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专题9并列句和状语从句考纲展示命题探究基础点由并列连词连接的，两个或两个以上的分句放在一起的句子叫并列句。不同的并列连词有不同的意义，也折射出各个分句之间的不同逻辑关系。根据分句之间的不同关系，并列句可以分为以下几种：1表示并列或递进关系的并列句表示并列关系的连词有and, both.and., not only. but also., neither. nor.等。Both New York and London have traffic problems.纽约和伦敦都有交通问题。Not_only the students but_(also) their teacher is enjoying the movie.不仅学生而且老师也喜欢这部电影。2表示选择关系的并列句表示选择关系的并列连词有or, or else, otherwise, either.or., not. but.等。Be careful about what you say or you may regret it.当心你讲的话，否则你会后悔的。You can come either on Saturday or on Sunday.你可以星期六或者星期日来。3表示对比转折关系的并列句表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet, however, whereas, nevertheless, while等。I would have written before, but I was ill.我本该早写信的，但我生病了。I have failed, yet I shall try again.我失败了，但我还要再尝试。Some men are rich, while_(whereas) others are poor.一些人富有，但其他人贫穷。4表示因果关系的并列句表示因果关系的连词有so, for, thus, therefore等。It must have rained last night, for it is wet all over.昨晚一定下雨了，因为到处都是湿的。The shops were closed, so I didnt get any milk.商店都关门了，所以我没买到牛奶。5when可用作并列连词，相当于and at this/that time，意为“正在这时，突然”。这种用法常用于下列句式：sb. be about to do/on the point of doing sth. when.某人正要做某事突然sb. be doing sth. when.某人正在做某事突然sb. had just done sth. when.某人刚做完某事突然We were_having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会，这时有人闯了进来。We were_about_to_set_off_when_it suddenly began to rain.我们正打算动身，突然下起了雨。I had_just_finished my homework when Tom came to me.我刚写完作业，Tom就来找我了。重难点1有并列连词时的主谓一致(1)当or, either.or., neither.nor., both.and., not only. but also.等连接并列成分作主语时，谓语动词的单复数根据“就近一致”原则确定。Either he or I am right.或者他或者我是正确的。(2)“名词as well as名词”作主语时，强调的是前面的名词，谓语动词的形式要根据前面的名词而定。2although/though 不能与but连用，但可以和yet和still连用Although he lives alone, yet he lives very happily.他虽然单独生活，但很愉快。考法综述并列句的考查主要集中在并列连词的基本用法，在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年考查了14次。命题法考查并列连词的逻辑关系典例1I was glad to meet Janny again, _ I didnt want to spend all day with her.答案but/yet句意：我很高兴再次见到Janny，但是我不想整天和她在一起。前后两分句之间为转折关系，故用but/yet。典例2Read this story, you will realize that not everything can be bought with money._答案you前加and根据分析可知，前后两个分句之间是顺承关系，故应用and连接。【解题法】并列连词的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先要了解并列连词的基本用法及所表示的逻辑关系。(2)在语法填空中，考查并列连词时是不给提示词的，因而要根据语境正确判断分句之间的相互关系，并熟练运用。(3)在短文改错中，经常考查的是并列连词的错用和漏用。A单句填空1There the air is clean_the mountains are green.答案and句意：那里空气清新且山脉一片绿。前后句为并列关系，故填and。2He is a shy man，_ he is not afraid of anything or anyone.答案but句意：他是一个害羞的人，但他不惧怕任何人和事。空处前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故用连词but。3In that case, eat before the flight，_an empty stomach will prevent you from sleeping.答案or句意：在那种情况下，在乘飞机之前要用餐，否则空腹会让你睡不着觉。这是一个“祈使句and/or陈述句”的句式，祈使句“eat before the flight”和“an empty stomach”是相反的，故用or。4Give me a chance, _Ill give you a wonderful surprise.答案and句意：给我一个机会，我会给你一个很大的惊喜。前后文之间是顺承关系，故用and。题干为“祈使句连词陈述句”句式。5Some animals carry seeds from one place to another，_plants can spread to new places.答案so句意：一些动物把种子从一处带到另一处，这样植物就能传播到新的地方。根据句意可知，此处表示结果。故用so来连接并列句。6Give them their happiness _ you will get your own happiness.答案and句意：给他们快乐，你也能收获到你自己的快乐。本句是“祈使句and陈述句”句式。7They are open for one more day, _ Im going to see it tonight.答案so句意：它们会再开放一天，因此我今天晚上想去看。for one more day导致了go to see it tonight，所以本空填表示结果的连词so。8I would like to have seen some dingoes(野狗), _I didnt.答案but句意：我本想去看一些野狗，但是并没有去。根据would like to与I didnt的对比判断，本空填表示转折的but。9And they may be _ round or square.答案either句意：它们可能是圆的或方的。根据round和square判断填either; either.or.意为“或者或者”。10Should we choose a good major _ a good university first?答案or句意：我们应该先选好的专业还是好的大学？根据choose判断，a good major和a good university是选择关系，故填or。B单句改错1In fact, I dont like to go anymore, and Im afraid Ill lose their friendship._答案andbut前后分句为转折关系，故用but。2But the river isnt changed in a few days and even a few months._答案andor根据句意，此处表示一个递进含义的词，故用or; or even“甚至”。3It asks you to act like water: to be flexible as well strong._答案strong前加asas well as是固定短语，连接两个并列成分。4Theres no way of knowing why one man makes an important discovery when another man, also intelligent, fails._答案whenwhile根据语境此处表示前后对比，故用while。5Dont turn off the computer before closing all programs, but you could have problems._答案butor/otherwise根据语境可知，此处表示“否则”，故用or/otherwise。6Were going to the bookstore in Johns car. You can come with us and you can meet us there later._答案andor根据语境可知，两者之间是选择关系，故用or。7One more hour Ill get the job finished._答案Ill前加and本句为“祈使句/名词短语and陈述句”的固定句式。8Id like to study law at university when my cousin prefers geography._答案whenwhile根据语境可知，前后两种情况对比，故用while。9Thanks for your advice, and this is something I have to figure out myself._答案andbut根据语境可知，此处表示转折，故用but。10The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, and in rising every time we fall._答案andbut根据分析句子结构，此处是“not.but.”意为“不是而是”，故用but。基础点状语从句是在句中起副词作用的句子，用来修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等。引导状语从句的连词被称为从属连词，状语从句需用陈述句语序，可位于复合句的句首或句末。句式为：“状语从句逗号主句”或“主句状语从句”。1时间状语从句(1)when, while和as引导的时间状语从句连词用法从句谓语动词when从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。when可指时间点，也可指时间段延续性动词或非延续性动词while从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生，只能表示持续性的动作或状态延续性动词as强调主从句动作同时发生，可译为“一边一边，随着”延续性动词When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.在别人工作时，请别这么大声谈话。As time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移，天气变得越来越暖和了。特别提醒如果主句表示的是短暂性动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when, while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.我正沿着大街走时，碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。(2)表示“一就”的连词引导的时间状语从句as soon as, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, instantly, immediately, directly, hardly/scarcely.when., no sooner.than.The_moment I saw him, I recognized him.我一看见他，就认出了他。The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.这个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。特别提醒hardly/scarcely.when.和no sooner.than.。注意：这两个结构中when和than都是并列连词，when/than前的分句通常用过去完成时，when/than后的分句通常用一般过去时。当hardly/scarcely和no sooner提至句首时，它们所在的分句要部分倒装。如：I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain.我一到家就开始下雨了。No_sooner had we arrived at the station than the train left.我们刚到火车站火车就开了。(3)till, until和not.until引导的时间状语从句延续性动词(肯定式)until/till表示“动作延续到为止”。We walked along the river until/till it was dark.我们沿着河散步，一直到天黑。瞬间动词/延续性动词(否定式)until/till表示“直到才发生”。He didnt know anything about it until/till I told him.直到我告诉他，他才知道这件事。强调句型：It is not until.that.It_was_not_until the professor came that we began the experiment.直到教授来了，我们才开始做实验。特别提醒(1)till不可以置于句首，而until可以。如：Until you told me I had no idea of it.直到你告诉我，我才知道这件事。(2)not until置于句首，主句要用倒装结构。如：Not_until the film began did_she arrive.直到电影开始她才到。(4)before与since引导的时间状语从句before表示“在之前；还未就；还没来得及就”。常用于句型“It will be/was时间段before从句”(在之前还要多久，过了多久才)及“It wont be/wasnt时间段before从句”(没过多久就)。John thinks it_wont_be_long_before he is ready for his new job.约翰认为不久他就能为他的新工作做好准备。since表示“自从以来”，常用于“It is/has been时间段since从句”结构。该句型表示“自从开始(不做)已经多长时间了”，一般从句的时态用一般过去时，主句中的时态用现在完成时。As is reported, it_is_over_100_years_since Tsinghua University was founded.据报道，清华大学已经建立了100多年了。(5)every time, any time, the first time, by the time, each time等名词词组也可引导时间状语从句。Every_time I express an opinion, she always argues back.每当我发表意见时，她总是反驳。2地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where, wherever。I found my wallet where I had left it.我在落下钱包的地方找到了它。You are free to go wherever you like.你愿意去哪里就去哪里。特别提醒where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别：地点状语从句与定语从句的区别在于从句在句中所作的成分，如果作状语，则是状语从句；如果作定语，则是定语从句。where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词，where可以替换成“介词which”；而状语从句前则无先行词。I know London as the_place_where I spent my childhood.我熟悉伦敦，那是我度过童年的地方。(定语从句)The little girl who got lost decided to remain_where she was and wait for her mother.那个迷路的小女孩决定呆在原地等她的母亲。(状语从句，其中remain为不及物动词) 3条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if(假设；如果)，unless(if.not除非)，so/as long as(只要)，in case(如果)，on condition that(条件是)，suppose/supposing(that)(假设)，providing/provided that(如果)等。Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(if you dont study hard)如果你不努力学习，你考试就会不及格。As_long_as you dont lose heart, you will succeed.只要不灰心，你就会成功。Suppose/Supposing_(that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?如果他们拒绝我们，那么我们还可以向谁求助呢？In_case there is a fire, what will you do first?如果发生火灾，你们首先要做什么呢？特别提醒在条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表将来含义；现在完成时表即将完成之后的情况；一般过去时表过去将来的含义。If it snows tomorrow, we will_build a snowman.如果明天下雪，我们就堆雪人。In case it rains,_do_not expect me.如果下雨，就不要等我了。4原因状语从句原因状语从句可由because, as, since, now that (in that) 等词引导：(1)because译作“因为”，表直接原因，语气较强，能回答由why提出的问句。The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair because he wanted to sit next to his wife.那位老人让露西换坐到另一把椅子上，因为他想挨着妻子坐。(2)as(由于)，since(既然), for, now that/in that(既然)，表双方都知道的原因，语气较强。as, since和now that引导的从句多位于主句之前。Now_that you have done that, stop blaming yourself.既然你已经做了，就不要自责了。(3)when(既然)，seeing that(鉴于，由于)，considering that(考虑到)等也可以引导原因状语从句。It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five minutes.既然步行5分钟就能到那里，你却去乘出租车，真是太傻了。5目的状语从句(1)so that/in order that引导的目的状语从句so that与in order that表示“以便于，为了”，引导目的状语从句，从句中常用情态动词。当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构：in order to与so as to。They flew there in_order_that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony.他们飞往那里以便能及时参加开幕典礼。特别提醒in order that比so that正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后；但so that引导的从句一般只能置于主句之后。The crowd walked back so_that the ambulance could pass.人群向后退开，让救护车可以开过去。He raised his hand in_order_that the taxi may stop.他举起手以便使出租车停下来。(2)for fear that, in case与lest引导目的状语从句，表“以防，以免”。He had his camera ready in_case he saw something that would make a good picture.他准备好了照相机，以防看到一些他能够拍下来成为好照片的东西。6让步状语从句(1)although和though引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然，尽管”，主句里不可用but。若要强调前后两部分的对比意义，可在主句句首加yet和still。Although/Though he has a lot of money, yet/still he is unhappy.他虽然有很多钱，但并不幸福。(2)当as作“虽然，尽管”讲时，可引导让步状语从句，从句往往放在主句的前面，且从句必须倒装。倒装的形式为“形容词/副词/名词/动词/过去分词as主语谓语动词”。Much_as_you_suspected him, you couldnt provide powerful evidence.虽然你非常怀疑他，但是你却无法提供有力的证据。(副词提至句首)Young_as_he_is,_he can read and write in several foreign languages.虽然他很年轻，可是他能用几种语言读和写。(形容词提至句首)Try_as_he_might,_he couldnt solve the problem.尽管他很努力，但还是无法解决这个问题。(谓语动词提至句首)特别提醒在as引导的让步状语从句中，若从句是系表结构，且表语为单数的可数名词，倒装时名词前不加冠词。如：Child_as_he_is,_he has a good command of English.尽管他是个孩子，但他精通英语。(3)no matter who (what, when, which, how, where等)引导让步状语从句时，相当于“who (what, when, which, how, where等)ever”，表示“无论何人(什么，何时，哪个/些，怎样，何地等)”。He keeps taking exercise in winter no_matter_how cold it is.不管有多冷，他一直坚持在冬天锻炼身体。Whatever work we do, we should do our best.不管做什么工作，我们都要尽力。(4)whether.or.引导让步状语从句时，意为“不管是还是”。Whether she comes here or we go there, the topic of the discussion will remain unchanged.不管是她来这儿还是我们去那儿，讨论的话题都不会变。(5)while引导让步状语从句时，意为“尽管，虽然”，相当于although/though。While we dont agree on that, we continue to be good friends.虽然我们在那件事情上意见不同，但我们仍然是好朋友。7结果状语从句(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so that, so.that., such.that.。Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe in him.Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都信任他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气这么好，我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他赚的钱如此少，以至于养不起他的家人。(2)当so或such以及所修饰的部分置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。So_clever_a_student_was_he_that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.他是一个如此聪明的学生以至于能解出所有的难题。(3)除结果状语从句外，too.to.(太而不能)，enough to.(达到某种程度可以)，so.as to.(如此以至于)等结构同样可以表示结果。He didnt get up early enough_to catch the bus.He got up too late to catch the bus.He got up so late as_to miss the bus.他起得太晚了，没有赶上那班公共汽车。8方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的连词有：as, as if/though。as if/though引导的从句常用虚拟语气(但是当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，as if从句要用陈述语气)。You must do the work as you are told.你必须按照你被告诉的那样做工作。重难点1状语从句的省略(1)时间、让步、方式、地点状语从句的省略如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致或从句的主语是it，而且状语从句的谓语中有be动词，可以将从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。While_(I_was)_in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Summer Palace.在北京时，我参观了颐和园。He often makes mistakes when_(he_is)_speaking English.说英语时他经常出错。The woman teacher left the classroom silently as_though_(she_was)_angry.这位女教师一言不发地离开了教室，好像生气了。Though_(it_is)_cold,_he still wore a shirt.虽然天气冷，但他仍然穿一件衬衫。(2)条件状语从句的省略在if it is possible, if it is necessary, when it is necessary等类似结构中，it is常省略。Come tomorrow if_(it_is)_possible.如果可能的话就明天来吧。Unless_(it_is)_necessary,_youd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。在虚拟条件句中连词if的省略。在虚拟条件句中，如果从句谓语中含有had/were/should, if可省略，把had/were/should提至句首引起倒装。Were_I_(If_I_were) twenty now, I would join the army.如果我现在二十岁，我就参军。Had_you_come_(If_you_had_come) yesterday, you would have met him.如果你昨天来，你就见到他了。Should_there_be_(If_there_should_be) a flood, what should we do?万一发生洪水，我们怎么办？2so that引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句的区别so that既可引导目的状语从句也可引导结果状语从句。那么，在实际使用过程中如何区别它们呢？下面就语义关系和结构形式对这两种从句进行辨析说明。(1)so that引导的从句若反映一种意欲、一种可能性，则是目的状语从句；若表示一种事实，就是结果状语从句。试比较：Id like to take a taxi so_that Ill get there in time.我想打的，以便及时到那里。(及时到那里是目的)I took a taxi, so_that I got there in time.我打了的，所以及时到了那里。(及时到那里是结果)(2)目的状语从句表示想要达到某种目的的意愿，即一种可能性，并非事实，因而从句中多用can, may, will, could, might, would, should等情态动词；而结果状语从句表示客观事实，所以从句中常无情态动词。试比较：The girl bought a new skirt so_that she could wear it at her birthday party.那个女孩买了一条新裙子，以便能在生日宴会上穿。(目的状语从句)The girl bought a new skirt, so_that she looked more beautiful at her birthday party.那个女孩买了一条新裙子，结果在生日宴会上她看起来更漂亮了。(结果状语从句)(3)目的状语从句与主句的关系紧密，在讲话时一气呵成，而结果状语从句则是句子的外在因素，讲话时往往在主句和从句之间略加停顿，书写时一般用逗号隔开。试比较：Well come at eight so_that the meeting can begin early.我们要八点来，以便会议能早点开始。(目的状语从句)We all arrived at eight, so_that the meeting began promptly.我们都是八点到达的，结果会议马上就开始了。(结果状语从句)考法综述状语从句的考查重点在从属连词上，尤其在语篇型语法填空和短文改错中常会涉及，近五年就考查了72次之多，由此可见其重要性。命题法考查状语从句的引导词典例1The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left _ I could ask for their names.答案before句意：那对年轻夫妻把我丢失的钱包还给了我，我还没来得及询问他们的名字，他们就离开了。before意为“在之前；还没来得及”。根据句意可知填before。典例2You will never gain success if you are fully devoted to your work._答案ifunless根据句意，此处表示“除非，如果不”，故用unless。【解题法】状语从句中从属连词的必备知识和一般解题思路(1)首先，具备全面的状语从句知识，熟悉掌握每个从属连词的语义和语法特征。(2)在语法填空中，考查状语从句是不给提示词的，因此正确理解语境是正确答题的关键。特别牢记时间状语从句中的几个固定句型。(3)在短文改错中，重点考查从属连词的错用上，因此考生要注意区分某些近义，近似从属连词及句式的用法。A单句填空1We need to get to the root of the problem _ we can solve it.答案before句意：在能够解决这个问题之前，我们需要找到它的根源所在。根据句意可知用before。2Just _ a single word can change the meaning of a sentence, a single sentence can change the meaning of a paragraph.答案as句意：正如一个词可以改变一个句子的意思一样，一个句子可以改变一个段落的意思。根据句意可知用as。3_ scientists have learned a lot about the universe, there is much we still dont know.答案Although/Though/While句意：虽然科学家已经了解了很多有关宇宙的东西，但是还有很多我们不知道的。根据句意可知填Although/Though/While。4_ he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.答案Where句意：在他曾经想要放弃的地方，他现在有决心进一步推进并且坚持下去了。根据句意可知用Where。5_ the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.答案Although/Though/While句意：虽然这些学生来自不同的国家，但他们在这个夏令营中相处得很好。根据句意可知用Although/Though/While。6In fact, _ Tiffany Two celebrated her 27th birthday back in March, she had lived the equivalent (等量) of 125 human years.答案when句意：事实上，当Tiffany Two 在三月份庆祝她27岁生日时，她已经活了相当于人类的125年了。故填连词when引导时间状语从句。7Linda was quite sure that she was going to miss her train _ she was not very far from the station.答案though/although句意：虽然琳达离火车站不是非常远，但是她非常肯定她会错过她的火车。though/although意为“虽然”。8On our last hike, we were told to take a rest _ we felt tired.答案when句意：在上次远足中，我们被告知感到累了就歇一歇。when意为“当时”。9Any measure of an ads performance is entirely pointless _ it could be viewed by a person.答案unless句意：如果没人看，广告的任何表现形式都是完全没有意义的。考查条件状语从句。根据句意填unless。10It took what seemed to be years _ the actress finally turned up, which made the journalists as well as audiences disappointed and angry.答案before句意：似乎用了好几年的时间这位女演员才最终出现，这使得记者和观众既失望 又气愤。考查时间状语从句。根据句型it takes/took some time before.，可知填before。B单句改错1Unless the damage is done, it will take many years for the farmland to recover._答案UnlessIf/Once根据句意可知此处表示“如果；一旦”，故用If/Once。2It is so cold that you can t go outside if fully covered in thick clothes._答案ifunless根据句意可知此处表示“除非”，故用unless。3There is only one more day to go after your favorite music group play live._答案afterbefore根据语意可知是之前，故用before。4If you miss this chance, it may be years since you get another one._答案sincebefore此处为固定结构It may be段时间before.。5It was the middle of night before my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game._答案beforewhen根据句意可知，此处表示“当的时候”。6Actually, the London Olympic Park is built wherever there used to be a poor area called East London._答案whereverwhere根据句意可知，此处表示“的地方”，故用where。7Such long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment._答案SuchSo/Asso/as long as是固定结构，意为“只要”。8Misunderstandings arising from lack of social communication, if handled properly, may lead to serious problems._答案ifunless根据语境可知，此处表示“除非，如果不”，故用unless。9When advertisements are of great help, I dont think we should entirely rely on them._答案WhenWhile/Although/Though根据语境可知，此处表示“尽管”。10We need some more facts and figures after we make the final decision._答案afterbefore根据语境可知，此处表示“之前”，故用before。易错题一：地点状语从句中引导词的误用例1What a neat philosophy it is never to give up looking for a way to get _ youre supposed to go!错解what错因分析考生误以为这是一个宾语从句，从而错用what。答案where心得体会例2I can go _ I want just by driving my own car. I feel the whole world is under my control.错解where错因分析考生误以为这是一个简单的地点状语从句，误填where。答案wherever心得体会易错题二：原因、让步状语从句中引导词的误用例1You cannot walk away just _ someone tells you he doesnt want to buy. As an assistant you should try your best to persuade our customers to buy something.错解after错因分析不少考生根据对句子的理解易误用after。考生认为这里表示的是“你不能在顾客告诉你他不买之后就走开”。答案because心得体会例2Impressive _ the record is, it fades next to the story of Armstrongs struggle against disease.错解although错因分析考生易误用although，因为考生可能仅注意到了前后两句话之间的让步关系。答案as/though心得体会易错题三：When用作并列连词时的误用例Its really tiresome! I had just gone to bed after a very hard day _ the phone rang.错解before
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