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专题10定语从句考纲展示命题探究基础点关系代词的基本用法(1)which的用法which用于指物或替代整个句子，在从句中可作主语或宾语。She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each other.在为学生营造自由交流的氛围这方面，她很有天赋。(2)that的用法that既可指人又可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时常可省略。that指人时常可与who或whom互换，指物时常可与which互换。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(3)who, whom的用法who或whom均可指代人，但who在从句中作主语或宾语，whom在从句中作宾语；两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时，who/that不可省略；作宾语时，whom/who/that可以省略。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成了好朋友。(4)whose的用法whose表所属关系，既可指人也可指物，在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.这家校内商店的主要顾客是学生，放假时商店关门。(5)as的用法as作关系代词既可指人也可指物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句时，一般用于such.as., the same.as., as.as.结构中。另外，as也可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个句子。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。“You cant judge a book by its cover，” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“人不可貌相。”重难点1限制性定语从句中，关系代词只用that不用which的情况(1)先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, something, everything, nothing, none, the one等或被不定代词修饰时。I refuse to accept the blame for something_that was someone elses fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。(2)当先行词被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。This is the_very person that Im waiting for.这正是我在等的那个人。(3)当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时。This is the_most_interesting film that Ive ever seen.这是我看过的最有趣的电影。(4)当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时。What is the_first American film that you have seen?你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？(5)当先行词既有人又有物时。Do you know the_things_and_persons_that they are talking about?你知道他们在谈论什么人和什么事情吗？2当先行词指物时，定语从句中关系代词必须用which的情况(1)在非限制性定语从句中，只用which，不用that。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which,_of course, made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子都要好，这当然让他们对他很嫉妒。(2)当定语从句中的介词提前时，只用which, 不用that。This is the school in_which I once studied.这是我曾经读过书的学校。3关系代词which与as的区别(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句末；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在先行词的后面。As we know, China is famous for its Four Great Inventions./China, as we know, is famous for its Four Great Inventions./China is famous for its Four Great Inventions, as we know.众所周知，中国因四大发明而闻名。It was raining heavily, which kept us indoors.雨下得很大，我们出不了门了。(2)as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态。如as is known, as was said, as is reported等。如果从句中的行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，这在预料之中。Tom has made great progress, which makes me very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使我很高兴。 特别提醒as常用在下列习惯用语中：as everybody can see正如人人都能看到的那样as we had expected正如我们所预料的那样as often happens正如经常发生的那样as has been said before正如以前所说的那样as is mentioned above正如上面提到的as is often the case情况往往是这样(3)在限制性定语从句中当先行词被the same, such修饰时，其后的定语从句用as来引导而不用which，关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(as作宾语)He is not the_same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as作表语) 考法综述定语从句关系代词的基本用法，尤其是关系代词that, which, who, whose在语篇语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年考查了32次，可见其重要性。命题法考查限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法典例1Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.答案that/which句意：我曾与桂林擦身而过，那是游客尽览石灰岩群峰和漓江绿水的梦幻之境，是被中国艺术家在很多绘画作品中描绘的地方。设空处引导定语从句修饰先行词the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River，且引导词在从句中作主语，故填关系代词that或which。典例2China Today attracts a worldwide readership, that shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China._答案第一个thatwhich此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为整个句子，故用which。【解题法】考查关系代词时的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解关系代词的基本用法；who, whom, that先行词为人；that, which先行词为物；whose先行词既可以是人，也可以是物。(2)在语法填空中，考查关系代词是不给提示词的，首先判断先行词是人还是物；其次，确定先行词在定语从句中所作的成分；最后判断是限制性还是非限制性定语从句，最终确定先行词。(3)在短文改错中，除了考查关系代词的基本用法外，还会涉及到that与which的区别，as与which的区别，主要考查关系代词的错用。A单句填空1Or perhaps you are the only one _ is interested in listening to the ballgame.答案who/that分析句子结构知，空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词one, 指人且在从句中作主语，故填who/that。2English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _ uses it differently.答案which句意：英语是一种被好几种不同的文化都使用的语言，而且每一种文化使用它的方式也不同。设空处前后两部分之间既没有并列连词也没有从属连词，故后面部分应为定语从句，又因为先行词是cultures，且关系词在定语从句中作介词of的宾语，所以填which。3A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.答案whose句意：从国内市场得到的利润正在下降的公司可以去国外寻找机会。本题考查定语从句。先行词为company，将先行词代入定语从句后为：The companys profits from home markets are declining.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作定语，故填whose。4Well reach the sales targets in a month _ we set at the beginning of the year.答案which/that句意：一个月以后我们将会达到年初所定的销售目标。在本句中，先行词是the sales targets，关系代词在定语从句中作set的宾语，所以填关系代词which/that。5The Greens stayed in Beijing for a week, during _ they visited places of interest here guided by me.答案which先行词为a week，表示时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，故用during which引导定语从句。during which相当于when。6Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, _， for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.答案who先行词是a painter，从句中缺少主语，故用who在此引导定语从句。7Take a couple breaths and think of something _ gives you pleasure: a beautiful scene in nature, or someone you love.答案that句意：深呼吸几次，然后想一想给你带来快乐的东西。该定语从句中缺主语，先行词为不定代词something。故填that。8Florence in Italy, _ beauty is beyond description, is the city that I have been dreaming of visiting.答案whose句意：意大利的佛罗伦萨市的美丽是用言语难以描述的，它是我一直梦想去旅游的城市。本空需要关系代词引导定语从句并在从句中作定语，因此填whose。9Nelson Mandelas death may, in the short term, unite South Africa in ways _ have never been seen before.答案that/which从语境看，本空需要关系代词引导定语从句修饰ways，并在从句中作主语，表示“以前从来没有人见过的方式”，因此这里用that/which引导定语从句。B单句改错1It is a truly delightful place, as looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages._答案第一个aswhich先行词是place，非限制性定语从句中缺主语，as往往有“正如，就像”的意思，不符合句意。2The number of smokers, which is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year._答案whichas根据分析，此处指代的是整个句子，表示“如同，正如”，故用as。3The books on the desk, which covers are shiny, are prizes for us._答案whichwhose先行词为the books，与covers是所属关系，故用whose。4Please send us all the information which you have about the candidate for the position._答案whichthat先行词the information前有all修饰，故用that。5Until now, we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children, that is quite unexpected._答案thatwhich此处指代前面整个句子，且为非限制性定语从句，故用which。6The whole city, 75% of its factories and buildings were gone, lay in ruins._答案itswhose此处为定语从句，先行词city与factories and buildings为所属关系，故用whose。7There are two lakes, that cover nearly one thousand square kilometers._答案thatwhich先行词two lakes在定语从句中作主语，且为非限制性定语从句，故用which。8John once talked to his mom about the people and cities which he had visited abroad._答案whichthat先行词为people and cities，既有人又有物，故用that。9.Those which were trapped under the ruins finally got rescued._答案whichwho先行词those指代人，且作主语，故用who。10It was often the case, Miss Wang was the first to arrive at the school in the morning._答案ItAs分析句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，as was often the case，表示“这是常有的事”，故用as。基础点关系副词的基本用法 (1)when的用法when表时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，相当于“介词in/at/on/during.which”结构。Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when/during_which the audience can buy icecream.在音乐会中间有个休息时间，在此期间观众可以购买冰淇淋。(2)where的用法where表地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，相当于“介词in/at/on.which”。A bank is the place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back when it begins to rain.银行是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨时就催你还回去的地方。(限制性定语从句)当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等抽象名词，且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时，常用关系副词where引导。Its helpful to put children in a situation_where they can see themselves differently.把孩子置于一个能使他们从不同的角度认识自己的环境对他们有益。(3)why的用法why表原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于“介词forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for_which he didnt attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？特别提醒非限制性定语从句中，常用for which表原因而不用why。I had told them the reason, for_which I didnt attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有去开会。重难点先行词相同，关系词不同的情况先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时，虽然先行词一样，但是因为关系词在从句中所作的成分不同，所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点：(1)先行词是表示时间的名词时，若关系词在从句中作时间状语，则用when；若作主语、宾语等，则用that或which。试比较：The date that Ill always remember is Oct. 28, 1968.我会一直记得的日子是1968年10月28日。The date when I was born is Oct. 28, 1968.我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(2)先行词是表示地点的名词时，若关系词在从句中作地点状语，则用where；若作主语、宾语等，则用that或which。试比较：This is the place which we visited last week.这是我们上周参观的那个地方。(关系词在从句中作宾语)This is the place where we went last week.这是我们上周去的那个地方。(关系词在从句中作状语)(3)先行词是表示原因的名词reason时，若关系词在从句中作原因状语，则用why；若作主语、宾语等，则用that或which。试比较：The reason that he told me for his being late is that he got up late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。The reason why he was late is that he got up late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(4)先行词是way时，若引导词在从句中充当方式状语，引导词用in which，that或省略；若其在从句中充当主语或宾语等成分，引导词用that或which。试比较It must be the way (that/in_which) you write that leads to your ugly handwriting.一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的书写。The way that/which you came up with at the meeting yesterday is well worth trying.你在昨天的会议上提出的方法很值得一试。(5)先行词是time时，如果time作“次数”讲，应当用关系代词that来引导定语从句；time作“一段时间”讲时，若关系词在从句中作状语，则用关系副词when或at/in/during which；若关系词在从句中作主语、宾语等，则用that/which。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。There was a time when/during_which there were no radios and no TV sets.曾经有一段时间既没有录音机也没有电视机。考法综述关系副词的基本用法，在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年考了14次。命题法同一类先行词，关系代词that、which和关系副词when、where、why的区别典例1As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time _ he should be able to be independent.答案when句意：作为家里(年龄)最小的一个孩子，Alex一直渴望着他能够有独立的时间。根据句子结构来判断，此句中the time后面是一个定语从句，且空处在从句中作状语，表示时间，所以要用关系副词when。典例2The exact year when Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008._答案whenthat/which或去掉whenyear虽然是表时间的先行词，但作spent的宾语，故用that/which或者省略。【解题法】关系代词that/which和关系副词when/where/why的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解关系代词that/which和关系副词when/where/why的基本用法：当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的词时，分析先行词在定语从句中所作成分，来判断用关系代词还是关系副词。(2)在语法填空中，考查关系副词是不给提示词的，先观察空格前的先行词，然后判断先行词在定语从句中作状语，从而选择相应的关系副词。(3)在短文改错中，经常涉及相同先行词关系代词that/which与关系副词when/where/why错用，因此，分析句子成分很重要。A单句填空1Opposite is St. Pauls Church, _ you can hear some lovely music.答案where句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你能听到一些美妙的音乐。分析句子结构可知，“_you can hear some lovely music”是非限制性定语从句，where替代先行词St. Pauls Church在定语从句中作地点状语。2The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.答案where句意：该公司的老板在努力营造一种轻松的氛围，在这种氛围中，他的员工们可以享受工作的乐趣。先行词为atmosphere，将先行词代入定语从句后为：His employees enjoy their work in the easy atmosphere.由此可见关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，故答案为where。3The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication, especially at work _ a good impression is a must.答案where句意：这本书对我的日常交流很有帮助，尤其是在工作单位。在那里必须给人留下良好的印象。at work(在工作单位)表地点，故用where引导定语从句并在从句中作地点状语。4I didnt become a serious climber until the fifth grade, _ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.答案when句意：我直到五年级才真正成为一个攀登者，那时，我爬到树上去拿一个被挂在树枝上的风筝。在本句中，先行词为the fifth grade，设空处在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。5Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.答案where句意：学生应该参加社区活动，他们从中能获得成长经验。将先行词community activities代入定语从句后为：They can gain experience for growth from community activities.由此可知关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。6When did you first read Mo Yans stories?In 2005_I was attending high school.答案when句意：你第一次读莫言的故事是什么时候？2005年我上高中的时候。先行词2005，在定语从句中作状语，故用when。7High school is a good time_we learn to give serious thought to our future.答案when句意：高中时代是一个美好的时代，在这个时代我们应该学会认真地思考我们的未来。分析句子结构可知a good time为先行词，time意为“时代”，后面的定语从句中缺少时间状语，故用关系副词when。8Dad decided to build a small tool room with a lock，_he would keep his best tools so my brother couldnt reach them.答案where句意：父亲决定建一间带锁的工具间来放他最好的工具，这样我弟弟就够不到它们了。此处考查定语从句，先行词是a small tool room，在从句中充当地点状语，所以用关系副词where。9How do you understand life?It is a constant match_the greatest opponent is yourself.答案where句意：你如何理解生活？它是一场没有尽头的比赛，在这个比赛中最大的对手是你自己。根据句子结构可知， 这是一个定语从句，先行词是a constant match, match为抽象地点的名词，空处在定语从句中充当地点状语，故用关系副词where。10American students take part in a wide variety of afterschool activities_they develop their social skills.答案where句意：美国学生参加广泛的课后活动，在活动中他们培养他们的社会技能。先行词为activities，为抽象地点的名词，在定语从句中作状语，故用where。B单句改错1When I arrived, Bryan took me to see the house which I would be staying._答案whichwhere先行词是the house，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。2When harvest came around, he was already selling herbs, vegetables and cotton in the market that people from the towns met regularly._答案thatwhere先行词是market，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。3I am looking forward to the day that my daughter can read this book and know my feelings for her._答案thatwhen先行词是day，在定语从句中作状语且表时间，故用when。4Many countries are now setting up national parks which animals and plants can be protected._答案whichwhere先行词是parks，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。5The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform that visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built._答案thatwhere先行词是platform，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。6This is the hospital that her sister had an operation._答案thatwhere先行词是hospital，在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。7Can you think of some cases that drivers obviously knew the traffic rules but didnt obey them?_答案thatwhere先行词cases为抽象地点名词，在定语从句中作状语，故用where。8Everyone has periods in the lives that everything seems very hard._答案thatwhen先行词periods在定语从句中作状语且表时间，故用when。9Which of you can think of a situation that this phrase is often used?_答案thatwhere先行词situation为抽象地点名词，在定语从句中作状语，故用where。10Being a doctor is one of the few professions which if you make a mistake, it can mean somebodys life._答案whichwhere先行词professions在定语从句中作状语且表地点，故用where。基础点1关系代词前介词的选择“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体中。在这种结构中，“介词”的选择可依据以下几点：(1)根据介词和定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配。Who is the girl with_whom you just shook hands?刚才跟你握手的那个女孩儿是谁？(shake hands with.是习惯搭配)(2)根据介词与前面先行词的习惯搭配。Well never forget the day on_which we climbed up the Great Wall.我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那天。(其中涉及的搭配是on the day)(3)根据介词与定语从句中形容词的习惯搭配。He shows me some old coins with_which I am not very familiar.他给我看了一些我不熟悉的旧硬币。(其中涉及的搭配是be familiar with)(4)根据句子所要表达的意思。We had supper at six oclock, after_which I went to see my uncle.六点钟我们吃了晚饭，之后我去看了我的叔叔。(由于句意含有“在之后”的意思，所以用介词after)(5)在非限制性定语从句中表“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”时常用介词of。He wrote about 20 novels, of_which this is the most successful.他写了大概20部小说，其中这部是最成功的。特别提醒含有固定搭配的动词短语，由于其关系紧密，不宜拆分，所以不能将介词置于关系代词之前。这类常见的动词短语有：look after, take care of, listen to, look at, look into, run across, look forward to, break into等。2关系代词的确定“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词前置时，关系代词不能用that和who。如果先行词是人，关系代词应用whom；如果先行词是物，关系代词用which。介词后置时，限制性定语从句中which可用that替换，whom也可用who替换，且都可省略。Is this the pen with_which you wrote the letter?这就是你写信用的那支钢笔吗？This is the man from_whom I learnt the news.我就是从这个人那里了解到那个消息的。The problem about_which I consulted you has now been solved.The problem (which/that) I consulted you about has now been solved.我向你请教的那个问题现在已经解决了。3关系副词和“介词关系代词”的互换关系副词可以用“介词关系代词”来替换。whenat/in/onwhich; whereat/in/onwhich；whyfor which。Do you still remember the day on_which (when) we went to the beach?你还记得我们去海滩的那一天吗？We cant find the house in_which (where) we used to live.我们找不到曾经住的那座房子了。The reason for_which (why) he refused to go to the party was that they had not invited him to.他拒绝去赴宴的原因是他没受到他们的邀请。重难点“介词关系代词”的常见结构“介词关系代词”除了“单个介词关系代词”外，还有以下几种形式：(1)复杂介词关系代词(which, whom, whose)常用复杂介词：as a result of, at the back of, because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, at the foot of。They arrived at a farmhouse, in_front_of_which sat an old man.他们到达了一座农舍，农舍前坐着一位老人。(2)单个介词关系代词(which, whose)名词介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定He lived in London for three months, during_which_time he learned some English.他在伦敦生活了三个月，在此期间他学了一些英语。Our English teacher, with_whose_help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.我们的英语老师已经完成了30年教龄了，在他的帮助下我们的英语取得了很大进步。(3)the名词of关系代词(which, whom)该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。This is the book the_cover_of_which is designed by Mr Jones.这本书的封面是由琼斯先生设计的。(4)表示部分的词语of关系代词(which, whom)表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词all, both, none, either, some, any, most, few, several等；数词(基数词，序数词，百分数，分数)；数词名词；the最高级/比较级。He has five children, all_of_whom are Party members.他有五个孩子，他们全都是党员。China has many islands, one_of_which is Taiwan.中国有很多岛屿，台湾是其中之一。The football team has 15 members, the_oldest_of_whom is 25 years old.这支足球队有15人，其中年龄最大的25岁。考法综述“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句，在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中会涉及，近五年考查了6次。命题法“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词或介词的选择典例1Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends.答案which句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。在名词skill之后则是一个由“介词upon关系代词”引导的定语从句，此处应填入关系代词which。典例2Creating an atmosphere in that employees feel part of a team is a big challenge._答案thatwhich先行词是atmosphere，在定语从句中作状语，且有介词in, 故用which。【解题法】“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解选择介词时，主要看与先行词，从句中谓语动词或形容词的搭配；选择关系代词时，主要看先行词是指人还是指物。(2)在语法填空中，考查“介词关系代词”是不给提示词的，考查介词时，要根据语境或固定搭配选择相应的介词；考查关系代词时，如果先行词是人，用whom；先行词是物，用which；如果缺定语，用whose。(3)在短文改错中，考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句时，主要考查介词或关系代词的错用，所以要掌握固定搭配或找准先行词。A单句填空1He wrote many childrens books, nearly half of _ were published in the 1990s.答案which句意：他写了许多儿童读物，几乎有一半的书是在二十世纪九十年代出版的。先行词是childrens books，且前有介词of，故用which。2John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of _ are family members.答案whom句意：John邀请了大约四十人参加他的婚礼，其中大部分是家庭成员。该定语从句的先行词指人，且most of_ 在从句中充当主语，空处位于介词后，故用关系代词whom引导。3I wish to thank Professor Smith, without _ help I would never have got this far.答案whose句意：我想感谢Smith教授，没有他的帮助我绝不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的help是名词，与Professor Smith是所属关系，故此处用whose引导定语从句。4Maria has written two novels, both of _ have been made into television series.答案which句意：Maria写了两部小说，这两部小说都被拍成了电视剧。逗号后面为非限制性定语从句，又因此处有介词of，因此用关系代词which。5We expect you to become someone of _ well feel very proud in the future.答案whom句意：我们期望将来你能成为我们的骄傲。先行词为someone，关系词在定语从句中作of的宾语且指“人”，故填whom。6He was educated at the local high school, after _ he went on to Peking University.答案which句意：他在当地一所高中接受教育之后，他去了北京大学继续学业。分析句子成分可知，逗号后为“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，引导词置于介词之后，指代“他在当地一所高中接受教育”这件事，关系词应用which。7The fact is that everyone has to grow up and
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