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第1讲特殊句式特殊句式包括强调句、倒装句、省略句、祈使句和there be句式。高考语法填空和短文改错中对特殊句式的考查很少，但作为语法中的重难点，考生也不应忽视，这是因为在写作中它属于高级句式，能否合理运用它对取得高分起着至关重要的作用。考点感悟语法填空语法填空中对特殊句式的考查并不难，主要是一些常见的基本用法。感1.(2017天津高考)It was when I got back to my apartment _ I first came across my new neighbors.答案：that此处为强调句式，强调的是when引导的时间状语。2.(2016全国卷)It could be anythinggardening, cooking, music, sportsbut whatever it is, _ (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than any other thing to worry about.答案：make此处为祈使句。3.(2015天津高考)Only after Mary read her composition the second time _ she notice the spelling mistake.答案：did“only状语”位于句首时，要用部分倒装结构，又根据时态可知填did。4.(2019江西六校联考)In that way, World Read Aloud Day _ (do) help make a difference.答案：does本句主语为World Read Aloud Day，谓语动词为动词原形help，根据提示词为do，可知本题考查对谓语的强调。又根据主语为单数第三人称可知，应填does。5.(2019江苏模拟)Once _ (catch) stealing in a supermarket, youll be punished.答案：caughtonce引导的时间状语从句中省略了 you are，故catch应用被动形式，即填过去分词形式。6.(2019郑州模拟)_ is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with written English.答案：There固定句式“there is no doubt that .”意为“毫无疑问”。悟1.强调句注意基本句式及that/who。2.倒装句分清全部或部分倒装，注意谓语的形式。3.省略句特别注意从句省略后动词的非谓语形式。4.祈使句注意谓语动词形式5.there be句式注意固定句式及be的形式。短文改错短文改错中对特殊句式的考查并不多见，涉及时也是以基本用法为主。感1.(2019乌鲁木齐高三诊断)I sat at a table, explaining every step of the process while make tea._答案：makemaking在while引导的时间状语从句中，当主从句的主语一致且含有be的某种形式时可省略从句的主语和be，I与make之间是主动关系，句子补充完整应该是while I was making tea，本句相当于省略了I was，故make改为making。2.(2019湖南联考)It is working in teams instead of on my own which has freed me from trouble and made my work more efficient._答案：whichthat本句为强调主语的强调句式，故应将which改为that。3.(2019湖北联考)Not until then I know my senior high school life had really begun._答案：then后加didnot until位于句首要用部分倒装结构，又根据语境可知应用助动词do的过去式。4.(2019山东模拟)There have some pieces of information that Id like to share with you._答案：haveare此处为there be句式，不存在there have这种表达。5.(2014四川高考)Dont panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calm._答案：tryingtry本句为祈使句，and连接并列结构，谓语动词形式需前后保持一致。悟1.强调句注意此句型中that与who的误用及与相似句式中连词的误用。2.倒装句注意助动词或系动词的缺失或误用。3.省略句注意省略的前提条件；可省略时从句中动词的形式。4.祈使句注意and或or的误用及与非谓语动词作状语的区别。5.there be句式注意句式中be与have的误用，没有there have这种句式，另外，还要熟知there be的固定句式。考点素能一 强调句1.强调句型基本结构及注意事项强调句型基本结构为“Itis/was被强调部分that/who句子其他部分”，在理解强调句时，考生要注意以下几点：(1)强调句型可强调的句子成分通常为主语、状语、宾语等，不能用来强调谓语动词(如强调谓语动词，常借助于do/does/did)、表语(主语补语)、让步状语、条件状语等。连接词一般用that，如被强调的部分指人时，可用who/that，其他一律用that。(2)判断是否是强调句，就是看把句子中的“It is/was和that/who”去掉之后，句子是否成立。若句子依然成立，则是强调句，否则就不是强调句。(3)强调句的一般疑问句结构：Is/Wasit被强调部分that/who其他部分？(4)强调句的特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词is/wasitthat/who其他部分？(5)not . until .的强调句型：It is/was not until被强调部分that/who其他部分。It is not how much we do but how much love we put into what we do that benefits our work most.给我们工作带来最大益处的不是我们做了多少而是我们将多少爱投入到我们所从事的事业中。Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out？第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗？When was it that you called me yesterday？你昨天是什么时候给我打电话的？2.强调句型与结构相似的主从复合句的区别(1)与含主语从句的主从复合句的区别It is true that they are going to visit the Great Wall next month.他们下个月准备去参观长城，这是真的。It is the Great Wall that they are going to visit.他们打算去参观的地方是长城。第一个句子是一个主从复合句，其中it是形式主语；that引导的是主语从句，that没有任何意义，在从句中不作任何成分。第二个句子是强调句，强调的是宾语the Great wall，It is和that没有任何意义，只是用来构成强调句型的基本框架。(2)与含定语从句的主从复合句的区别It is a question that needs careful consideration.这是一个需要仔细考虑的问题。It is novels that William enjoys reading.威廉喜欢读的是小说。第一个句子是一个主从复合句，其中that引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词question, that在从句中作主语；It在主句中作主语。第二个句子是强调句，强调的是宾语novels, It is和that没有任何意义，只是用来构成强调句型的基本框架。(3)与含状语从句的主从复合句的区别与“It is/was时间名词when .”的区别“It is/was时间名词when .”句型中，it指时间，when引导的是时间状语从句。时间名词前无介词。It was 6 oclock when I got up today.今天我起床时已经6点了。It was at 6 oclock that I got up today.今天我是6点起的床。第一句是主从复合句，It指时刻，when引导时间状语从句。第二句是强调句型，强调的是时间状语at 6 oclock，It was和that无实际意义，去掉后句子依然成立。与“It is/was时间段since .”的区别“It is/was时间段since .”句型中，since引导时间状语从句。若since和延续性动词连用，该句型的意思是“不做某事已有时间了”；若since和短暂性动词连用，该句型的意思是“做某事已有时间了”。since引导的从句常用一般过去时。It is two years since I taught English.我不教英语两年了。It is two years since I began to teach English.我教英语已经两年了。It is two hours that he spends on English every day.他每天花两个小时学英语。前两个句子是“It is时间段since .”句型，since引导时间状语从句。第三个句子是强调句，强调的是宾语tow hours。与“It was/will be时间段before .”的区别“It was/will be时间段before .”句型中，it指时间，before引导时间状语从句。It was two years before he came back from abroad.过了两年他才回国。It was two years later that he came back from abroad.他是两年后回国的。第一句中的It指时间，before引导的是时间状语从句；第二句为强调句，强调的是时间状语two years later。二 倒装句倒装是高考考查的常考点，高考不只是单纯考查倒装，而是常把倒装与时态、主谓一致等结合在一起进行考查，增加了考查的难度，因此考生一定要把倒装的基本用法牢记在心。倒装分为完全倒装与部分倒装。1.完全倒装当作状语的here, there, now, then, down, up, out, off等表示地点、时间或方位的副词或表示地点的介词短语in the room, on the way等置于句首且主语为名词时，句子要完全倒装。但当主语是代词时，主谓不倒装。John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。South of the river lies a small factory.河的南面有一个小工厂。2.部分倒装(1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句置于句首时，主句要用部分倒装。Only in this way can we learn English well.只有以这种方法，我们才能学好英语。(2)否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely等及表否定意义的介词短语at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition等置于句首时要部分倒装。Never before have I seen such a moving film.以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。(3)表示前面所说的情况也适用于后者时，用部分倒装结构so/neither/nor助动词/系动词/情态动词主语。They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.他们喜欢交很多朋友，那些有残疾的人也是如此。(4)Soadj./adv. . that ./Such(a/an)adj.n. .that . “如此以至于”。So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home.天气太冷，我们只好待在家里。(5)Not only . but also . “不仅而且”，Not only后是主谓倒装，but also后是正常语序。Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不仅要给那些找工作的人提供帮助，而且也要给那些需要帮助的人提供医疗保健服务。(6)在as/though引导的让步状语从句中，从句的表语/状语/动词位于句首，构成部分倒装结构。如果位于句首的是单数可数名词，其前不加冠词。Child as he is, he knows a lot about the history of China.尽管他是个孩子，但他对中国历史知道很多。(7)在非真实条件句中，条件句中的if省略时，助动词had, were, should常提到主语前面，构成部分倒装。Were I a teacher, I would be strict with my students.If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.如果我是老师，我会严格要求我的学生的。三 省略句1.状语从句中的省略由when, while, as, until, once, where, if, unless, as if, although/though, whether等引导的时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中，如果从句的谓语含有be动词，且从句的主语是it或主从句的主语相同时，此时可省略从句的主语和be动词。The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if carried out regularly, can improve our health.实验表明，如果进行得有规律，适量的运动能强身健体。2.whatever和however引导的让步状语从句可省去连系动词如：Amy pledged to complete her fathers unfinished task, whatever the cost (was). Amy保证无论代价多大都要完成父亲未竟的事业。He refuses, however favourable the conditions (are). 无论条件多么诱人，他都拒绝了。3.动词不定式的省略(1)在动词不定式结构中，为避免重复，常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形，只保留to。Would you like to go with us？Im glad to, but I have to finish my homework. 你愿意和我们一起去吗？我很愿意去，但我不得不先写完作业。(2)tell, warn, order, advise, ask等动词的宾语后接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，可以省略to后的动词原形。The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.这个男孩想要在街上踢足球，但他妈妈告诉他不要如此。4.用so或not等替代上文内容的省略当由Im afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答语时，后面的so与not分别表示肯定和否定，宾语从句可省略。Maybe I will be proven wrong, but I hope not.也许我会被证明是错的，但我希望不是那样。5.常用的省略结构if ever 如果有过的话if busy 如果忙的话if anything 如果有一些的话if possible 如果可能的话if so 如果那样的话if not 如果不的话四 祈使句祈使句表示请求、命令、建议等，谓语动词一律用原形。句子通常不用主语，句末用惊叹号或句号，读时用降调。1.祈使句的基本用法祈使句的肯定表达一般以动词原形开头，而否定表达一般以Dont开头，需要注意的是，表示禁止时，尤其是标语等也可用“No动名词”来表示。(1)一般直接以动词原形开头。Stand up. 起立。Be careful! 小心！Dont park here. No parking. 禁止停车。(2)有时，为了加强语气，可以在动词之前加do。Do study hard. 一定要努力学习。(3)用客气的语气时，可在句首或句尾加please，如在句末加，则please前一定要加逗号。Go this way, please. 请这边走。(4)祈使句中如果有唤语，一定要用逗号隔开，放在句首或句末。Li Ming, come here. Come here, Li Ming.李明，过来。2.必须要掌握的高考中祈使句的固定句式：祈使句and/or陈述句Study hard, and youll make great progress.努力学习，你就会取得很大地进步。Follow your doctors advice, or your cough will get worse. 听从医生的建议，否则你的咳嗽会更严重。注意：对于此句式，用and还是or取决于句意。高考中，命题者一般会进行两方面的干扰设置，一是用but, while, yet等词，二是句首用不定式或现在分词等。五 there be句式there be句型是高考考查的重点语法项目，近年来高考均考查其最基本的用法，因此考生只需要掌握以下基本用法即可。1.there be句型中的be可以有不同的时态，可以和助动词或情态动词连用。There have been many great changes in our country since then.自从那时起我们国家发生了很多巨变。2.there be句型的衍生结构be可以用seem to be, appear to be, happen to be, used to be, have to be, remain, lie等替换。There seems to be an announcement about the project.关于这个项目似乎有一个通知。There remains some confusion about the nature of online teaching.人们对于在线教育的性质还存在一些疑惑。3.there be句型的主谓一致，如果主语由两个或两个以上的名词或代词构成，谓语动词be应和离它最近的主语保持一致。There is a knife and two pens in the pocket.他的口袋里有一把小刀和两支钢笔。4.there be句型的常用结构there is no doubt that . “毫无疑问”there is no need to do . “没有必要做”there is no denying that . “不可否认”there is no point/sense in doing sth. “做某事没有意义”there is (no) difficulty in doing sth. “做某事(没)有困难”there is (no) possibility of (doing) sth./that . “(做)某事(没)有可能性”5.there be句型的非限定形式(there being和there to be)(1)there being是一个独立主格结构，可在句中作状语，表原因。There being no evidence against him, Frank is unlikely to be convicted. (Because there is no evidence against him .)由于没有不利于他的证据，Frank不可能被判有罪。there being也相当于一个带有逻辑主语的动词ing形式。在句子中可作介词(除介词for外) 的宾语。Judging from there being no much furniture in the house, we know that they are very poor. 从他家没有什么家具来看，我们知道他们很穷。(2)there to be可以用作动词的宾语，表示一种愿望，但目前还没实现。I expect there to be no argument about this.我期望关于这件事没有争吵。过关检测(限时：30分钟).单句语法填空1.It was when we were returning home _ I realized what a good feeling it was to help someone in trouble.答案：that2.Only when he needed some money _ he visit me.答案：did3.Here _ my tips for you.答案：are4.Video games can be a poor influence if _ (leave) in the wrong hands.答案：left5.Work harder _ you will find it not difficult to learn.答案：and6._ Jason shared his ideas with us, we would have made more progress.答案：Had7.The climate here is quite pleasant, the temperature rarely, _ ever, reaching 30 in summer.答案：if8.There _ (be) an old photo and some coins in the purse.答案：was/is9.Anyone, once _ (test) positive for H7N9 flu virus, will receive free medical treatment from our government.答案：tested10._ (take) the chance, or you will regret it.答案：Take.单句改错1.Was it because Jack came late for school why Mr Smith got angry？_答案：whythat2.There have several advantages if you consult the persons you trust._答案：haveare3.It was with the help of the local guide who the mountain climber was rescued._答案：whothat4.No sooner did Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause._答案：didhad5.As the average age of the population increase, there are more and more old people are cared for._答案：去掉第二个are6.By doing so, not only I share good ideas with others but I also can learn to express myself._答案：only后加can7.At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help._答案：whenever后加I8.A few minutes earlier, otherwise I could have seen the famous scientist._答案：otherwiseand9.He told me she was a beautiful girl and she was clever._答案：第二个she前加that10.I asked Charles to see the movie, but he didnt want._答案：want后加to.语法填空A story about violinist Fritz Kreisler tells how he once came across a beautiful instrument he wanted to acquire. When he finally raised the money for the violin, he returned to buy it but learned that it _1_ (sell) to a collector.He went to the new owners home in order to try to persuade him to sell _2_ violin. However, the collector said it was one of his valuable _3_ (possess) and he could not let it go. The _4_ (disappoint) Kreisler turned to leave, but then asked a favor. “May I play the instrument once more _5_ it is put away？”Permission was given and the great musician began to play. The violin sang with a quality of music so beautiful that the collector could only listen _6_ amazement. “I have no right _7_ (keep) that to myself，” he said after the musician finished. “The violin is _8_ (you), Mr Kreisler. Take it into the world, and let the people hear it.”I want to live my life that wayto take it into the world and live it _9_ (full). Id rather be used up than die not having done whatever I could. Happiness is found in investing our lives in others. Say yes when _10_ (ask) for a hand. Volunteer some time for a worthwhile organization. Spend an hour with a lonely relative. In the end, I know that my happiness will not have been about my ability or my inability. It will have been about my availability. My life is meant to be lived.1._2._3._4._5._6._7._8._9._10._篇章导读：本文通过讲述一位伟大的小提琴家得到一把小提琴的故事，告诉我们应该让自己的生活过得充实，不要留下遗憾。1.had been sold考查动词的时态和语态。sell的动作发生在learned之前，应该用过去完成时；主语it指代violin，与sell之间为动宾关系，故空处应用被动语态。2.the考查冠词。根据语境可知，此处表特指，故用the。3.possessions考查词性转换。此处应该用名词，possession意为“所有物”，为可数名词，由one of可知，设空处应该用复数形式。4.disappointed考查词性转换。设空处修饰名词Kreisler，应用形容词，表示“感到失望的”，故填disappointed。5.before考查连词。Kreisler想在小提琴被收起来之前拉一次。6.in考查介词。in amazement相当于in surprise，表示一种吃惊的状态。7.to keep考查非谓语动词。have no right to do sth.意为“没有权利做某事”，为固定用法。8.yours考查代词。此处需要用名词性物主代词，指代your violin。9.fully考查词性转换。修饰动词live需要用副词。10.asked考查非谓语动词。主句为祈使句，从句省略了主语和be动词，补充完整为：when you are asked for a hand，因此填asked。.短文改错It was on a warm autumn day that my father and I walk into my new high school. After registered in the classroom, I was taken to my dormitory by the volunteer. Altogether I had five roommates, two of which arrived later. I got to know my new roommate immediately. Although I was quite unwilling to say “Goodbye” to my father, but he had to leave to home. I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after me and live independently. Not until then I know my senior high school life had real begun.答案：It was on a warm autumn day that my father and I into my new high school. After in the classroom, I was taken to my dormitory by volunteer. Altogether I had five roommates, two of arrived later. I got to know my new immediately. Although I was quite unwilling to say “Goodbye” to my father, he had to leave home. I suddenly realized I had grown up and that I had to look after and live independently. Not until then I know my senior high school life had begun.- 12 -
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