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专题19篇章结构题考纲展示命题探究1命题方式的特点篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上对文章描述事件的发展、所说明事物的结构或论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析和总结的能力。2常见的设问方式(1)How is the passage organized?(2)Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?(3)The author develops the passage mainly by_.3篇章结构题的注意事项考生在做该题型时要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。考法综述该类题主要考查文章发展的脉络、各段落的层次关系以及写作手法，如举例、比较、类比等论证手法。命题法1段落组织方法典例1The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable, business, but, unfortunately, fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the worlds ecological balance.On a local level, the damage of the forest required by fullsun fields affects the areas birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种) that depend on the trees flowers and fruits. Fullsun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for fullsun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffeegrowing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the worlds groundwater.Both locally and globally, the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the worlds climate, and studies show that the loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions.It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?(P：Paragraph)答案A篇章结构题。文章第一段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题；二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏；第五段劝说人们去购买对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，故选A。【解题法】段落组织方法的解题思路(1)通读全文，把握各段大意。(2)确定段落组织框架。总分式：总分；分总；总分总。并列式：段落之间是平行关系。对照式：一正一反。命题法2写作方法(论证方法)类典例2Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways. Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust. Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or cultures celebrations or traditions. The foods we eatand when and how we eat themare often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural (农村的) and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion (时刻) or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness. Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests. Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations. In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity (兴旺) in the New Year. In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita. A coin is put into the cake, which signifies (预示) success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role. In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving redcolored eggs to guests. In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by _.Ausing examples Bmaking comparisonsCanalyzing causes Ddescribing processes答案A篇章结构题。本文列举了不同文化背景下庆祝活动中的饮食文化。故选A项。【解题法】写作方法(论证方法)类解题思路(1)通读全文或某段，分析写作手法。(2)确定写作方法展开方式：时间顺序；空间顺序；例证关系；对比或类比关系。Passage 1 限时：6分钟体裁：议论文题材：科学生活类难度：中词数：320Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better. However, social changes that are brought about by new technology are often mistaken for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college. Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories. The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago. This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicate that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.In the context (背景) of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents involvement with their grown children. If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch with their collegeage children frequently， would this have been possible? Probably not. On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasnt present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parentstodays grandparentswould have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children. The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new; nor are requests for more money to be sent from home. This phenomenon is neither good nor bad; it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication. This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college. But it is useful to bear in mind that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.科学的变化影响着生活的各个方面，但是科技带来的社会变化常被误认为是态度的变化。作者对此举例进行了说明。1The surveys inform us of_.Athe development of technologyBthe changes of adult childrens behaviorCthe parents overprotection of their college childrenDthe means and expenses of students communication答案C细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Surveys (调查) on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be very or somewhat overlyprotective even after their children move into college dormitories.”可知，这些调查告知了我们父母对他们上大学的孩子保护过度。2The writer believes that_.Aparents today are more protective than those in the pastBthe disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantagesCtechnology explains greater parental involvement with their childrenDparents changed attitudes lead to college childrens delayed independence答案C推理判断题。根据文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知，作者认为科技的发展使父母加强对他们上大学的孩子的管教。3What is the best title for the passage?ATechnology or AttitudeBDependence or IndependenceCFamily Influences or Social ChangesDCollege Management or Communication Advancement答案A主旨大意题。文章就“家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系”这一话题进行了讨论，“科技还是态度”作文章标题最佳。4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?I：Introduction P：PointSp：Subpoint (次要点) C：Conclusion答案B篇章结构题。整篇文章讨论的是家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系。第一段提出论点；第二段用调查说明作者不认可的一个观点；第三段用“However”一词转折，说明第二、三段是不同的两个观点；第四、五两段用于支持第三段中提出的观点；最后一段作出了总结。1mistaken adj. 错误的 2.dormitory n. 宿舍3indicate v. 表明；暗示 4.frequently adv. 频繁地5phenomenon n. 现象1bring about 引起；造成2be in touch with 和有联系3bear in mind 记住原文：This is usually interpreted as a sign that todays parents are trying to manage their childrens lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.(where引导的定语从句，先行词point表示抽象地点)译文：这经常被解读为一种信号，当前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行为恰当的地步。仿写：The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the_point_where_he_can_walk correctly and safely.治疗将持续到病人能达到正确安全地行走的地步。Passage 2 限时：7分钟体裁：说明文题材：史地常识类难度：中词数：291There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物) in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the worlds most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.在非洲观赏野生动物的地方很多，然而最让人兴奋的旅程莫过于博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈三角洲的马背之旅。1What does the underlined word “They” refer to?AFlooded waters. BWildlife journeys.CSafari camps. DUnique rides.答案C词义猜测题。第二段介绍safari camps，第一句说明safari camps的基本行程，第二句说明了safari camps的优势，第三句中的They和前两句的主语内容相同，指代safari camps。2What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?ASeeing and feeling the real African life.BEnjoying good food and wine at the camp.CHunting large animals just as our ancestors did.DBeing part of the scene and getting close to animals.答案D细节理解题。由第三段第三句可知，水花与彩虹相映成趣，溅落在身上的水花声音清脆，画面与声音让人兴奋不已。由第三段最后一句可知，和动物靠得越近越让人兴奋紧张。故D项正确。3What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean?AWild and romantic.BSlow and peaceful.CHungry and thirsty. DActive and excited.答案B词义猜测题。由第四段第一句可知，夜晚的马背之旅令人放松、不匆忙，只有B项“缓慢的；宁静的”与此处基调相同，故B项符合题意。4.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by _.Afollowing space order Bfollowing time orderCmaking classifications Dgiving examples答案B篇章结构题。由第三段中的“The morning ride”，第四段中的“In the evening”以及最后一段中的“Back at the camp”可知，对奥卡万戈三角洲的旅行介绍是按照时间顺序进行的。1professional adj. 职业的；专业的2reputation n. 名声；声望；名誉1rank as 列为；排名为2kick off 踢开原文：With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting.(with复合结构)译文：伴随着在身边溅起的水中形成的彩虹和大的水滴从你的身上和脸上落下的声音，这真的太令人兴奋了。仿写：With_nothing_left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.家里橱柜里没有吃的了，她出去买些吃的。Passage 3 限时：6分钟体裁：说明文题材：生态环境类难度：易词数：271The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great importance to African ecosystem (生态系统). Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a great extent the builder of its environment. As a big planteater, it largely shapes the forestandsavanna (稀树草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting_the_terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat (栖息地)It is the elephants great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbushes, and pulls branches off big trees. This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.Take the rain forests for example. In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor. By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants make open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor. In such situations，the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant eaters to move around and for small plant eaters to get their food as well.What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species. If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vast areas of forest and savanna, greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.本文主要讲述的是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。1What is the passage mainly about?ADisappearance of African elephants.BForests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.CThe effect of African elephants search for food.DThe eating habit of African elephants.答案C主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的就是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。故C正确。2What does the underlined phrase “setting the terms” most probably mean?AFixing the time. BWorsening the state.CImproving the quality. DDeciding the conditions.答案D词义猜测题。根据文章“As a big plant eater, it largely shapes the forestandsavanna(稀树草原) surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat.”说明非洲大象塑造了草原的环境，也决定了其他动物的生存条件。故D项正确。3What do we know about the open spaces in the passage?AThey result from the destruction of rain forests.BThey provide food mainly for African elephants.CThey are home to many endangered animals.DThey are attractive to planteating animals of different kinds.答案D细节理解题。根据文章“This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.”说明开放的空间对于其他的食草动物也很重要。故D项正确。4.The passage is developed mainly by_.Ashowing the effect and then explaining the causesBpointing out similarities and differencesCdescribing the changes in space orderDgiving examples答案A篇章结构题。本文主要通过描述大象的行为带来的具体影响以及对这些影响的原因的解释。故A项正确。1existence n. 存在2desire v/n. 欲望；要求3numerous adj. 许多的；很多的4situation n. 情况；形势5vast adj. 广阔的；巨大的1of great importance 很重要的2to a great extent 在很大程度上3result in 导致原文：It is the elephants great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat. (强调句型)译文：正是大象对食物的欲望使它成为环境的破坏者和栖息地的修建者。仿写：It_was_the_culture_rather_than_the_language_that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.是文化而不是语言，使他很难适应国外的新环境。Passage 4 限时：6分钟体裁：议论文题材：健康类难度：易词数：283With the development of society, the choice of food and drinks for children is more diversified than ever before. However, every coin has two sides. Many facts suggest that children are overweight and the situation is getting worse, according to the statistics. I feel there are a number of reasons for this.Some people blame the fact that we are surrounded by shops selling unhealthy，fatty foods, such as fried chicken and ice cream, at low prices. This has turned out a whole generation of grownups who seldom cook a meal for themselves. If there were fewer of these restaurants then probably children would buy less takeaway food. There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight. I agree to this, because good eating habits begin early in life, long before children start to visit fast food shops. If children are given fried chicken and chocolate rather than healthy food, or are always allowed to choose what they eat, they will go for sweet and salty foods every time, and this will carry on throughout their lives. There is a third reason for this situation. Children these days take very little exercise. They do not walk to school. When they get home, they sit in front of the television or their computers. Not only is this an unhealthy pastime (消遣), it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food. What they need is to go outside and play active games or sports. The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits.本文第一段是一个中心段，提出儿童肥胖的问题，在2,3,4段中分别给出一个原因。在文章最后一段进行了总结提出了解决问题的方法。1What is suggested by the author to deal with “overweight”？ABlaming the shops selling unhealthy and fatty foods.BAsking young children to walk to school every day.CLiving an active life and removing bad eating habits.DNot watching TV or playing computer games after school.答案C推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits.”可知作者给出的建议是要过着更为积极的生活而且要把一些不好的饮食习惯去除掉。故C项正确。2.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?答案B篇章结构题。本文第一段是一个中心段，提出儿童肥胖的问题，在2,3,4段中分别给出一个原因。在文章最后一段进行了总结提出了解决问题的方法。属于总分总的结构，故B正确。3The author writes the passage to_.Ashow people a social problemBprovide facts for governmentCadvise solutions to a problemDcompare opinions with people答案C推理判断题。本文先提出一个问题：儿童肥胖；在2,3,4段中分析出现这一问题的原因；最后一段中提出对于这个问题的解决方法。作者写本文的目的是在于对一个问题的解决方法提出建议。故C项正确。4The underlined word“diversified”in the first paragraph most probably means_.Avarious BdifficultCexpensive Davailable答案A词义猜测题。根据本句“With the development of society, the choice of food and drinks for children is more diversified than ever before.”可知现在的儿童在食物的选择方面很丰富，同时也带来了很大的问题。所以本词表示的是多种多样的；亦可根据diversity来猜测该词的意思与多样化有关，故A项正确。1overweight adj. 超重的；过重的2statistics n. 数据；统计3blame n/v. 责备；归咎于4surround v. 包围；围绕5unhealthy adj. 不健康的1with the development of 随着的发展2a number of 许多的；大量的3agree to 同意；接受原文：Not only is this an unhealthy pastime, it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food.(倒装句)译文：这不仅仅是一种不健康的消遣方式，而且也给他们吃更多不健康食物的时间。仿写：Not_only_has_she_been_late_three_times_in_the_past_three_days,_she has also done no work.她在过去的三天不仅迟到过三次，还没干一点活。易错题：缺乏对写作手法的了解例In the mid1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of roada base layer (层) of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones. A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality. At around the same time, metal hubs (the central part of a wheel) came into being, followed
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