12月四级真题一解析

Part I Writi ng(30 mi nu tes)The Challe nges of Livi ng in a Big City【1 】 With the development of economy and urbanization, the number of cities is constantly increasingin China. 【2】 While big cities are attractingmore and more people, they also bring many challenges,suchas traffic jam and pollution,just to name a few.【3】The first problem that really bothers me is thetraffic congestion in the rush hour. I hate waiting for buses and being late.Therefore, I have to getup very early if I have an appointment in the morning.【4】 Next is that the large population in a bigcity makes it 【5】so crowded that you cant find a peaceful place uni ess stay ing at home. The supermarkets are always crowded, so are the cin emas and parks. parks.【6】A no ther con seque nee for such a large populati on is that it inten sifies the in adequacy of quality medical and educati onal resources, thus decreas ing reside nts sense of happ in ess.【7】 As a result, although I am frequentlyasked whether I like to live in a big city or not, my answeris always no, defi nitely not. How about you?opport unity机会en vir onment 环境话题词汇：fast pace 快节奏urban城市的un satisfactory不满意的pressure 压力health健康leisure 娱乐lifestyle生活方式Part III Readi ng Comprehe nsionSecti on A【词性分析】：名词:A) ability 能力;才能;E) control 控制;管制;F) damage 伤害;损害;M) sources 来源;根源;O) vehicles交通工具，车辆动词:B) associated 与相关;联系;E) control 管理;控制;克制;F) damage损害;对有不良影响 G) described描绘,描述;Hequals相当于;比得上;)innovated创新,革新;L) relates 相联系;把系起来;M) sources来自找出的来源；N) undermine 逐渐削弱形容词:D) constant持续不断的；始终如一的副词:C) consciously有意识地，自觉地；1) exclusively 仅仅，唯独；K) regularly 经常；定期地Millionsdie early from air pollution each year. Air pollutioncosts the global economy more than$5 trillio n annu ally in welfare costs, with the most serious 26-damage occurring in the develop ingworld.air polluti on. Lost in come alone amountsThe figures in elude a nu mber of costs 27-associated with to $225 billion a year.1. die v. 死亡，熄灭；凋零n.骰子2. trillion ? tr ? lj ? nn. 万亿;兆 adj.万亿的3. welfare ? welfe ? (r) n. 福利；幸福；繁荣；安宁4. alone ? ? l ? ? n adj. 单独的；独一无二的；独自的adv. 单独地；独自地；孤独地；只，只有；The reportin cludesboth in door and outdoor air polluti on.In doorpollutio n,which in cludes28-sources like home heating and cooking, hasremaine d 29- constant over the past several decadesdespite advances in the area. Levels of outdoor pollution have grown rapidly along with rapid growth in in dustry and tran sportati on.5. source s ? rs n. 根源，本源；源头，水源；原因v.来源；起源；寻求来源6. remain r ? ? menn.剩余物，残骸；残余；遗迹；遗体v.留下；保持；依然；搁置；剩余，剩下；逗留7. constant ? k? nst ? nt adj. 不断的，持续的；永恒的，始终如一的；坚定；忠实的n.常量；不变的事物The weather is a constant topic of conversation in Britain.在英国，天气是交谈中永恒的话题。8. despite d ? ? spa? t prep. 不管；尽管(自己)不愿意；不在乎；n. 侮辱；憎恨；怨恨；轻蔑的 拒绝或不承认 例句： Despite his lack of experie nee, he got the job.Director of In stitute for Health Metrics and Evaluatio n(健康指标与评估研究所所长) Chris Murray30-described it as an “ urge nt call to action ” action. One of the risk factors for premature deathsis the air we breathe, over whichin dividuals have little 31-c on trol，” he said.9. institute ? ? nst ? tju:t vt.机构建立；制定；开始；着手n.协会；学会；学院；（教育、专业等）例句：He thought of tryi ng for a position in a research in stitute.他想方设法在一个研究机关找个工作10. metric ? metr? k adj. 米制的，公制的 health metrics健康指标11. evaluate ? ? v? ljue ? tv. 评价，估价12. urgent ? ? :d ? ? nt adj. 急迫的；催促的；强求的；极力主张的例句： There is an urge nt n eed for food and water13. premature ? prem? t ? ? (r) adj. 过早的；提前的；早产的；草率的A fire caused the premature clos ing of the exhibiti on.火灾迫使展览会提前结束.aborti onThe effects of air pollution are worst in the developing world, where in some places lost-labor in come 32-equals n early, 1% of GDP. Around 9 in 10 people in low- and middle-i ncome coun tries live in places where they 33-regularly expe nsive dan gerous levers of outdoor air pollutio n.14. laborle ? b? （r）n.劳动；劳工;v. 努力争取（for）; 苦干adj. 劳工的，工会的But the problem is not limited 34-exlcusively to the the developing world. Thousands die prematurely in the U.S. as a result of related illnesses.In many European countries, wherediesel（ ? di:zl 柴油 ） 35-vehicles have become more commonin recent years, that number reaches tens of thousa nds.petrol ? petr ? l = gasoline ? g? s? li:nsplash petrolFood-as-Medici ne Moveme nt Is Witn ess ing Progress食物即药物运动正在取得进展A）Several times a mon th, you can find a doctor in the aisles（aisle a? In. 过道，通道 ; 侧廊）ofRalphs market in Huntington Beach, California,wearing a white coat and helping people learn about food.On one recent day, this doctor wasDaniel Nadeau （丹尼尔那多 ）, wandering（wander ? w? nd? （r）vt.漫步，游荡，闲逛；（道路或河流）蜿蜒曲折；（人的思想等）走神，胡思乱想）the cereal（ ? s? ? ri ? In.谷物；养麦食品 adj. 谷物的）aisle with Allison Scott（艾莉森斯科特），giving her some idea on how tofeed kids who persistently（adv. 坚持地；固执地）avoid anything that is healthy. “ Have you thought about trying fresh juices in the morning?” he asks her.“The frozen oranges and apples are a little cheaper,and fruits are really good for the brain. Juices are quick and easy to prepare; you can take the froze n fruit out the ni ght beforeand have it ready the n ext morning.”B）Scott is delighted to get food advice from a physician（ f? ? z? ? nn.医生，内科医生 ）who isprogram director of the nearbyMary and Dick Allen Diabetes Center（玛丽 &迪克艾伦糖尿病中心 ）,part ofthe St. Joseph Hoag Healthalliance（? ? la ? ? nsn.（国家、政党等的）结盟，同盟 ）（圣约瑟夫霍格健康联盟）.The cen ters Shop with Your Doc program sends doctors to the grocery store to meet withany patientswho sign_ up_for（_注册，报名参_）_ the service, plus any other shoppers who happen_to.be aroundwith questi ons.C）Nadeau notices the pre-made（预先配制，现成的）macaroni （ ? m? k? ? r? ? ni通心粉）-and-cheeseboxes in Scotts shopping cart（ k at 手推车）and suggests she switch to whole grain（ 谷物，粮食）macaroni and real cheese. “So rd have to make it? “she asks, herenthusiasm fadingfe? dv.（ 褪去，失去光泽；逐渐消逝）at the thought of how long that might take, just to have her kids reject（ r ? ? d? ektvt. 拒绝；抛弃，扔掉；排斥；吐出或呕吐；）it. “ I m not sure they d eat it. They just wont eat it. ”D）Nadeau says sugar and processed foods are big con tributors to the rising diabetes rates amongchildren.In America, over 50 percent of our food is processed food,” Nadeau tells her. “ And only5 percent of our food is plant-based food. I think we should try to reverse（r? ? v? :s v.（使）反转；（使）颠倒 ； 掉换；撤消）that. ” Scott agrees to try more fruit juices for the kids and to make realmacar oni and cheese. Score one point for the doctor, zero for diabetes.E）Nadeau is part of a small revolution（? rev ? ? lu: ? n n. 革命;彻底改变 ）developing acrossCalifor nia. The food-as-medici ne moveme nt has bee n around for decades, but its making progress as physiciansand medical institutionsmake food a formal part of treatment,rather than relying solely（ s? ? lliadv. 唯一地；仅仅；独一无二地）on medications（药物）.By prescribing nutritional（ nj? tr ? n ladj.营养的;滋养的）cha nges or laun chi ng programs such asShop with Your Doc , they are tryingto prevent, limit or even reverse disease by changing what patients eat.“There s no question peoplecan take things a long way toward（可以取得很大进步 ）reversing diabetes,reversinghigh blood pressure,even preventing cancer, by foodchoices, ” Nadeau says.F）In the big picture（从大局来看）,says Dr. Richard Afable, CEO and preside nt of St.Joseph HoagHealth ,medical institution s （ institution? ? nst ? ? tju: ? nn.（大学、银行等规模大的）机构 ；惯例，制度）across the state are starting to make a philosophical（? f? l ? ? s? f ? kl adj. 哲学上的）switchto becoming a health organization, not just a health care organization. That feeling echoes（ ? ek? ? n.回声，共鸣）the beliefs of the Therapeutic Food Pantry program （ ? 0 er? ? pju:t ? k ? p? ntri 治疗性食物储藏室项目）at Zuckerberg San Fran cisco General Hospital（扎克伯格旧金山综合医院），whichcompleted its pilot phase fe? z （试验阶段）and is about to expand on an ongoing（ ? ? ng? ? ?不断变化的）basis to five clinic （ ? kl ? n? k n.诊所，门诊部）sites throughout （ 0 ru: ? a? t prep.（表示时间）自始至终；在期间；遍及地域；遍及场所 adv.处处；始终；在所有方面）the city. The | program will offer patients several bags of food prescribed for their condition, along with intensive（? n? tens? vadj. 加强的，强烈的）training in how to cook it. “Wereally want to link food and medicine, and not just give away food,” says Dr. Rita Nguyen, the hospitals medical director ofHealthy FoodInitiatives（健康食品倡议 initiative? ? n? ? ? t? vn.倡议 adj.自发的）.We want people to understandwhat they re eating, how to prepare it, the role food plays in their lives.”G）I n Southern California, LomaL in da Un iversitySchool of Medici ne （洛马琳达大学医学院）is offeri ngspecialized trai ning for its reside nt physicians（住院医师） in Lifestyle Medic in e-that is a formalspecialty in using food to treat disease. Research findingsincreasinglyshow the power of food to treator reverse diseases, but that does not mean that diet alone is always the solution, or that every illness can ben efit substa ntially（ s ? b? st ? n? ? li adv. 本质上，实质上；大体上；充分地；相当多地）fromdietary （ da ? ? t? r? adj.饮食的例如：dietary supplement 膳食补充品）changes. Nonetheless （adv. 虽然如此），physicia ns say that they look at the collective data and a clear picture emerges: that thesalt, sugar, fat and processed foods in the America n diet con tribute to the n ati onshigh rates of obesity,diabetes and heart disease. According to the World Health Organization,80 percent of deaths from heartdisease and stroke （str ? ? k中风） are caused by high blood pressure, tobacco use, elevated cholesterol（k ? ? lest ? r? l 胆固醇）and low con sumption of fruits and vegetables.H） Itsa different paradigm（ ? p? r? da? m范式）of how to treat disease, ” says Dr. Brenda Rea（布伦达雷），who helps run the family and preventive（ pr ? ? vent ? v n.预防；防止 adj.预防的）medicine residency program at Loma Linda UniversitySchool of Medicine . The lifestylemedicine specialtyis desig ned to train doctors in how to preve nt and treat disease, in part, by cha nging patie nts nutritionalhabits. The medical center and school at Loma Linda also has a food cupboard （ ? k? b? dn.橱柜;衣柜;食物柜;壁橱） and kitchen for patients.This way, patients not only learn about which foodsto buy, but also how to prepare them at home.teaching people about which foods （tr ? ns? f ? :mvt.改变；改观;I）Many people dont know how to cook, Rea says, and they only know how to heat thi ngs up. That means depending on packaged food with high salt and sugar content. So are healthy and how to prepare them, she says, can actually tran sform变换） a patients life.And beyond that, it might transform the health and lives of that patients family.“What people eat can bemedicine or poison,” Rea says. “As a physician, nutrition is one of the mostpowerful things you can change to reverse the effects of long-term disease ”.J）Studies have explored evidenee that dietary changes can slow inflammation （ ? ? nfl ? ? me? ? n炎症）,for example, or make the body in hospitable（in hospitable ? ? nh? ? sp? t ? bl adj. 不好客的，不友好的; 不适于居住的） to cancer cells. In genplan t-based diet-particularly for people with diabetes or other in flammatory conditions.K）“As what happened with tobacco, this will require a cultural shift, but that can happen,” says Nguye n. “ In the same way physicia ns used to smoke, and the n stopped smok ing and were able to talk topatients about it, I think physicians can have a bigger voice（有发言权）in it. ”36. More tha n half of the food America ns eat is factory-produced.37. There is a special program that assign s doctors to give advice to shoppers in food stores.assign ? ? sa? nvt.分派，指定，选派（某人）；分配（某物）;归于，归属；法律把（财产，权利、利息）从一人转让给另一人The two large rooms have bee n assig ned to us.=we have bee n assig ned two large rooms.Assig n sth to sb =assig n sb sthThey ve assigned their best man to the job.Assignment （分配）任务；工作38. There is growing evidenee from research that food helps patientsrecover from various illnesses.recover r ? ? k? v? （r） vt. 恢复；重新获得；找回；恢复健康（体力、能力等）recover from从收回取回;恢复，痊愈例句： She returned to her family home to recover from an ill ness.39. A healthy breakfast can be prepared quickly and easily.40. Training a patient to prepare healthy food can change their life.cook it.prescribe pr ? ? skra ? b vt. 指定，规定 ; 指定，规定 ; 开处方41. Scott is not keen on cooking food herself, thinking it would simply be a waste of time.42. Diabetes（ ? da? ? ? bi:ti:z 糖尿病 ） patients are advised to eat more plant-based（ 植物性 ） food.43. Using food as medicine is no novel（ ? n? vladj. 新奇的 ; 异常的 ） idea, but the movement is making headway（n. 前进 ; 进展 ） these days.45. Americans high rates of various illnesses result from the way they eat.result from产生于,由弓丨起 例句： Many hair problems result from what you eat.result in 弓丨起，导致，以为结局 例句： Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.Passage oneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.California has been facing a drought（ dra? tn. 干旱（时期） ，旱季 ; 旱灾 ） for many years now, withcertain areas even having to pump（ p ? mp用抽水机汲水；用泵（或泵样器官等）输送 ;）freshwater hundreds of miles to their distribution（? d? str ? ? bju: ? nn. 分配，分布 ） system. The problem is growing asthe population of the state continues to expand. New research has found deep water reserves under the state which could help solve their drought crisis. Previous drilling（ drill dr ? ln 钻头 ； 军事训练 ；v. 钻（孔） ； 打（眼） ； 操练） of wells could only reach depths of 1, 000 feet, but due to new pumping（ pumpp? mp n. 泵； 打气筒 ； v. 用抽水机汲水 ； 给打气 ； 用泵） practices, water deeper than this can now be extracted （ ? ekstr ? ktv. 抽取 ）. The team at Stanford investigated theaquifer（s ? ? kw? f? （r）地下蓄水层 ） below this depth and found that reserves may be triple what was previously thought.It is profitable to drill to depths more than 1, 000 feet for oil and gas extraction, but only recently in California has it become profitable to pump water from this depth. The aquifers range from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the ground, which means that pumping will be expensive and there are other concerns.The biggest concern of pumping out water from this deep is the gradual settling down of the land surface.As the water is pumped out, the vacant（ ? ve? k? ntadj. 空闲的 ； 空缺的 ； 空虚的 ） space left iscompacted（k ? p? kt v.压紧；把弄紧密，把弄结实；使（文体）简洁adj. 紧凑的；简洁的，）by the weight of the earth above.Even though pumping from these depths is expensive, it is still cheaper than desalinating （ ? di: ? s? l ? ? ne? ? n 脱盐 ） the ocean water in the largely coastal state. Some desalination plants exist where feasible（ ? fi:z ? bl adj. 可行的 ； 可用的 ； 可实行的 ）, but they are costly to run and can need constant repairs. Wells are much more reliable sources of freshwater, and California is hoping that these deep wells may be the answer to their severe water shortage.One problem with these sources is that the deep water also has a higher level of salt than shallower aquifers. This means that some wells may even need to undergo（ ? ? nd? ? g? ? vt. 经历，经验 ； 遭受 ）desalination after extraction, thus increasing the cost. Research from the exhaustive study ofgro un dwater from over 950 drilli ng logs has just bee n published. New estimates of the water reserves now go up to 2, 700 billion cubic（ ? kju:b ? kadj.立方体的）meters of freshwater.46. How could Californias drought（ dra ? tn. 旱季; 干旱 ） crisis be solved according to someresearchers?A）By buildi ng more reserves of groun dwater.B）By drawing water from the depths of the earth.C）By developing more advaneed drilling devices. drilldr? In. 操练；钻头；军事演习 v 钻（孔）；打（眼）;操练D）By upgrading its water distribution system.upgrade ? ? p? gre ? dvt. 提升；使（机器、计算机系统等）升级 ；提高（设施、服务等的）档次 ；提高（飞 机乘客、旅馆住客等）的待遇downgrade ? da? n? gre ? d v. 使降低；使降职；贬低；低估advance ? d? v a :nsadj.预先的；vt.（使）前进；将提前It is a good idea to place your order well in adva nee.Too much protein ? pr? ? ti:n in the diet may advance/accelerate the ageing process.饮食中摄入过量蛋白质可能会加速衰老。47. What can be inferred about extracting（ ? kstr ? kt ? ? n.萃取，扌由取）water from deep aquifers（? ? kw? f? （r）n.地下蓄水层）？A）It was deemed vital to solvi ng the water problem.deemdi:mvt. 认为，视为；主张（正式用词，常用于法律、文学，强调作判断而不是思考）We deem it n ecessary to make this clear to you.这件事我们认为有必要跟你们说清楚.B）It was not con sidered worth the expe nse.C）It may not provide quality freshwater.D）It is bound to gain support from the local people.boundba ? nd n. 界限；跃起；（球等的）反跳；v.弹跳；限制；接壤；给划界，限制；adj. 用带子绑住的；有义务的；装订的48. What is men ti oned as a con seque nee of extract ing water from deep un dergro und?A) The sinking of land surface. sink s? ? kv. 淹没；下落;使下沉；使下垂n.水池；洗涤槽；污水坑C)The damage to aquifers.B) The harm to the ecosystem.D)The cha nge of the climate.49. What does the author say about deep wells?repair s.A) They run without any n eed forB) They are en tirelyfree from polluta nts. en tirely地? n? ta ? ? li adv. 完全地；完整地；全部地；彻底polluta ntp? ? lu:t ? nt n.污染物polluteultimate? ? lt ? m? tadj.最后的；极限的；首要的；最大的n.终极；顶点；基本原理；基本事实in timate? ? nt ?t adj.亲密的,亲近的 n. 至交；密友;The ultimate aim is to expa nd the n etwork further.This hotel is the ultimate in luxury.C) They are the ultimate soluti on to droughts.D) They provide a steady supply of freshwater. steady? stediadj.稳定的，不变的；镇定的，沉着的；坚定的vt. 使稳定，使坚定50. What may happe n whe n deep aquifers are used as water sources?A) Peoples health may improve with clea ner water.B) Peoples water bills may be lowered con siderably. con siderate con siderableC) The cost may go up due to desali nati on.D) They may be exhausted sooner or later. exhaust ? g? z? :stvt. 用尽，耗尽；使精疲力尽；排出；彻底探讨Passage TwoThe Alpha Go programs victory is an example of how smart computers have become.But can artificial intelligenee (AI) machines act ethically(? e 0 ? kl adj.伦理学的；道德的),meaning can they be hon est and fair?One example of AI is driverless cars. They are already on Califor nia roads, so it is not too soonto ask whether we can program(v.为制定计戈U ； 设计安排活动 ； 编排)a machine to act ethically. Asdriverless cars improve, they will save lives. They will make fewer mistakes than human drivers do.Sometimes, however, they will face a choice between lives. Should the cars be programmed to avoid hitting a child running across the road, even if that will put their passe ngers at risk? What about making a sudden turn to avoid a dog? What if the only risk is damage the to the car itself, not to the passengers?Perhaps there will be less ons to lear n from driverless cars, but they are not super- in tellige nt beings.Teaching ethics to a machine even more intelligent than we are will be the bigger challenge.About the same time as Alpha Gos triumph, Microsoft s chatbot took a bad turn. The software,n amed Taylor, was desig ned to an swer messages from people aged 18-24. Taylor was supposed to be able to lear n from the messages she received. She was desig ned to slowly improve her ability to han dle con versati ons,but some people were teach ing Taylor racist ideas（种族主义思想）. When she started say ingnice things about Hitler, Microsoft turned her off and deleted her ugliest messages.AlphaGo s victory and Taylor s defeat happened at about the same time. This should be a warning to us. It is one thing to use AI with in a game with clear rules and clear goals. It is someth ing very differe nt to use AI in the real world. The un predictability（不可预测性，不可预知性）of the real worldmay bring to the surface a troubling software problem.Eric Schmidt is one of the bosses of Google, which owns AlphaGo. He thinks AI will