaking等。In a word, being able to win their friendship in a very short time is what I am most proud of in my life.总之，能够在短时间内赢得他们的友谊是我一生最自豪的事。命题法1简单句的写作典例1汉译英：他每天帮助我学英语。_答案He helps me study English every day.【解题法】(1)英语写作能力的提高，需考生在平时多积累素材，如熟练掌握一些常用句型、一些耳熟能详的短语等，同时要在平时加强写作训练，哪怕每天写上几个简单句都可以。因此，坚持背诵一些经典句型和经典短文以及平时的写作训练是考生提高写作水平的必经之路。(2)对基础词汇的拼写以及常见不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的变化要熟练而准确掌握。坚决杜绝基础词汇在拼写方面的错误。(3)任何一个句子的书写必须要遵守五种基本句式的原则，否则会出现汉语式英语的情况，造成分数偏低。命题法2并列句和复合句的写作典例2汉译英：当我与李华用英语交谈时，我很难使自己被理解。_答案When I practise talking in English with Li Hua, I have great difficulty making myself understood.【解题法】(1)无论是并列句还是复合句，在写作时，都要首先确保两个简单句正确无误，然后，再根据句子之间的逻辑关系或句意来确定恰当的连接词。(2)在复合句和并列句的写作过程中，一定要注意两个句子的时态要保持一致。(3)熟练掌握几种复合句的表达。命题法3高级表达与过渡衔接典例3汉译英：只有以这种方式他们才能长大独立，并且真正变得成功。_答案Only in this way can they grow up to be independent and become truly successful.【解题法】(1)无论使用高级词汇、多样句式还是过渡衔接词，都要经过再三斟酌，确保没有明显的语法错误或上下文之间的逻辑关系恰当合理，否则会弄巧成拙。(2)使用高级表达和过渡衔接词时，要运用自然，不矫揉造作，更不要刻意运用一些复杂词汇或句型。(3)在使用高级表达时，也不要全篇均是高级表达，否则让阅卷者读起来很不自然，显得更加的生硬。.按要求变换句型1If you dont get up now, youll be late for work.(变为并列句)_答案Get up, or youll be late for work.2While they have classes, theyre always gossiping.(变为简单句)_答案While having classes, theyre always gossiping.3He is young. He knows a lot.(变为复合句)_答案Though/Although he is young, he knows a lot.4He is a poet. He is also a writer.(变为并列句)_(and)_(not only.but also)答案He is a poet and writer.He is not only a poet but also a writer.5“What are you doing？” he asked.(变为复合句)_答案He asked me what I was doing.6Above all, we must take some measures to stop pollution._(被动语态)答案Above all, some measures must be taken to stop pollution.7There are a lot of trees and flowers in our school and our school looks like a big garden.(with复合结构)_(with复合结构)答案With a lot of trees and flowers in our school, our school looks like a big garden.8If it isnt well organized, the meeting will be a failure._(省略句)答案If not well organized, the meeting will be a failure.9They didnt realize the importance of environmental protection until all the fish in the river died out._(倒装句)_(强调句)答案Not until all the fish in the river died out did they realize the importance of environmental protection.It was not until all the fish in the river died out that they realized the importance of environmental protection.10Although he had been warned of the storm, the farmer was still working in the field._(名词作状语)答案Warned of the storm, the farmer was still working in the field.按要求转译句子1多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。We benefit more from eating fruit and vegetables._(it作形式主语)_(动名词作主语)答案It is good for our health to eat more fruit and vegetables.Eating more fruit and vegetables does good for our health.2汤姆努力学中文。他想在中国找份工作。Tom studies Chinese very hard. He wants to find a job in China._(不定式作状语)_(用短语替换并连接两句话)答案Tom studies Chinese very hard to find a job in China.Tom Chinese in order to find a job in China.3我们一到达，就受到了当地人的热烈欢迎。As soon as we arrived, we were warmly welcomed by the local people._(用介词短语)_(用hardly. when倒装句)答案On/Upon our arrival, we were warmly welcomed by the local people.Hardly had we arrived when we were warmly welcomed by the local people.4我们可以用这种方法按时完成任务。We can finish the task on time in this way._(倒装句)_(强调句型)答案Only in this way can we finish the task on time.It is in this way that we can finish the task on time.5我们很惊讶地听说他通过了这次考试。We were surprised to hear that he passed the exam._(用介词短语作状语)_(用it作形式主语)答案To our surprise, he should pass the exam.It is surprising for us to hear that he passed the exam.完成句子1尽管因特网有很大帮助，但我认为花太多的时间在上面不是好主意。_， I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it.答案Although/While the Internet is of great help/Helpful as/though the Internet is2当今，父母为他们的独生子女做所有的事情，这使得这些孩子们非常依赖父母。Nowadays parents have done everything for their single children,_.答案which makes the children rely/depend on their parents badly3如果你能以每个10美元的价格卖这些中国结，我将不胜感激。I would appreciate_.答案it if you could sell the knots for 10 dollars each4据报道，大约30名至少18岁的志愿者将从世界各地被选出来于2015年前奔赴火星。_about 30 volunteers_will be chosen from all over the world to the Mars by the year of 2015.答案It is reported that; who are at least 18 years old5它不仅给了我们接近大自然的机会，而且能让我们在学习之余得到放松。It_gave us a chance to get close to nature,_gave us relaxation from our study.答案not only; but also.短文改写请用高级词汇改写画线部分目前，中学生利用寒暑假打工现象引起了社会广泛关注，赞成和反对的声音此起彼伏。请根据下面的提示，写一篇英语短文。1.简单阐述此种现象；2.你对此种现象的明确态度(给出充足的理由)3.你认为该如何使用打工赚的钱？补贴家用？自己花？(给出合理的解释)注意：1.词数120150；2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。考生作文Recently more and more teenagers do parttime jobs to earn extra money during the summer or winter vacation. Opinions on this are_different from person to person. Some are for it while others disagree.I think it is good for us high school students to take parttime jobs in our spare time. It can earn some money and_also broaden our views and make our holiday life rich_and_colorful because we can learn what we cant learn in classes. Whats more, through parttime jobs we can get some working experience which will prepare us for our future.I hold the view that its better to help pay our family living expenses instead of keeping it as our own pocket money. It is a good chance for us to take on an important responsibility for our family.One Possible Version：Recently more and more teenagers do parttime jobs to earn extra money during the summer or winter vacation. Opinions on this vary from person to person. Some are in_favor_of it while others are_against it.I think it is meaningful for us high school students to take parttime jobs in our spare time. It can not_only earn some money, but_also broaden our views and enrich our holiday life because we can learn what we cant learn in classes. Whats more, through parttime jobs we can get some working experience which will equip us for our future.I hold the view that its better to help pay our family living expenses instead of keeping it as our own pocket money. It is a good opportunity for us to take on an important responsibility for our family.作文优化据报道，我国学生近视率居世界第一。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的，请你以“Why are more and more children getting shortsighted？”为题，写一篇英语短文。主要内容包括：1.造成学生近视的原因；2.如何保护视力。注意：1.词数120左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.短文的开头已经写好，不计入总词数。参考词汇：近视率 rate of myopiaWhy are more and more children getting shortsighted?It is reported that the rate of myopia of Chinese students is ranked as the highest in the world._考生作文：Why are more and more children getting shortsighted?It is reported that the rate of myopia of Chinese students is ranked as the highest in the world.The causes of myopia are complicated. Too_much_homework_leads_to_the_lack_of_time_for_exercise_and_a_good_sleep._Long_time_of_studying_makes_eyesight_hard_to_refresh. Medical research shows genetic factors also cau
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