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专题26提纲作文考纲展示命题探究1命题特点提纲作文是近几年高考英语书面表达的热点题型。命题者通常把提纲作文与其他常用文体形式(如书信、报道、通知、日记等)有机结合在一起进行考查，使该类书面表达综合性越来越强。提纲作文的特点为：(1)要点明确，范围具体提纲作文就是把文章的情景和内容要求分成块，以条目的形式列出，请考生据此进行写作。这实际上是对考生思路和文章写作范围所作的明确限定。因此，提纲中所列举的要点要全部涉及，一个也不能遗漏。这类作文主要考查的内容一般包括：说明主题、分析原因或解释做法。作文题目中一般会提供：标题、提纲、起始句。标题限定短文的基本发展方向，提纲规定短文的基本框架，起始句则提供短文的起点。考生应紧扣题目主题，并根据提纲提示的思路和要点展开段落。(2)思维空间灵活、开放为了提高文章档次，考生应在保证内容要点齐全的同时进行合理而又紧扣主题的发挥。因此，该类型的书面表达具有一定的灵活性，能较好地体现考生的英语思维能力。2写作步骤(1)全面审题，确定层次审主题：认真阅读所给提示，弄清写作要求和写作提纲之间的关系，明确所写文章的主题，然后再围绕主题进行写作。审内容：审查要点，做到要点全面，避免丢三落四、要点不全，更不能错误地理解提纲的意思，还要防止画蛇添足。审层次：最好是三大层次，忌一揽子式的表达，缺乏层次与条理；忌“挤牙膏”式的表达，想到哪儿写到哪儿，缺乏全局观念。审格式：文体不同，格式也不同。书信有书信的格式，便条有便条的格式。同样是通知，口头通知与书面通知的格式也不相同。因此应根据要求来确定写作时所采用的格式。审人称：要弄清表达时具体需要用什么人称。(2)理顺要点，安排次序动笔前，要先考虑文章的逻辑性，弄清先写什么，后写什么。若给出的提示层次清楚，可按提示的顺序进行表达，有时提纲类作文所提供的要点顺序并非写作时的顺序，此时就要对题目所给出的要点顺序作适当的调整，并按照一定的逻辑关系，如时间顺序、空间顺序、事件发生的先后顺序等，把这些要点排列并整理好。其次，要注意文章的连贯性。如果仅仅按照试题提供的要点来写，而不考虑文章前后的连贯性，支离破碎的文章即使没有语法或拼写等错误，它依然不是一篇好文章。所以为了使表达连贯，注意使用恰当的关联词、过渡句等，还要结合主题和文字提示适当发挥，增加一些内容，使行文连贯、结构完整，但切忌偏离主题的任意发挥。(3)灵活表达，错落有致提纲类书面表达提供了较多的文字信息，并且给出了写作要点，考生容易受到提纲的影响，把提纲逐条翻译出来。其实，要点只是写作的轮廓，为了让文章的结构错落有致，就要使用准确、丰富的词汇，还要注意地道而富于变化的句型的使用。一是注意简单句、并列句以及复合句的交叉使用，以增强文章的可读性；二是注意使用所谓高级框架结构的句子，即定语从句、名词性从句、倒装句、强调句等。(4)查漏补缺，修正错误短文写完后要查漏补缺，看看要点是否齐全；从宏观上以他人的眼光来审视自己的文章，看看表达的内容是否清晰，用词是否妥当，找出错误进行修正。最后要誊写清楚，以保证卷面的整洁美观，从而吸引阅卷老师的眼球。特别注意(1)细致地研究提示。提纲作文最大的特点无非是要点的确定性和要求的具体性，因此仔细且认真地研究提示是写好提纲作文的关键。只有理解了提示的含义，才有可能抓住要点，明确主题，有效地组织与主题有关的素材。(2)写好每段的主题句。文章各段落中都要有总结性的主题句，通常把每段的首句作为段落的主题句。在理解提示含义后，就要抓住主题，草拟各段的主题句(首句)。首句写得好不好直接影响全文。如果某一段的首句偏离提示要求，段落的扩展就会偏题，整篇文章的扣题性和连贯性就会受到影响。另外，写首句时要注意句意完整，不可将提示中的词组或短语直接作为首句。(3)注意段落间的连贯性。每一段往往各有一定的独立意义，但是，段落之间有着不可分割的联系。行文时要考虑文章的整体性，各段之间要注意衔接，所以要注意用一些过渡词和过渡句，以确保文章结构严谨，行文流畅。(4)要避免中式英语。中文提示并不意味着要用中文打草稿，然后汉译英。中文提示能使人较容易抓住关键点。一旦理解了主题，就应该做到用英语思考，使表达符合英语习惯。3写作素材(1)开头常用句式We had a heated discussion on/about.With the development of.At present there is a wide spread concern that.Im very glad to have the chance to speak here.It is often said that.(2)衔接过渡句One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is.To take. for example/instance.Besides, we should not neglect that.Wonderful as. is, however, it has its own disadvantages too.Therefore, these findings reveal the following information.This may be true, but we still, have a problem with regard to.Another special consideration in this case is that.(3)结尾常用句式Taking all these into account/consideration, we may safely reach the conclusion that.So we must take measures to.As far as Im concerned, Im in favor of the first/second view.Only in this way can we.(4)黄金模板Nowadays, there are more and more. in some big cities. It is estimated that. Why have there been so many.? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows.The first one is that. Besides, . The third reason is that. To sum up, the main cause of. is.It is high time that something should be done upon it. On the one hand, . On the other hand, . All these measures will certainly reduce the number of.These days we often hear that . It is common that.Why does such a circumstance occur in spite of social protection? For one thing, . For another, . In addition, .To solve the problem is not that easy at all. We should do something such as . to improve the present situation, and I do believe that everything will be better in the near future.考法综述提纲作文常以短文提示、要点提示和表格提示三种形式呈现，体裁多变，且贴近学生生活。命题法提纲作文典例假设你是李津，你的美国朋友Chris就读于天津某国际学校，他热爱中国文化，特别是戏曲文化。8月5日下午2：00在新落成的天津大剧院将上演越剧梁山伯与祝英台，请你根据以下提示，用英语给Chris写一封电子邮件，邀请他一起观看演出。1提出邀请并简述原因；2提出观剧后活动建议(如参观附近的博物馆或美术馆等)；3请求对方回复。注意：1.请使用规范英语，词数不少于100；2可适当加入细节，以使内容充实、行文连贯；3开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：越剧Shaoxing Opera；梁山伯与祝英台Butterfly Lovers；天津大剧院Tianjin Grand TheaterDear Chris，I have good news to tell you._Yours，Li JinOne Possible Version：Dear_Chris，I_have_good_news_to_tell_you. A famous Shaoxing Opera, Butterfly Lovers, will be put on in Tianjin Grand Theater at 2：00 pm. on August the fifth. I know you take a great fancy to Chinese culture, especially the local operas. I hope this opportunity will not only make you happy, but also satisfy your interest in Chinese operas.If you can come, I suggest we have a look at the Museum of the Traditional Opera near the theater after the opera. There, I believe, you can know the history of many Chinese operas, which can increase your knowledge about traditional Chinese operas.Looking forward to your reply.Yours，Li_Jin【解题法】提纲作文的解题思路(1)深挖题干，明确要求提纲作文最基本的特征就是内容信息明确和写作要求具体。只有充分利用了这些已有的信息，才有可能写出合格的作文。首先我们要从与内容相关的信息中提炼出具体要写的要点，这基本上决定了文章的主题和所要采用的体裁。题干中所给的其他要求则从规范方面对写作提出了要求。找出了要点、明确了要求，那么写作也就有了方向。(2)分析要点，构建框架从性质、重要性及关联度这几点出发，对提炼出的要点进行排序和重新整合，并在结合主题的情况下安排文章的大致脉络，也就是确定文章的段落，使要点在排列的次序上符合逻辑和人们的认知规律。要点的性质、重要性及关联度决定了哪些要点要放在一个段落中去呈现。对于英文写作，鉴于词数的限制，段落并不会太多，通常在一段和三段之间变化。对于三个段落的书面表达，首段通常为引入段，第二段一般为中心段落，需要呈现的要点，基本上都集中在第二个段落，而第三段一般为结论段或总结段。(3)要点齐全，量力表达若要文章有一个基本的、稳定的得分，首先要做到的就是题干所要求的要点要齐全，并且要保证表达上没有明显的低级错误。这两点是最为基本的要求。100多词的提纲作文，把要点用英语词汇和句式表达出来就能基本达到这个要求，所以并没有什么可怕的。想要在分数上有所突破，就不能只是在要点齐全上做文章，还需要在原有要点的基础上进行题干要求之外但又在情理之中的发挥，也就是说增加一些细节信息；其次还需要在表达上有所提升，也就是说采用一些比较高级的词汇和结构，比如特殊句型、非谓语结构等。当然，这些需要建立在考生对自己的表达能力比较有信心的基础上，否则，还是考虑比较稳妥的方式为好。(4)跳过格式，注重风格英语书面表达常常和应用文结合起来，特别是书信和电子邮件。而对于这些格式上有要求的文体而言，我们也不必过于担心，因为基本格式通常都已经给出来了。考生所需要做的仍然是把文章所要求的内容要点用正确且比较地道的英语呈现出来。内容/主题不同，所采用的文体一般也不同。而不同的文体都有着属于该文体的语言风格，比如，议论文的语言通常比较有说服力，说明文的语言比较讲究科学性和准确性。当然，语言风格属于较高层次的要求。但如果能很好地把握文章的语言风格，它自然会成为文章的一个亮点。Writing 1假定你是李华，你校英文报“外国文化”栏目拟刊登介绍美国节日风俗和中学生生活的短文。请给美国朋友彼得写信约稿，要点如下：1栏目介绍；2稿件内容；3稿件长度：约400词；4交稿日期：6月28日前。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3开头语已为你写好。Dear Peter，Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newpaper._Yours，Li HuaOne Possible Version：Dear_Peter，Id_like_to_ask_you_to_write_an_article_for_our_schools_English_newspaper.The “Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students. It carries articles written by foreign friends about the cultures of their home countries. Would you please write something about the culture in your part of the United States? And we would especially welcome articles about how Americans spend their holidays and festivals, and the life of American high school students. You can write anything relevant so long as its interesting and informative. 400 words would be fine. Could we have your article before June 28?Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours，Li_HuaWriting 2假如你是李夏。你看到美国留学生Sharon在网上发帖，希望有人能帮助她提高普通话(Mandarin)水平，她可以教英语作为回报。请根据以下提示用英语给她写一封电子邮件。1表达给她提供帮助的意愿；2说明你能胜任辅导的理由；3给出讲好普通话的两点建议；4提出你学习英语的具体需求。注意：1.词数120左右，开头语已为你写好；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称。Hi, Sharon，This is Li Xia. I learned from your post that you want to improve your Mandarin._Li XiaOne Possible Version：Hi,_Sharon，This_is_Li_Xia._I_learned_from_your_post_that_you_want_to_improve_your_Mandarin.I feel honored to have the chance to help you with your Mandarin learning. Im good at speaking standard Mandarin. Ive been a broadcaster in the schools broadcasting station for years. When it comes to how to speak fluent Mandarin, I suggest that you learn a bunch of pronunciation rules first, which are quite different from the English ones. Another suggestion is to practice speaking. As one saying goes, “Practice makes perfect.” However, my English is just OK and I have many problems with my study. I really hope that you can give me good advice on how to study English. I believe we both can make much progress with each others help.Looking forward to your reply soon!Li_XiaWriting 3假定你是中学生李华。美国一个中学校长代表团即将访问你校并出席英语周的一项活动。请根据写作要点和写作要求写一篇欢迎词。写作要点：1.表示对客人的欢迎；2.介绍此项活动(如活动目的、内容等)；3.表达对客人的祝愿。写作要求：1.词数不少于100；2.称呼已经给出，请写欢迎词正文；3.不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。Dear American guests，_One Possible Version：Dear_American_guests，On behalf of our school, I would like to express our warm welcome to you. We are lucky to have you here in the middle of our English Week activities.As scheduled, we have English Talent Show today. The purpose of this programme is to develop our interest in English learning and practical abilities in listening and speaking. The programme consists of the following activities: recitation, singing, word spelling, story telling and so on. The show will begin at two oclock this afternoon at the Student Centre. Dear guests, you are welcome to take part in some activities. I hope we students will benefit from your presence.I sincerely wish you a pleasant time with us. Thank you.Writing 4学校网站新开设了一个“英语写作”栏目(column)，以便让学生发表(post)英语作文，进行交流，提高写作能力。现请你为该栏目写一篇英文介绍，内容包括：1开设目的；2栏目优势：教师在线(online)指导；3作文要求：内容贴近学生生活；4优秀作文的鼓励办法；5邀请大家参与。注意：词数100左右。_One Possible Version：Welcome to the Column “English Writing”Recently the school website has set up a new column called “English Writing”， which provides students with the chances to post their compositions and communicate with each other. Not only can students improve their writing ability in this way, but they can strengthen their selfconfidence.The column has lots of advantages. It is the teachers guide online that has an advantage over other columns. Here, the students can have a direct “ask and answer” with professional teachers. It is required that the composition should be related to the students life. Whats more, if it is organized well enough, the writer will be rewarded for it.Hoping for the students participation.Writing 5最近，不少城市发出“减少白色污染”的倡议，得到了广大市民的支持。请以“People should not be encouraged to use plastic bags”为话题在博客上发表简单评论。注意：词数100左右。参考词汇：可分解的degradable；窒息choke_One Possible Version：Plastic bags are very popular in our daily life. People go shopping with plastic bags in free markets, supermarkets, or departments.But plastic bags are one of the major pollutants. We can see littered plastic bags thrown everywhere, especially along the railways or highways, in the parks or in the rivers. Because plastic is not degradable, once it is thrown in the environment, it will exist for a long time and pollute soil and water. They are even dangerous to wildlife as thousands of sea animals are killed each year when they eat or are choked by plastic bags. Whats more, “white pollution” creates a bad image for China.So government should make a law to forbid the use of plastic bags in department stores and supermarkets. Meanwhile, people should be encouraged to replace them with paper bags or cloth bags.Writing 6假设你是某中学的学生李明，你校英语俱乐部将针对中学生学习方面存在的问题进行演讲比赛，你欲参选，请按以下提示，写一篇演讲稿。1.注意力不集中；2.缺乏克服困难的精神；3.没有恒心和毅力；4受到家长、学生和教师的责备、嘲笑、歧视而引起心理紧张；5基础比较差；智力因素。注意：1.词数不少于100；2请勿提及真实学校姓名；3可适当加入细节，以使内容充实，行文连贯；4开头、结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Good afternoon, my dear friends，My name is Li Ming._ _Thank you.One Possible Version：Good_afternoon,_my_dear_friends，My_name_is_Li_Ming. Nowadays the students have many problems in their learning courses. First, they cant concentrate on their learning. They are easily distracted by anything small. Next, they lack a spirit of conquering difficulties and perseverance, which are the major qualities of a successful person. Another reason is that they feel nervous when blamed and laughed at by other students or teachers or their parents. Finally, there is a basic fact that they dont lay a solid foundation for their learning.Just as I mentioned above, these questions exist among high school students widely, we need to take active measures to solve them in order to make rapid progress.Thank_you.易错题：条理不清、内容混乱例假如你是高三学生李华，毕业后想去康奈尔大学(Cornell University)深造。请结合以下要点给康奈尔大学的负责人写一封电子邮件，希望获得奖学金。1自我介绍，包括英语水平、独立生活的能力以及与人沟通的能力；2希望获得奖学金；3希望得到回复。注意：1.词数100左右，开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。Dear Sir or Madam，Im Li Hua._Yours sincerely，Li Hua学生作文错因分析写作要求中列举的要点多而且散。考生未能做到有效整合信息、划分文章结构，使得文章结构不紧凑，语言不连贯，缺乏逻辑性。心得体会10
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