2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷41

2022年考博英语-扬州大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion-a world in which human beings could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such a transformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds (关系) among members of groups. Societys economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives(刺激,动力) of any kind, for as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, because emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us-hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also use categorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social life-from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society uses our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty morality, pride shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makes heroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in a war, and uses the legal penal (刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocial acts.1.The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion is that（ ）.2.According to the passage, peoples learning activity are possible because they（ ）.3.It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependent on （ ）.4.Emotions are significant for mans survival and adaptation because（ ）.5.The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in that they（ ）.问题1选项A.they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB.they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC.they would not be happy with a life without loveD.they would do things that hurt each others feelings问题2选项A.enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingB.know what is vital to the progress of societyC.believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveD.benefit from providing help and support to one another问题3选项A.the ability to make moneyB.the capacity to workC.the stimulus to workD.the categorizations of our emotional experiences问题4选项A.they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objects.B.they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintained.C.they encourage people to perform dangerous achievements.D.they produce more love than hate among people.问题5选项A.help society exploit its members for profitB.encourage us to perform important tasksC.help to perfect the legal and penal systemD.help us to adapt our behavior to the world surrounding us【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:B第5题:D【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。由第一段“People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxiety nor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. 人们可能无法活下去:既不知道快乐也不知道恐惧，他们可能会重复对自己有益的行为，也会重复对自己有害的行为。”言下之意就是人们不知道什么事情对自己有益处，什么事情有害，所以选项B正确。2.推理判断题。由第一段“They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. 他们无法学习:他们无法从经验中获益，因为这个没有感情的世界将缺乏奖赏和惩罚。可知人们从奖赏和惩罚中学习。故A项正确。3.推理判断题。由第一段“Societys economic underpinnings (支柱) would be destroyed: since earning $10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $10, there would be no incentive to work. In fact, there would be no incentives(刺激,动力) of any kind, for as we will see, incentives imply a capacity to enjoy them.社会的经济支柱将会被毁灭，因为挣1000万美元并不会比挣10美元带来更多快乐，没有了工作的动力。事实上，任何事情的动力都没有了，因为我们知道动力反映了享受它们的能力。”可知经济的支柱是工作的动力，故C项正确。4.推理判断题。由第二段“Out of our emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certain things and actions are good and others are bad”, In fact, society uses our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty morality, pride shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintain itself. 我们对事物和事件的情感体验会产生一种社会认同感，认为某些事物和行为是好的而另一些是坏的。事实上，社会利用我们的情感反应和态度，如忠诚、道德、骄傲、羞耻、内疚、恐惧和贪婪，来维持自身。”可知B项“它们是维持社会认同感的基础。”正确。5.推理判断题。由第二段As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we consider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an objects physical aspects are less important than what it has done or can do to us-hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. 为个体，我们会根据我们的情绪对物体进行分类。诚然，我们会考虑物体的长度、形状、大小或质地，但它对我们做了什么或能做什么更重要伤害我们、让我们惊讶、愤怒或高兴。”可知物体的情感方面能够引导我们去调整自己的行为以便更好地适应周围的环境。故D项正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:2. 单选题Many tourists were（ ）by the citys complicated traffic system.问题1选项A.degradedB.bewilderedC.evokedD.diverted【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。degrade“使降低，使堕落，” ；bewilder“迷惑；把弄糊涂，”；evoke意为“唤起，引起，”；divert意为“转移，分散。”句意：这个城市复杂的交通把许多游客搞得晕头转向。B项符合题意。3. 单选题Science is a dominant theme in our culture. Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. They should also have an understanding of the subculture in which scientists live and the kinds of people they are. An understanding of general characteristics of science as well as specific scientific concepts is easier to attain if one knows something about the things that excite and frustrate the scientist.This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; for the person who has been presented with science as a musty storehouse of dried facts; for the person who sees the chief objective of science as the production of gadgets; and for the person who views the scientists as some sort of magician. The book can be used to supplement a course in any science, to accompany any course that attempts to give an understanding of the modern world, or - independently of any course - simply to provide a better understanding of science. We hope this book will lead readers to a broader perspective on scientific attitudes and a more realistic view of what science is, who scientists are, and what they do. It will give them an awareness and understanding of the relationship between science and our culture and an appreciation of the roles science may play in our culture. In addition, readers may learn to appreciate the relationship between scientific views and some of I he values and philosophies that are pervasive in our culture.We have tried to present in this book an accurate and up-to-date picture of the scientific community and the people who populate it. That population has in recent years come to comprise more and more women. This increasing role of women in the scientific subculture is not an unique incident but, rather, part of the trend evident in all segments of society as more women enter traditionally male-dominated fields and make significant contributions. In discussing these changes and contribution, however, we are faced with a language that is implicitly sexist, one that uses male nouns or pronouns in referring to unspecified individuals. To offset this built-in bias, we have adopted the policy of using plural nouns and pronouns whenever possible and, when absolutely necessary, alternating he and she. This policy is far from being ideal, but it is at least an acknowledgment of the inadequacy of our language in treating half of the human race equally.We have also tried to make the book entertaining as well as informative. Our approach is usually informal. We feel, as do many other scientists, that we shouldnt take ourselves too seriously. As the reader may observe, we see science as a delightful pastime rather than as a grim and dreary way to earn a living.1.According to the passage, scientific subculture means（ ）.2.We need to know something about the structure and operation of science because（ ）.3.The book mentioned in this passage is written for readers who（ ）.4.According to this passage,（ ）.5.This passage most probably is（ ）.问题1选项A.cultural groups that arc formed by scientists.B.people whose knowledge of science is very limited.C.the scientific community.D.people who make good contribution to science.问题2选项A.it is not easy to understand the things that excite and frustrate scientists.B.Science affects almost every aspect of our life.C.Scientists live in a specific subculture.D.It is easier to understand general characteristics of science.问题3选项A.are intelligent college students and lay person who do not know much about science.B.are good at producing various gadgets.C.work in a storehouse of dried facts.D.want to have a superficial understanding of science.问题4选项A.English is a sexist language.B.only in the scientific world is the role of women increasing rapidly.C.women are making significant contributions to eliminating the inadequacy of our language.D.male nouns or pronouns should not be used to refer to scientists.问题5选项A.a book review,B.the preface of a book.C.the postscript of a book.D.the concluding part of a book.【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.语义推断题。根据关键词“scientific subculture”可定位到第三段的内容“我们试图在这本书中呈现一个准确和最新的有关科学社区和居住在其中的人们的图片。近年来，这一群体中的女性越来越多。女性在科学亚文化中的这种日益增加的作用不是一个独特的事件”由此可以看出，科学亚文化就是科学社区，所以选项C正确。2.细节事实题。根据第一段的第二句“Since it touches almost every facet of our life, educated people need at least some acquaintance with its structure and operation. 由于它几乎涉及我们生活的方方面面，受过教育的人至少需要对它的结构和运作有所了解。”由此可知，选项B符合原文。3.细节事实题。根据第二段的第一句“This book is written for the intelligent student or lay person whose acquaintance with science is superficial; 这本书是为那些对科学了解不多的聪明学生或非专业人士而写的。”选项A是对原文的同义表达，所以正确。4.判断推理题。选项A“英语是一门具有性别歧视的语言”不正确，性别歧视的语言指的是用男性名词或代词来指代未指明的个体，并不是英语这一门语言；选项B“只有在科学界，女性的作用在迅速增加”表达过于绝对；选项C“女性为消除我们语言的不足做出了重大贡献”不正确，原文说的是越来越多的女性进入了传统上由男子主导的领域并作出了重大贡献，并不是消除语言的不足；选项D“男性名词或代词不能用来指科学家”符合原文，应该尽可能使用复数名词和代词，必要时，他和她交替使用。所以本题选D。5.判断推理题。A选项a book review“书评”；B选项the preface of a book“前言，序言”；C选项the postscript of a book“附录，后记”；D选项the concluding part of a book“结尾语”。原文提及这本书是为那些对科学了解不多的聪明学生或非专业人士而写，试图呈现的是一个准确和最新的有关科学社区以及居住在其中的人们的图片，并且努力使这本书既具有知识性又具有娱乐性，这些都是在对这本书的性质和内容进行大致的讲解，一般放在书的前言部分，所以选项B正确。4. 单选题When they marry, husbands and wives have well-developed health histories and well-established congenital and developmental propensities toward good and ill health. Substantial research suggests that, given the existing health propensity and health condition of an individual at a particular time, his or her probability of better or worse future health is affected by a variety of socially mediated factors that are subject to influence or manipulation by his or her spouse.Spouses can promote each others health by ameliorating psychological stress. A substantial literature develops strong evidence that psychological stress causes illness, increase mortality risk, and serves as an important mechanism that links socioeconomic characteristics to health and mortality. Stress-reducing mechanisms include removal of sources of stress, and management of stress by talking about it to a trusted other person, psychological treatment, physical exercise, recreation and other means. A spouse can provide or encourage all of these stress-reducing behaviors.Spouses also can promote each others health by providing each other with supportive social contact, and they can facilitate or inhibit each others social contact with supportive others. Evidence suggests that health is greatly advanced by supportive social contacts, including positive interaction with relatives, friends, coworkers and acquaintances. Recent experimental data shows that persons with more diverse social networks are more resistant to experimentally introduced upper respiratory viruses than persons with less diverse social networks.Spouses can also promote each others health by providing each other with money income, and they can help each other manage money income effectively. Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health more likely. These goods and services include nutritious food, a hygienic and safe environment, medical care, and amenities that reduce psychological stress. Unless estranged or unusually wealthy, husbands and wives almost always share their financial resources and purchase and consume many of these health-promoting goods and services jointly. In short, there are many ways in which spouses can influence each others probability of good health.1.What is the passage mainly about?2.According to the author, what is the most effective way for the husband to reduce psychological stress?3.Which one is the suitable summary of paragraph 1?4.How can money make good health?5.Which of the following is likely to throw spouses into ill health?问题1选项A.How spouses can promote each others physical condition.B.The spouses probability of future well-being.C.Effects of spouses hours of work on each others health.D.Spouses influence each other in various ways.问题2选项A.To talk to other person.B.To go to see psychiatrist.C.To take pleasure.D.To talk with his wife.问题3选项A.Spouses influence is of vital importance to each others health.B.Spouses influence has nothing to do with health.C.Healthy spouses will remain health after their marriage.D.There are a variety of socially mediated factors.问题4选项A.Money sometimes may be powerful enough to buy health directly.B.Spouses can manage money income effectively for each others healthC.Money can provide spouses with goods and services, which is likely to make good health.D.For the sake of each others heath, husbands and wives should share everything.问题5选项A.Positive interaction with relatives.B.Appropriate physical exercise.C.Few social networks.D.Nutritious food.【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。结合全文内容可知，作者在第一段指出丈夫或妻子的健康状况不仅受到社会因素的影响，还会受到其配偶的影响。接着后面的三个段落分别从三个不同的角度讲述了配偶之间应该如何相互帮助来促进彼此的健康，所以选项C符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容，减压机制包括消除压力来源，通过与信任的人谈话来管理压力，还有心理治疗，体育锻炼，娱乐休闲等其他方法。配偶可以提供或鼓励所有这些减轻压力的行为。由此可知，作者认为丈夫减轻心理压力最有效的办法应该是与信任的人也就是妻子进行谈话沟通，所以选项D正确。3.主旨大意题。根据第11题的分析可知，第一段主要是讲丈夫或妻子的健康状况不仅受到社会因素的影响，还会受到其配偶的影响。也就是说配偶的影响对彼此的健康至关重要。所以选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据最后一段第二句“Money does not buy health directly, but it can be used to purchase goods and services that make good health more likely. 金钱不能直接买到健康，但它可以用来购买使人更有可能获得健康的商品和服务。”由此可知，选项C符合原文。5.细节事实题。A选项“与亲人之间的积极互动”；B选项“适当的体育锻炼”； D选项“有营养的食物”都能够促进配偶的健康状况，只有C选项“很小的社交圈子”可能会让配偶健康状况不佳。所以本题选C。5. 单选题As social beings we live with our eyes upon our reflection, but have no（ ）of the tranquility of the waters in which we see it.问题1选项A.warrantB.obligationC.assuranceD.certainty【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项warrant“根据，证明”，强调法律依据，确信无疑的证据；B选项obligation“职责，义务”；C选项assurance“保证，担保”；D选项certainty“必然，确实”。句意：作为社会上的人我们坚信眼见为实，但是没法保证我们所看到的一定就是真实的。选项C符合句意。6. 写作题Directions: Write a composition on the topic The Social Function of Health. You should write at least 250 words and you should base your composition on the outline below:1.健康在个人行使社会功能中的作用。2.健康对于整个社会的作用。3.健康不仅是医学问题，更是社会问题。【答案】略7. 单选题The election of Barack Obama is a vivid illustration of the extent to which racial attitudes（ ）.问题1选项A.have been evolvedB.have evolvedC.have been involved withD.have been involved in【答案】B【解析】考查句子结构。句意：巴拉克奥巴马的当选从某种程度上来说是种族态度逐渐形成的生动的例证。根据句意可首先排除选项C和选项D；evolve意为“发展，进化，逐渐形成”，在本句中不需要使用被动语态，所以选项A不正确，本题选择B选项。8. 单选题Microsoft reigned for years as the wealthiest technology company primarily（ ） its ownership and cultivation of Windows the universal platform for applications on the PC.问题1选项A.by force ofB.by right ofC.by dint ofD.with the assistance of【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项by force of“用的手段”；B选项by right of“凭借，由于”，多指凭借权利；C选项by dint of“用，凭借”，多指凭借某一事物；D选项with the assistance of“在的援助下”。句意：微软多年来一直是世界上最富有的科技公司，这主要是凭借其对Windows的所有权和发展。Windows是个人电脑应用程序的通用平台。这里凭借的是Windows这一事物而不是权利，所以选项C正确。9. 单选题When you think of the tremendous technological progress we have made, its amazing how little we have developed in other respects. We may speak contemptuously of the poor old Romans because they relished the orgies of slaughter that went on in their arenas. We may despise them because they mistook these goings on for entertainment. We may forgive them condescendingly because they lived 2000 years ago and obviously knew no better. But are our feelings of superiority really justified? Are we any less blood-thirsty? Why do boxing matches, for instance, attract such universal interest? Dont the spectators who attend them hope they will see some violence? Human beings remains as bloodthirsty as ever they were. The only difference between ourselves and the Romans is that while they were honest enough to admit that they enjoyed watching hungry lions tearing people apart and eating them alive, we find all sorts of sophisticated arguments to defend sports which should have been banned long age; sports which are quite as barbarous as, say, public hangings or bearbaiting.It really is incredible that in this day and age we should still allow hunting or bull-fighting, that we should be prepared to sit back and watch two men batter each other to pulp in a boxing ring, that we should be relatively unmoved by the sight of one or a number of racing cars crashing and bursting into flames. Let us not deceive ourselves. Any talk of the sporting spirit is sheer hypocrisy. People take part in violent sports because of the high rewards they bring. Spectators are willing to pay vast sums of money to see violence. A world heavyweight championship match, for instance, is front page news. Millions of people are disappointed if a big fight is over in two rounds instead of fifteen. They feel disappointment because they have been deprived of the exquisite pleasure of witnessing prolonged torture and violence.Why should we ban violent spoils if people enjoy them so much? You may welt ask. The answer is simple: they arc uncivilized. For centuries man has been trying to improve himself spiritually and emotionally admittedly with little success. But at least we no longer tolerate the sight madmen cooped up in cages, or public floggings of any of the countless other barbaric practices which were common in the past. Prisons are no longer the grim forbidding places they used to be. Social welfare systems are in operation in many parts of the world. Big efforts are being made to distribute wealth fairly. These changes have com