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专题限时集训(八)主旨大意之概括全文主题和段落大意AMost people have never heard of the name Edson Arantes do Nascimento，but they have heard of Pel.Without question，Pel is the greatest soccer player ever.Edson Arantes do Nascimento and Pel are two names for the same man.Pel was born in a small village in Brazil.Soccer is the most popular sport in Brazil，and like most other children of his age，Pel grew up playing soccer.Too poor to afford a soccer ball，Pel and his playmates often made one by tying together a bunch of rags.Their playing field was usually a sidewalk.Old tin cans (锡罐)marked where the goalposts should be.Pel and the other boys from his neighborhood often dreamed of one day becoming professional soccer players.At the age of eleven，Pel was discovered by Waldemar de Brito，a former professional player.De Brito was then coach of the Bauru Soccer Club.He signed Pel to play for the junior Bauru team.In 1956，when Pel was fifteen，de Brito took him to the city of Santos，Brazil，to try out for the Santos professional team.Pel immediately distinguished himself as one of the best players.In 1957，Pel was selected (挑选)to play on Brazil s national team.He scored the only goal for Brazil in the first game and another goal in the second game.Then in 1958，Pel helped Brazil win its first World Cup.Between 1958 and 1970，Pel played in four World Cups.He is the only person to have played on three winning World Cup teams.Pel played his last game with the Brazilian national team in 1971，but he continued to play for the Santos team for three more years before calling it quits.Throughout his career，Pel had an amazing ability to move people.Everybody wanted to see him play.In 1969，a war in Nigeria was stopped for two days because the Santos team had been invited to play there and people on both sides were so eager to see Pel play.Pels name has become synonymous(同义的)with excellence in soccer.His 20-year career has yielded some of the most memorable moments in soccer history.People today still refer to him as the great Pel，the King of Soccer.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。文章主要介绍了“球王”贝利的生平及成就。1How were the soccer playing conditions for Pel when he was young?ARather terrible.BFairly original.CWell-developed.DPretty standard.A考查推理判断。由第三段中的“Too poor to afford a soccer ball.Old tin cans(锡罐) marked where the goalposts should be.”可知，贝利小时候踢足球的条件非常艰苦，他们买不起足球，就把破布系在一起当球，没有足球场，就在人行道上踢，旧的锡罐用来标注球门。2In Paragraphs 4 to 6，the author mainly focuses on Pels .AinfluenceBachievementsCinternational recordsDpersonal developmentB考查段落大意。由第四至六段的描述可知，这三段主要讲述了贝利的成就。3Why was the war in Nigeria in 1969 stopped for two days?ANigerians had grown tired of fighting.BNigerians did not want to injure Pel.CPeople wanted to see Pel play soccer.DPel refused to play unless the war stopped.C考查细节理解。由倒数第二段中的“In 1969，a war in Nigeria.people on both sides were so eager to see Pel play.”可知，在1969年，发生在尼日利亚的战争停止了两天，因为交战双方都非常渴望看贝利踢足球。4What do we know about Pel？AHe grew up in a soccer family.BHe behaves selflessly and generously.CHe is a talented and outstanding footballer.DHe received professional training at age 15.C考查推理判断。通读全文可知，贝利在11岁时就被教练Waldemar de Brito发现了他的天赋，在15岁时就从球队中凸显出来，之后在他20年的职业生涯中屡屡夺冠，他是唯一一位三次获得世界杯冠军的球员，今天依然被人们称为“球王”。由此可知，贝利是一位富有天赋、杰出的足球运动员。BA study examining the children of people evacuated (撤离)during the Second World War showed the daughters of female evacuees were up to four times more likely to suffer from serious mental health conditions compared to those whose parents stayed at home.In the largest enquiry ever of its kind，researchers examined the health records of 3,000 children of Finnish people evacuated to Sweden during the 19411945 conflict with Soviet Russia.The evacuees，many of whom were at a pre-school age，were placed with foster families in Sweden and were forced to learn Swedish，later returning to Finland.The study found that the female children of these girls had an increased risk of being hospitalised for conditions such as depression.However，this was not the case with children of boys evacuated during the war.The study could not determine why.One possibility is that the stresses of the evacuees experience affected their psychological development in ways that influenced their parenting style.Another possibility is that the evacuees experience resulted in epigenetic changes changes in the way genes are expressed.For example，the researchers mentioned an earlier finding that Holocaust survivors have higher levels of methyl groups bound to the FKBP5 gene and have passed this change on to their children.This higher level of methyl groups appears to change the production of cortisol，a hormone (荷尔蒙)that controls the stress response.“The Finnish evacuation was intended to protect children from the harm associated with the countrys wars with the Soviet Union，” said study co-author Dr.Torsten Santavirta，from Uppsala University.“Our observation of the long-term psychiatric (精神病的)risk that reached into the next generation is concerning and stresses the need to weigh benefits as well as potential risks when designing policies for child protection.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。一项研究发现，妈妈孩童时期的精神创伤会影响其女性后代。5 What can we infer about the new study?AIt involved the most test subjects.BIts finding is relatively reliable.CIts finding is contrary to an earlier one.DIt was conducted right after World War .B考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“In the largest enquiry ever of its kind，researchers examined the health records of 3,000 children of Finnish people.”可知，该研究的研究对象多，故可推断，其研究结果比较可信。6Which method does the author use to develop Paragraph 3?ABy introducing a conclusion.BBy conducting an experiment.CBy making assumptions.DBy supporting opinions.C考查写作手法。根据第三段中的“could not determine why”“One possibility”“Another possibility”可知，本段主要讲的是研究人员对他们的finding的原因的一些假设。7How does Dr.Santavirta find the Finnish evacuation?AIt didnt fully fulfill its original purpose.BIt resulted in wars with the Soviet Union.CIt was first suggested by the Soviet Union.DIt was a good example of child protection.A考查推理判断。根据最后两段可知，Dr.Santavirta认为，芬兰撤离本应保护孩子们免受战争带来的伤害，可是研究结果表明，它带给下一代的心理伤害是令人担忧的，故可判断，他认为该次撤离没有达到它原本的目的。8What is the main idea of the passage?AChildrens mental health is greatly influenced by wars.BWomens mental illness can be passed to the future generation.CGirls are more likely to suffer from mental problems than boys.DMothers childhood mental condition may affect their daughters.D考查主旨大意。根据第一段内容和第二段最后一句可知，研究发现，学龄前的女性撤离者儿时的精神创伤更容易影响她们的女儿，故选D项。CJust days before the cyberattack known as WannaCry struck computers in at least 150 countries in May,2017，the telecommunications company NTT issued a report on digital (数字信息系统的)threats.One of its conclusions is: “In todays environment，everyone has an important role to play in cybersecurity (网络安全)”The advice was timely.The attack that spread from China to Spain was slowed down by a British man who lives with his parents and who is self-taught in cybersecurity.His quick work in buying a web domain name (域名)connected to the digital worm ended up being a temporary kill switch.This gave time for companies，governments，and others to protect their systems.His $10 purchase saved billions.More to the point，his action shows that the users of digital tools connected to the Internet must always be prepared for attacks，even if only to inform experts.The attacks like WannaCry，which often come through e-mail，are responsible for as much as 73 percent of malware (恶意软件)The NTT report says cybersecurity requires much more than a technological fix.New security software cannot keep up with growing threats.The key solution is for people to be prepared and to work together.“To successfully work their way around these challenges，” the report states，“organizations are going to be required to rely on their users more than ever.” This includes such steps as keeping software up to date with security patches，using complex passwords，and watching for potential cyberattacks in e-mail and texts.A similar recommendation was offered last December by the US Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity.To assist digital users，the commission called for a private body to develop something like a “nutritional label (标签)” for technology products.Such a fair，third-party assessment would help consumers better use cyber tools and curb wide-ranging harmful activity in cyberspace.The NTT report makes one other and necessary point about the role of cyber experts in assisting computer users: “Our end goal is not to create fear，uncertainty，and doubt or to overcomplicate the current state of the threat landscape，but to make cybersecurity interesting and inclusive for anyone facing the challenges of security attacks.”【语篇解读】本文是说明文。在互联网时代，黑客造成的网络攻击给人们的网络生活带来极大的威胁，每个网民都应该成为网络安全的守护者。9What stopped the spread of WannaCry?ANTT s report on cybersecurity.BA companys discovery of a kill switch.CA British security researchers $10 purchase.DGovernments measures to improve cybersecurity.C考查细节理解。由第二段中的“The attack.was slowed down by a British man.quick work in buying a web domain name(域名) connected to the digital worm ended up being a temporary kill switch”可知，一名自学成才的英国网络安全研究员在无意间发现了WannaCry隐藏开关的域名，他花10美元购买了这一域名，遏制了病毒的进一步大规模扩散。 10What is most important in preventing threats according to NTTs report?APeoples joint efforts.BInternet users skills.CNew security software.DReduced use of e-mails.A考查推理判断。由第四段中的“The key solution is for people to be prepared and to work together”可知，NTT的报告指出网络安全需要的不仅仅是技术的修复，关键是要让人们准备好应对网络攻击，共同努力。11What is the focus of Paragraph 5?ACyber experts suggestions.BThe importance of cybersecurity.CThe challenges Internet companies face.DWays for digital users to resist cyberattacks.D考查段落大意。由第五段的描述可知，本段主要讲述了数字用户应对网络攻击可采取的措施：用安全补丁升级软件、使用复杂的密码、警惕电子邮件和文本中可能出现的网络攻击。12What does the underlined word “curb” in Paragraph 6 mean?ALimit.BUndertake.CControl.DImprove.A考查词义猜测。由划线词前的“.help consumers better use cyber tools.”可知，这样一个公正的第三方评估将帮助消费者更好地利用网络工具，遏制网络空间里大规模的有害活动；由此可推断，curb 意为“遏制，限制”。6
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