2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前模拟强化练习题3（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-上海交通大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题There are three general methods people use to explain and understand their world: beliefs, pseudo- science, and science.What are beliefs? Well, simply put, beliefs are what you believe to be true. In this first method of interpreting man and the world, certain people proved the information about how the world works. Their teachings are beyond question. Their followers accept these beliefs because they want to accept them, not because of scientific evidence. Some examples are religions, such as Christianity. Christians believe in one God, who created the universe and all that is in it. They believe that this God is active in history, guiding and teaching His people. Like many religions, Christianity provides a number of specific moral rules and principles that make up an important part of its teachings. Superstitions, such as Fung Shui, are also common examples of beliefs.Pseudoscience, also called fake science, is any body or knowledge, methodology, belief, or practice that claims to be scientific or is made to appear scientific, but is actually not. In pseudoscience, people accept opinions, or chose to believe certain facts while intentionally ignoring others, resulting in a false understanding of things and events. Beliefs in magic, monsters, and ghosts fall into this category. Both Chinese Qigong and Indian Yoga are very good physical exercises that can help their practitioners keep fit, but when some magical power, they are turning Qigong or Yoga into pseudoscience. Many people follow pseudoscience because belief in magic or mysterious powers is entertaining. Astrology has millions of followers all around the world, not because it helps them deal with the world in any better way, only because it is just fun.Of the three methods, only science provides a rational way of understanding the worlD.It does not provide a moral system as religion does, and it may not always be as entertaining as pseudoscience sometimes is, but it is the only method that requires constant testing of facts, beliefs and ideas, resulting in changing theories as we get new information. Science teaches us to draw conclusions based on evidence and it also teaches us that some evidence is stronger than other evidence, and how to judge the evidence. Through our study of science, we learn to accept uncertainty, to question facts and theories, and to search constantly for truth.Most of us use all three methods in different proportions to view our worlD.Some scientists believe in theories without supporting evidence. And the scientific method is often used for unscientific purposes. But science is the only method that is constantly changing. It does not depend on the teachings of one man. Each scientist builds on the work of others and his findings, in turn, are used by others to increase our knowledge of the world.1.Which of the following would be a good title of the passage?2.Which of the following is true?3.Which of the following is NOT true about science?4.Which of the following is TURE about pseudoscience?5.The word astrology( Paragraph 3) most probably refers to（ ） .问题1选项A.Science and Pseudoscience.B.Religion and Science.C.Science, Pseudoscience and Religion.D.Different Ways of Viewing the World.问题2选项A.No beliefs are supported by scientific evidence.B.Pseudoscience always leads to false understanding of things or events.C.Science never questions facts.D.Scientists accept noting without scientific evidence.问题3选项A.Science accepts uncertainty.B.Science does not push people to follow any specific set of moral rules.C.Science teaches us to weigh different evidence.D.Science urges us not to accept any beliefs or ideas.问题4选项A.Qigong is pseudoscience.B.Pseudoscience provides no supporting evidence.C.Pseudoscience can be entertaining.D.Pseudoscience has nothing to do with beliefs.问题5选项A.study of the position of stars in the belief that they influence human affairsB.a set of methods used in doing things efficiently in our lifeC.central data processing unit of a computer popularly used todayD.scientific study of the earths crust, rocks, etC.and of the history of its development【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。本文第一段提出了三个不同的世界观, 接下来分别进行具体阐述, 最后进行总结。所以选项D正确, 其他选项都比较片面, 选项D正确, 全文都是在描述看待世界的三种方法。2.细节推断题。根据第二段的第四句Their followers accept . scientific evidence.他们的追随者接受这些信仰, 是因为他们愿意接受, 而不是因为科学证据。所以选项A错误;根据第三段的第二句In pseudoscience, . , resulting in a false understanding of things and events.可知选项B正确;根据第四段的最后一句Through our study of science, ,.to search constantly for truth.通过对科学的学习, 我们学会了接受不确定性, 质疑事实和理论, 不断地寻找真理。所以选项C错误;选项D说法太绝对, 所以不正确。只有选项B符合原文。3.细节推断题。根据第四段的最后一句Through our study of science, ,.to search constantly for truth.通过对科学的学习, 我们学会了接受不确定性, 质疑事实和理论, 不断地寻找真理。选项A, B, C均正确;选项D中的belief or idea也就是指原文中的uncertainty, 选项D与原文表述不符。4.细节推断题。根据第三段Both Chinese Qigong . turning Qigong or Yoga into pseudoscience.可知选项A表述太绝对, 气功本身是好的, 只是被某些居心不良的人加以利用了;根据第三段的第二句In pseudoscience, people accept opinions, or chose to believe certain facts .可知伪科学会提供证据, 只不过这些证据不是科学证据;根据第三段的倒数第二句Many people follow pseudoscience . is entertaining.可知选项C正确;根据第三段的第一句Pseudoscience, ., is any body or knowledge, methodology, belief, or practice.可知选项D错误。所以本题选C。5.词义辨析题。astrology指占星术, 认为星星会影响人类而对星星的位置进行研究。选项A正确。2. 单选题Before many people buy a car, a television or a washing machine, they shop around for the best deal. Yet, when some of these people find themselves in a position in which a second medical opinion is a good idea when facing a difficult operation, for example,they are unwilling to go further. Sometimes it doesnt matter. But sometimes it can lead to the wrong treatment, even death.A number of psychological roadblocks get in the way of second medical opinions, but one of the most common is the fear of hurting the feelings of the doctors, and the possible result of that. People may think that in bringing up that they want to get a second opinion theyre questioning the doctors ability, so in the interest of not hurting the feeling of him they dont suggest it.Another reason people avoid getting a second opinion is fear of the second doctor giving them worse news than the first. Says Balyk: You fear that if you go for, say, an ingrown toenail, hell tell you that the toe must come off. The most important consideration is that its in your self interest to get another opinion and it may not be worse.Then, most people trust, even give great respect to their doctors, and regard them as with godlike qualities. So they trust their doctor is right, and dont ask for a second opinion. In fact, it doesnt even occur to them that they shoulD.But you should remember that the doctor is a human being just like you.And sometimes, when people are sick, they become childlike. They put all types of good feelings onto the doctor and just let him take over. At other times, obtaining that second opinion just seems like too much work.But remember, sometimes getting that second medical opinion can mean the difference between life and death.1.From both the first and the last paragraphs we can infer that the author may want to suggest that （ ） .2.Why are some patients afraid of hurting the doctors feelings?3.Another reason some patients dont want to get a second medical opinion is that （ ） .4.In Paragraph 5, by sometimes when people are sick, they become childlike the author means that（ ） .5.The last word work in Paragraph 5 may probably be closest in meaning to （ ） .问题1选项A.one should choose a hospital carefully when illB.one should think seriously before making a medical decisionC.one should never be afraid of questioning the doctors opinionD.a second medical opinion is absolutely necessary问题2选项A.They fear that if so something unhappy will happen.B.They fear that the doctor may let them alone after that.C.They fear the doctor may intentionally give them wrong treatments.D.They have been taught to respect doctors in this way.问题3选项A.they are used to treating doctors as gods in every aspectB.other people will look on them as mad if they do soC.they think it is wrong to doubt the doctors opinionD.doctors usually dont have a second opinion to offer问题4选项A.when people are sick, they behave in every way like a childB.when people are sick, they become unreasonableC.when people are sick, they are too lazy to take care of themselvesD.when people are sick, they rely too much on others问题5选项A.troubleB.energyC.timeD.labor【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的最后一句可知，当面临医学意见时，有时你做的决定并不重要，但有时它可能将你带入错误的治疗甚至是死亡。也就是说，在做医疗决定之前我们应该认真考虑。选项B符合原文。2.细节推理题。根据第二段的内容可知，一些病人害怕伤害医生的感情是担心可能产生的后果，他们害怕医生认为病人在质疑医生的能力。所以选项A正确。3.语义题。根据第二段的最后一句“People may think that in bringing up that they want to get a second opinion theyre questioning the doctors ability.”人们可能会认为，在提出他们想要得到第二个意见时，他们是在质疑医生的能力。选项C符合原文。4.细节判断题。根据原文句意：有时，当人们生病时，他们变得像孩子一样。也就是说，他们需要别人的照顾, 也就是依赖别人。故答案为D。5.语义题。根据上文对人们避免接受第二种医学意见的描述可以推测，work指trouble，更符合原文语境。所以本题选A。3. 单选题It is （ ） that makes the female horse to bend down and lick its newborn foal.问题1选项A.impulseB.inspirationC.incentiveD.instinct【答案】D【解析】名词词义辨析。impulse推动,冲动; inspiration灵感,启发; incentive动机,刺激;instinct本能,直觉。句意：母马弯下腰去舔它刚出生的小马驹, 这是一种本能。选项D符合句意。4. 单选题You know yourself better than anyone else; does not undertake that project unless you can （ ） it.问题1选项A.complementB.complimentC.implementD.supplement【答案】C【解析】动词辨析题。complement补足, 补充;compliment恭维,赞美;implement使生效, 实施, 执行; supplement增补。句意：你比任何人都了解你自己; 除非你能将这个项目实施下去，否则就不要接管它。选项C符合句意。5. 单选题If you want to （ ） a pleasant visit,find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your host country.问题1选项A.secureB.ensureC.assureD.restore【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。secure保护，使安全，secure sb./sth.使某人或某物安全；ensure后面一般接 sth. 或that从句，指“确保”；assure使相信，使确信，assure后面一般接sb. 指向某人保证；restore归还，修复。句意：如果你想确保一次愉快的旅行，尽可能多地了解东道国的风俗礼仪。所以选项B正确。6. 单选题On （ ） feature of supermarket is that it hires fewer clerks, which cut down on the cost of sale.问题1选项A.extinctB.instinctC.distinctiveD.instinctive【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。 extinct灭绝的,绝种的; instinct本能,直觉,天性; distinctive有特色的,与众不同的; instinctive本能的,直觉的,天生的。句意：超市最大的特点是雇佣的店员少, 这就降低了销售成本。选项C符合句意。7. 单选题The medicine was supposed to cure all kinds of （ ） , ranging from colds to back pains.问题1选项A.complimentsB.ailmentsC.implementsD.commitments【答案】B【解析】名词辨析题。compliment恭维，称赞；ailment疾病，多指小病；implement工具，器具；commitment 承诺，保证。句意：据说这种药可以治疗各种各样的疾病，从感冒到背痛都可以。选项B符合句意。8. 单选题Soil （ ） is a natural process. It becomes a problem when human activity causes it to occur much faster than under natural conditions.问题1选项A.preservationB.abrasionC.erosionD.eruption【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。preservation保留，保护；abrasion磨损，损耗；erosion腐蚀，侵蚀；eruption喷发，爆发。句意：土壤侵蚀是一个自然过程。当人类活动导致它比自然条件下发生得快得多时，这就成了一个问题。选项C符合句意。9. 单选题In New Orleans, Moon Walka pathway along a stretch of the Mississippinow provides the public access that had previously been denieD.Its a charming place, where one night recently a band played on the walk as tourists and residents of the adjacent Vieux Carre (the Old Quarter or French Quarter ) strolled past. A few feet west, the paddlewheeler Natchez sounded its whistle, signaling its imminent departure.Now the city plans to extend public access to the area adjoining Moon Walk in an ambitious design that will, the city hopes, be a part of its development for the next worlds fair. This more ambitious concept for the waterfront will be likely to stir considerable debate as competing projects vie for the opportunities for profit. The development will therefore require substantial participation, cooperation and scrutiny by citizens to make sure that while private profitability is maintained, the publics needs are satisfied, too.The joint efforts of environmentalists, business-people, civic leaders and politicians have transformed abandoned port landscapes in cities throughout America into exciting commercial and recreational centers. Examples are the cannery in San Francisco, the Riverfront Walk in San Antonio Faneuil hall Market in Boston and Harbor place in Baltimore.Its easy to understand why the port areas were neglecteD.Which many cities were growing up along rivers, lakes and natural harbors, depending on water-borne commerce, waterfronts thriveD.After World War II, however, technological changes in transportationimproved planes and airports, the interstate highway system larger tracks for freight trains and containerized shippingmade many old port facilities obsolete. Waterfront areas became peripheral to the life of the city. Piers were abandoned, and the waterfronts lay idle in many older cities, paralleling the more general urban decay.With the 1970s came a period of reflection on this condition and a resurgence of urban pride. Urban renewal stopped being a license for largescale demolition: politicians and planners took a hard look at their available resources and began to experiment with new development techniques. Waterfronts become one focus of the large urban revitalization effort.1.The overall impression of Moon Walk conveyed in the first paragraph is that it is（ ） .2.As used in the passage, the word vie(Para.2,Line 4)most nearly means （ ）.3.The author implies that successful renewal of a waterfront area requires that （ ） .4.Between World War II and the 1970s, waterfronts became（ ） .5.The primary purpose of this passage is to describe（ ） .问题1选项A.crowdedB.noisyC.largeD.pleasant问题2选项A.askB.competeC.prepareD.provide问题3选项A.both public and private interests be consideredB.designs like that of Moon Walk be usedC.technological changes in transportation be madeD.historical monuments be preserved问题4选项A.centers for water-borne commerceB.commercial and recreational centersC.sites of urban decayD.the focus of revitalization efforts问题5选项A.the renewal of waterfront areasB.Moon Walk in New OrleansC.the causes of urban decayD.business expansion of urban areas【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:A第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.细节推断题。根据第一段的内容可知, Moon Walk给人的总体印象是一个迷人的地方, 说明能使人愉悦, 所以选项D正确。2.词义判断题。根据原文competing projects vie for the opportunities for profit.既然是竞争型的项目, 当然是为赢得利益的机会进行竞争, 所以选项B符合原文句意。3.细节判断题。根据第二段的最后一句The development . the publics needs are satisfied, too.发展将需要公民的大量参与、合作和监督, 以确保在保持个人盈利的同时, 也能满足公众的需求。所以选项A符合原文。4.细节判断题。根据关键词the 1970s定位到最后一段, 本句中所提到的现象即上一段末尾提及的Waterfront areas became . general urban decay.海滨地区成了城市的边缘地带。码头被废弃了, 滨水地区在许多老城市中闲置着, 类似于城市哀退的状况。所以选项C正确。5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知本文主要是讲述滨水地区的复兴问题, 即重建滨江区, 所以选项A正确。10. 单选题Like most other American companies with a rigid （ ） , workers and managers have strictly defined duties.问题1选项A.vitalityB.jurisdictionC.hierarchyD.bureaucracy【答案】C【解析】名词辨析题。vitality生机，活力；jurisdiction司法权，管辖权；hierarchy层次，层级，等级制度；bureaucracy官僚主义。句意：和大多数等级森严的美国公司一样，工人和经理们也有严格定义的职责。选项C符合句意。11. 单选题The project goal is for students to build complex and interesting sentences and （ ） , whole paragraphs. The teacher explains.问题1选项A.foremostB.ultimatelyC.readilyD.intimately【答案】B【解析】副词辨析题。foremost首要的，最先的；ultimately最终，根本；readily容易地，乐意地；intimately熟悉地，亲密地。句意：“该项目的目标是让学生构建复杂有趣的句子，最终形成完整的段落。”老师解释道。选项B符合句意。12. 单选题Despite his unsuccessful career, he was （ ） to think that he at least had a warm family to turn to.问题1选项A.conferredB.consoledC.confessedD.convinced【答案】B【解析】动词辨析题。conferred授予，商议；consoled安慰，慰藉；confessed坦白，承认；convinced使确信，说服。句意：尽管事业不成功，他安慰自己至少有一个温暖的家可以依靠。选项B符合句意。13. 单选题No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it had been （ ）to Bach.问题1选项A.associatedB.identifiedC.attributedD.considered【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。 associate通常与with搭配,意为交往,结合; identify to认出,识别; attribute to归属,把归于, consider不与to搭配。句意：没人知道是谁谱写了这首曲子, 但它是巴赫的作品。选项C正确。14. 单选题Everyone is trying to （ ） how the fire started.问题1选项A.figure outB.make outC.turn outD.clear out【答案】B【解析】figure out计算岀;估计; make out理解;辨认岀; turn out生产,结果是; clear out清除,扫出。根据句意：每个人都想弄明白火是如何开始的。选项B符合句意。15. 案例题Learning shouldnt be limited to a campus or a classroom anyone . If you have two children and a job, you re just not going to （1） it to a college classroom three nights a week. And then theres the issue of cost. If you dont have the money to go to a （2）college, does that mean that you shouldnt receive an education? Of course not. You should have a shot at the good life, just like anybody else.The Internet has brought （3） to education. A bachelors degree or a matters degree is now available to anybody, anywhere, regardless of a persons position in life. Thanks to the Internet, education is accessible without regard to （4） . You can work toward a bachelors degree while serving your county on a submarine. And ifs accessible without regard to time： You can take courses after your shift ends, even if thats at 2A.m.Whats the （5） obstacle to online learning? It isnt technology. Companies are spending billion of dollars globally to build an online-learning infrastructure that includes undersea cables. And competition among providers is driving price down. The real bottleneck is cultural. What needs to be （6） is resistance to the idea of online learning.The accreditation of Jones International University in March 1999 was a shot heard around the world Nobody （7） that a totally online university could become accrediteD.That even has put real pressure on traditional institutions to move into the Third Wave.Innovative instructors at institutions worldwide are discovering the potential of the （8） environment to deliver instruction of the highest quality to people who would otherwise have limited （9） to higher education. This is an exciting and challenging time in education.Simply defined, online education refers to courses （10） via the Internet. The minimum requirement for students to participate in an online course is access to a computer, the Internet, and （11） to succeed in a nontraditional classroom, Online learning systems have （12） the way people can take classes. Unlike traditional courses in which the students and instructor meet face-to-face once or several times a week, most of the learning activities and communication in an online course are asynchronous, meaning that class members participate in and complete their assignment at （13） times throughout the day and week. This arrangement can make it possible for you to do your class work when its most convenient for you. However, with this increased freedom and （14） comes responsibility. Without the structure of （15） class meeting, it will be up to you to pace yourself and keep up with assignments.Directions: Choose one appropriate word from the following word bank to fill in the blanks numbered from 1 to 15 in the passage below, Change the word form where necessary. Remember the bank contains some extra words that may not be used in filling any of the blanks. Write the words in their correct forms with the corresponding numbers on the Answer Sheet.democracy imagination different flexibility overcomeonline offer