句子的成分和结构

句子的基本结构一、句子的基本成分 句子的基本成分有以下几种：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语。1、主语：句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当，位于句首。The boy needs a pen. Smoking is bad for you.2、谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。由动词或系动词加表语担任，常置于主语后。The train leaves at 6 oclock.She is reading.3、宾语：表示动作的对象。一般由名词或代词担当，常置于谓语后。He won the game. He likes playing computer.4、表语：用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。一般由名词或形容词担任，置于系动词之后。He is a student.We are tired.注意：除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。5、定语：对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。The black bike is mine.（形容词）The boy in blue is Jim.（介词短语）I have nothing to do today.（动词不定式）注意：1、当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如： I tell him something interesting. 2、不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。例如：The boys who are in the room are playing games.6、状语：用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置灵活。1、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；I am very sorry.2、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首。In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.They are writing English in the classroom.3、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。We often help him. He is always late for class.7、补语：补充说明宾语的情况。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。He made me sad.（形容词）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）The war made him a soldier.（名词）I find him at home.（介词短语）I saw a cat running along the wall.（分词）8、同位语：同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.二、句子的基本分类1、按使用目的，句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1）陈述句：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实） The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）2）疑问句：提出问题。有以下四种： a. 一般疑问句： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑问句： Where do you live? c. 选择疑问句： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑问句： He doesnt know her, does he? 3）祈使句：提出请求，建议或发出命令。例如： Dont be nervous! 4）感叹句：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如： What good news it is!2、按其结构，句子可以分为以下三类：1）简单句：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：She is fond of collecting stamps. 2）并列句：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句，从句由从属连词引导。例如： The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 三、句子的基本结构1、简单句1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We dont like children.4. He gave his sister a piano.5. I found the book interesting. 2、并列句This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. Its not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed.四、句子的扩写1. The children played.今天早晨有许多可爱的中国孩子高兴地在公园里玩耍。Lots of lovely children from China played happily in the park this morning.2. The boy lent me a book.几天前这个穿着蓝色上衣的好心男孩借给我一本很有趣的书，我非常喜欢它。The kind boy in blue coat lent me a very interesting book several days ago, and I love it so much/which I love so much.句子的基本结构综合训练一、指出下列划线部分的基本成分。1. Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest.4. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.5. Her job is to look after the babies.6. We need a place twice larger than this one.7. He goes to school by bike.8. The man over there is my old friend.9. What he needs is a book.10. I must leave right now.二、指出下列句子属于哪种基本句子结构。1. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.2. He broke a piece of glass.3. He asked us to sing an English song.4. We will make our school more beautiful.5. Trees turns green in spring.6. He came finally last night.7. Her voice sounds sweet.8. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.9. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.10. He made it clear that he would leave the city.三、写出下列句子。1、她学习很努力。2、我昨天早上遇见了Lily。3、五年前我住在北京。4、你必须在两周以内看完这些书。5、布朗夫人看起来很健康。6、这个主意听起来很有趣。7、我爸爸上个月给我买了一辆崭新的自行车。8、他的父母给他取名为John。9、这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。10、我认为他聪明又有趣。四、扩展下列句子。1. I went to school.2. I got a book.3. He left. 如果句子只包含一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）结构，而句子各个成分都只由单词或短语表示，它就是简单句。句型一 主语+系动词+表语讲解 (1)系动词的三种分类：在初中阶段，我们学过的表示“保持或状态”类的有be, remain, stay, keep, prove等；表示“变化”类的有grow, turn, get, become, fall, go, come等；表示“感官”类的有look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem, appear等。例如：I am a senior school student while he is a junior one.我是高中生，他是初中生。After four years, Tom became a doctor/ turned doctor.四年后，汤姆成了一名医生。The story sounds interesting and instructive. 这故事听起来既有趣，又有教育意义。(2)可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、副词(短语)、介词短语、表语从句、分词(短语)等。例如：In order to keep healthy, he takes exercise everyday. (形容词作表语)In my mind, mother is my hero. (名词作表语)Look! Your pet dog is there. (副词作表语)The schoolbags come in different sizes. (介词短语作表语)Youve changed a lot. You are not what you were. (表语从句作表语)Many passengers got injured in the accident. (过去分词作表语)The machine keeps running for a long time.（现在分词短语作表语）(3) 使用系动词应注意的地方：第一，没有被动语态；第二，一般没有进行时(除了feel以外)；第三，有些动词既是系动词又是普通动词。如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell等。第四，非谓语一般用现在分词 例如：After two-days treatment, he felt well again.(不用was felt)He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. (不用is remained)比较以下句子：The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson.(keeps是系动词，而kept是及物动词)We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now.(grew是及物动词，而grow是系动词)Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth.(第一个felt是及物动词，而第二个是系动词)练习选择一个合适的词或根据汉语提示填空，注意动词的适当形式。(1) I _(remain / keep / stay) a nurse while he has _(turn / become) engineer.(2) Put the meat in the refrigerator(冰箱). It _ (go / get / turn / become) bad easily.(3) What he said _(sound / look / smell / taste) reasonable.(4) He feels _(comfortable / comfortably) working in the air-conditioned office.(5) We do morning exercises to _(keep / turn / become) healthy.(6) The apple _(tastes / is tasted) sweet.(7) Please keep _(安静); The baby has fallen _(睡着).(8) They work day and night to make their dream come _(实现). Key:(1) (4) remain, turned; goes; sounds; comfortable(5) (8) keep; tastes; quiet, asleep; true句型二 主语+不及物动词讲解(1)不及物动词不能直接加宾语。如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply等。(2)不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语。如agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等。(3)有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read等。例如：The meeting begins at half past nine. (不及物动词)The professor began his speech directly. (及物动词)The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them.(第一个sell为不及物动词，而第二个是及物动词)。练习1.指出划线部分动词的词性，是及物动词还是不及物动词。(1) Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. ( )(2) Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. ( )(3) His father used to work hard to make much money. ( )(4) I intended to lie to him, but failed. ( )(5) Unfortunately, I failed the driving test.( )2.在每一空格上填上恰当的介词。(1) I dont agree _ you completely. I have my own opinion.(2) The dictionary is not Toms. It belongs _ me.(3) Use your head, and you will think _ some ways to solve the problem.(4) To improve my English, I work hard _ it.(5) Look _ the cloudy sky! It is going to rain. Key：1.不及物动词：(1)、(3)、(4)； 及物动词：(2)、(5)。2. (1) (5) with, to, up, at, at句型三 主语+及物动词+宾语练习划出以下句子的主、谓、宾部分。如：Doing morning exercisesbenefits our health.(1) I wrote a passage last night.(2) I doubt whether he will join us in the debate.(3) We missed going to college for that reason.(4) What he said touched me greatly.句型四 主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）讲解（1）双宾语指直接宾语与间接宾语。一般地说，宾语指人为间接宾语，宾语指物为直接宾语。例如：My father bought me a car.（me为间接宾语，a car为直接宾语）The singer sang us another song.（us为间接宾语，another song为直接宾语）（2）如果直接宾语放在及物动词之后、间接宾语之前，那么两个宾语之间应有一个介词(to, for等)。The teacher offered some advice on learning English to us.The singer sang another song for us.练习在每一空格上填上一个恰当的介词。(1) Mother bought a birthday cake _me.(2) Give another apple_her. She likes it.(3) The company will provide some drinks _ the volunteers. Key：句型三 (1) I wrote a passage last night.(2) I doubt whether he will join us in the debate.(3) We missed going to college for that reason.(4) What he said touched me greatly.句型四 (1) (3) for; to; for一、主语不及物动词(SV) 例句1. The man cooks. 男人做饭。 2. The sun is shining brightly. 太阳在明亮地照耀着。 3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们呼吸、吃和喝。 4. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 5. They were singing when we arrived. 我们到的时候他们正在唱歌。 分析这些句子有一个共同的特点：谓语动词都能表达完整的意思，不需加宾语。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 二、主语及物动词宾语(SVDO) 例句1. Who knows the answer?谁知道答案? 2. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。 3. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 4. He said “Good morning.” 他说：“早上好！” 5. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 分析这些句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 三、主语系动词表语(SVP) 例句1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 2. The cake smells good. 蛋糕味道很好。 3. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。 4. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 5. The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。 6. Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。 7. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。 分析这些句子有一个共同的特点：谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。系动词分两类：be, look, keep, seem等属一类，表示情况；get, grow, become, turn等属另一类，表示变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。 四、主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语(SVIODO) 例句1. He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫做了一顿美餐。 3. I showed him my pictures.我给他看我的照片。 4. I gave my car a wash.我洗了我的汽车。 5. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。 6. He showed me how to run the machine.他教我开机器。 分析这些句子有一个共同的特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思，故这类动词被称作双宾语动词。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。一般来说指人的宾语叫间接宾语，指物的宾语叫直接宾语。通常情况下间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后；有时也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后，此时间接宾语前需加介词for或to。间接宾语后置与for连用的动词有buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find等。例如： Uncle Li bought me a birthday present. = Uncle Li bought a birthday present for me. 李叔叔给我买了一件生日礼物。 间接宾语后置与to连用的动词有give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass等。例如： Please pass him a cup of tea.= Please pass a cup of tea to him.请递给他一杯茶。 注意：若直接宾语是人称代词，通常情况下将其置于间接宾语之前。例如： 误：Please give me them. 正：Please give them to me. 五、主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语(SVDOOC) 例句1. They called him James .他们叫他詹姆斯。 2.We will keep the table clean .我们将保持桌面干净。 3. They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色。 4. What makes him think so？他怎么会这样想? 5. We saw him out. 我们送他出去。 6. He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。 7. I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。 分析这些句子的共同特点是：谓语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。宾语补足语可以由名词、动词不定式、形容词、副词和介词短语等充当。注意：在使役动词make, let, have等引起的复合宾语中，若宾语补足语是动词不定式，则要省去不定式符号to。例如： He made us laugh. 他使我们发笑。 I wont let you go. 我不会让你走。 I have them come tomorrow morning. 我让他们明天早上来