2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第26期

2022年考博英语-辽宁大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题The Red Cross appealed to philanthropy to save a life of a prisoner.问题1选项A.publicB.charityC.justiceD.attorney【答案】B【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项public“公众，社会，公共场所”；B选项charity“慈善，慈善团体”；C选项justice“司法，法律制裁，正义”；D选项attorney“律师，代理人，检察官”。句意：红十字会呼吁慈善事业来拯救一名囚犯的生命。Philanthropy“慈善；慈善事业”，B选项与该单词意思最相近，因此B选项正确。2. 单选题President Coolidges statement, The business of America is business, still points to an important truth todaythat business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige?One reason is that Americans view business as being more firmly based on the ideal of competition than other institutions in society. Since competition is seen as the major source of progress and prosperity by most Americans, competitive business institutions are respected. Competition is not only good in itself, it is also the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.Competition protects the freedom of the individual by ensuring that there is no monopoly of power. In contrast to one, all powerful government, many businesses compete against each other for profits. Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly. Because business is competitive, many Americans believe that it is more supportive of freedom than government, even thought government leaders are elected by the people and business leaders are not. Many American believe, then, that competition is as important, or even more important, than democracy in preserving freedom.Competition in business is also believed to strengthen the ideal of equality of opportunity. Competition is seen as an open and fair race where success goes to the swiftest person regardless of his or her social class background. Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic idea of inherited privilege.1.The statement The business of America is business probably means（ ）.2.Americans believe that they can realize their personal values only（ ）.3.Who can benefit from business competition?4.Government is believed to differ strikingly from business in that government is characterized by（ ）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author believer（ ）.问题1选项A.The business institutions in America are concerned with commerce.B.Business problems are of great importance to the American government.C.Business is of primary concern to AmericansD.America is a great power in world business问题2选项A.when given equality of opportunityB.through doing businessC.by protecting their individual freedomD.by way of competition问题3选项A.Honest businessmen.B.Both businessmen and their customers.C.People with ideals of equality.D.Business institutions and government.问题4选项A.its absolute control of powerB.its function preserving personal freedomC.its role in protecting basic American valuesD.its democratic way of exercising leader问题5选项A.Americans are more ambitious than people in other countriesB.In many countries success often depends on ones social statusC.American businesses are more democratic than these in other countriesD.Businesses in other countries are not as competitive as those in America【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government（在美国社会中，商业机构比任何其他类型的组织都有更高的声誉，包括政府）可知C选项“商业是美国人最关心的问题”符合题意。2.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Competition is not only good in itself, it is also the means by which other basic American values such as individual freedom, equality of opportunity, and hard work are protected.（竞争本身不仅是好的，它也是美国其他基本价值观如个人自由、机会平等和努力工作的保护手段）可知D选项“通过竞争”符合题意。3.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Theoretically, if one business tries to take unfair advantage of its customers, it will lose to competing business which treats its customers more fairly. Where many businesses compete for the customers dollar, they cannot afford to treat them like inferiors or slaves.（理论上，如果一个企业试图利用其客户的不公平优势，它将输给对其客户更公平的竞争性企业。当许多企业为了顾客的钱而竞争时，他们不能像对待下级或奴隶那样对待他们）可知是从从企业与客户两个角度说明商业竞争的，因此选B。4.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的A contrast is often made between business, which is competitive, and government, which is a monopoly.（人们常常将商业和政府进行对比，一个具有竞争性，另一个具有垄断性）可知A选项“其对权力的绝对控制”符合题意。5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Competitive success is commonly seen as the American alternative to social rank based on family background. Business is therefore viewed as an expression of the idea of equality of opportunity rather than the aristocratic idea of inherited privilege.（竞争成功通常被视为是美国人对基于家庭背景的社会等级的替代方式。因此，商业被视为是机会平等观念的一种表达，而不是继承特权的贵族观念）可知B选项“在许多国家，成功往往取决于一个人的社会地位”符合题意。3. 单选题Flood,（ ）and famine are natural disasters often facing the people in the peninsula.问题1选项A.warB.sanctionC.overpopulationD.drought【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项war“战争，斗争，军事，竞争”；B选项sanction“制裁，处罚，认可，支持”；C选项overpopulation“人口过剩”；D选项drought“干旱，久旱”。句意：洪水、（ ）和饥荒是半岛人民经常面临的自然灾害。题干中主要谈论natural disasters自然灾害，空格前后也都是自然因素。因此D选项正确。4. 单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can（ ）the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。explore意为“勘查，探测”；expose意为“揭露，揭发”；exploit意为“利用，开采”；expand意为“扩大，增加”。由句中的“the radar（雷达）”可知其作用是用来探测，因此选A。句意：通过将雷达波束缓慢地绕着圈移动，我们可以探测周围环境。5. 翻译题Five National Health Service (NHS) trusts have signed partnerships with Google to process sensitive patient records, in what are believed to be the first deals of their kind. The collaborations came after DeepMind, the London-based artificial intelligence company owned by Alphabet, transferred control of its health division to its Californian parent. DeepMind had contracts to process medical data from six NHS trusts to develop its app, which alerts doctors and nurses when patients are at risk of acute kidney injury, as well as to conduct AI research. Five of the trusts chose to sign contracts with Google. According to papers from the Royal Free, the data that will be shared with Google will include details such as medical history, diagnoses, treatment dates and ethnic origin.【答案】【参考译文】英国国家医疗服务体系的五家信托公司与谷歌签署了合作伙伴关系，以处理敏感的患者记录，这被认为是此类交易的首次。此前，总部位于伦敦的Alphabet旗下人工智能公司DeepMind将其医疗部门的控制权转让给了位于加州的母公司。DeepMind与NHS签订了合同，处理来自6个信托机构的医疗数据，以开发自己的应用，以及进行人工智能研究。当患者面临急性肾损伤风险时，该应用会向医生和护士发出警报。其中5家信托公司选择与谷歌签订合同。根据皇家自由报的文件，谷歌将共享的数据包括病史、诊断、治疗日期和种族等细节。6. 单选题Those who are _ of all common sense would be easily taken in by tricks that are frequently exposed by the wise.问题1选项A.deprivedB.devoidC.strippedD.snatched【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项deprived“贫困的，穷苦的，严重匮乏的；（人）丧失的，被剥夺的”；B选项devoid“缺乏的；全无的”；C选项stripped“剥去的”；D选项snatched“一把抓起；夺去；抓紧时间做；反败为胜”。根据固定搭配be devoid of“缺乏；没有的；毫无的；没有”可知句意为：那些缺乏常识的人很容易上当，而这些花招往往是由智者揭露的。所以B选项正确。7. 单选题In the Spring Export Commodities Fair the（ ）of fine china attracted much attention of customers from all over the world.问题1选项A.successionB.arrayC.stringD.procession【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。succession意为“一系列，继承”；array意为“大量，大堆，阵列”；string意为“细绳，一串”；procession意为“队伍，行列”。句意：在春季出口商品大会上，陈列精美的瓷器吸引了来自世界各地的客户的广泛关注。8. 单选题His mother scanned his face to see if he was telling the truth.问题1选项A.indicatedB.scrutinizedC.caressedD.penetrated【答案】D【解析】考查同义动词辨析。A选项indicated“表明，显示，象征，暗示”；B选项scrutinized“仔细查看；认真检查；细致审查”，表示用挑剔的眼光以及对细节苛求的态度检查；C选项caressed“抚摸，爱抚”；D选项penetrated“看透；透过看见，洞察；发现；揭示”。 句意：他母亲审视着他的脸，想看看他是否在说真话。Scan“细看；察看；审视；端详”。D选项与scan意思最接近，因此D选项正确。9. 单选题One of his eccentricities is sleeping under the bed instead of in the bed.问题1选项A.pedestriansB.peculiaritiesC.pedagoguesD.punctures【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。eccentricity意为“古怪行为，怪癖”；pedestrian意为“行人，步行者”；peculiarity意为“怪异的性质(或习惯)，怪癖”；pedagogue意为“教师，好为人师的人”；puncture意为“小孔，扎孔”。句意：他的怪癖之一是睡在床下而不是床上。10. 翻译题2.改革开放30年来，随着中国逐渐崛起成为政治经济强国，海外人士学习汉语的现象与日俱增，海外孔子学院也成了人们学习中国语言和中国文化的首选之地。通过学习汉语，他们对这个和自己文化大相径庭的古老文明产生了浓厚的兴趣，而且有机会了解中国的哲学、艺术、医学、饮食文化，亲身体验这个文明古国的风采。【答案】【参考译文】2.As China is rising as a political and economic world power thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice learning Chinese language and Chinese culture. Through learning Chinese, they have a strong interest in this ancient civilization, which is quite different from their own culture. They also have the opportunity to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, medicine and food culture, and experience the elegant demeanor of this ancient civilization.11. 单选题The cats happy expression bore testimony that it had eaten the cream.问题1选项A.doubtB.proofC.experienceD.revelation【答案】B【解析】考查同义名词辨析。A选项doubt“怀疑，质疑”；B选项proof“证明，验证”；C选项experience“经验，经历，体验”；D选项revelation“启示，揭示”。句意：那只猫快乐的表情证明它吃了奶油。Testimony“证据，证词”，由此可知B选项与该词意思最相近，因此B选项正确。12. 单选题Medieval travelers tales of fantastic creatures were often fascinating but not always（ ）.问题1选项A.credibleB.creditableC.conceivableD.credulous【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。credible意为“可信的，可靠的”通常指人物、言语、历史、故事等的可信；creditable意为“值得称赞的，带来荣誉的，可信的”，通常指人的行为，表现或工作而言；conceivable意为“可想到的，可想像的”；credulous意为“轻信的，易受骗的”。由句中的but可知前后为转折关系，tale表示“传说，传言”，因此选A。句意：中世纪旅行者关于神奇生物的故事常常引人入胜，但并不总是可信的。13. 单选题International financial issues are typically（ ）by the United States media because they are too technical to make snappy headlines and too inaccessible to people who lack a background in economics.问题1选项A.neglectedB.criticizedC.overratedD.repudiated【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项neglected“被忽视的”；B选项criticized“被批判的”；C选项overrated“被高估的”；D选项repudiated“被拒绝的”。句意：国际金融问题通常被美国的媒体所（ ），因为这些问题过于专业而不能给出一个生动活泼的标题来，而且是非常难于被缺乏经济学背景的读者来理解。由too . to可知，国际金融问题因为太过专业而不好给出一个生动活泼的标题，所以空格应填的选项是由于文章标题而不能给出impressive的效果。因此A选项正确。14. 单选题Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earths surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion. In fact, the events that produced the canyon, far from being sudden and cataclysmic, simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion.Many millions of years ago, the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon area contained 1,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14 layered fonnations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years.Approximately 65 million years ago the plateaus flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged upward from internal pressure; geologists refer to this bulging action as upwarping; it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau, a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow rivers that meandered across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers, located east of the upwarp, was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upwarp, extended itself eastward by cutting back into the upwarp; it eventually connected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-miIe-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years ago.Since then, the canyon forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold, rain and snow, along with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase the opportunities for erosion. The canyon walls crumble; the river acquires a cutting tool, tons of debris; rainfall running off the high plateau creates feeder streams that carve side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?2.In the first sentence the author refers to the Grand Canyon as a “wound” to indicate that（ ）.3.Which of the following conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be drawn from the passage?问题1选项A.Patterns of erosion in different mountain ranges.B.Forces that made the Grand Canyons.C.The increasing pollution of the Colorado River.D.The sudden appearance of the Grand Canyon.问题2选项A.it was caused by some ancient convulsionB.its presence is an embarrassment to the State of ColoradoC.it looks like an injury on the Earths surfaceD.it is caused many visitors to injure themselves问题3选项A.Its contours are constantly changing.B.It contains approximately 14 million tons of rock.C.Its eruptions have increased in recent years.D.It is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段介绍了大峡谷主要是由于缓慢而有序的侵蚀作用形成；第二三段对大峡谷形成的原因和过程进行了仔细分析；最后一段进一步介绍大峡谷的进一步形成是由于各种力的作用。因此B选项“大峡谷形成的各种力”符合题意。2.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earths surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion.（站在大峡谷的边缘，凝视着地球表面这个巨大的伤痕，游客可能会认为峡谷是由一些古老的震动造成的）可知C选项“看上去像是地球表面的伤痕”符合题意。3.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.（缓慢地向后推进高原，旁边的峡谷露出新的岩石，侵蚀模式继续进行）可知大峡谷的轮廓在不断变化，因此选A。15. 单选题Should this crisis continue, the Palestinian heath system will further （deteriorate）and services will be disrupted.问题1选项A.improveB.recoverC.worsenD.decrease【答案】C【解析】考查同义动词辨析。A选项improve“提高，增进”；B选项recover“修复，弥补”；C选项worsen“恶化，变得更快”；D选项decrease“减少，减小，降低”。句意：如果这一危机继续下去，巴勒斯坦保健系统将进一步恶化，服务将受到破坏。Deteriorate“恶化，变坏”，由此可知C选项与该词意思最相近，因此C选项正确。16. 单选题Who can shed light on the reasons?问题1选项A.turn onB.explainC.dissipateD.appeal【答案】B【解析】考查词义辨析。shed light on意为“阐明，解释，将弄明白”；turn on意为“打开”；explain意为“讲解，解释”；dissipate意为“驱散，消失”；appeal意为“上诉，申诉，呼吁”。句意：谁能解释原因呢？17. 翻译题What is it that we mean by Literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book. Little logic is required to disturb that definition. The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of manso that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed; and it is also easily expanded. For not only is much that takes a station in books not Literature; but inversely, much that really is Literature never reaches a station in books. The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mindto warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarmdoes not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent. The Drama againas, for instance, the finest of Shakespeares plays in England, and many leading Athenian playsoperated as a literature on the public mind, and were (according to the strictest letter of that term) published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read; and they were published in this mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.【答案】【参考译文】我们所说的文学到底是什么呢？一般来说，人们会不假思索地认为一切书中所印之物都是文学。这种说法经不起深究，再粗心的人也很容易意识到文学是联系着人们普遍兴趣的一个重要因素仅仅是一个地方，一个行业或者是一个人的兴趣，即使以书本的形式出现也不算是文学。文学的定义很容易受到限制，同样也很容易被扩大。大多数的书本都不能称之为文学，而相反的是，很多真正的文学却从未踏入过书本的行列。基督教堂里每个礼拜的布道词，数量巨大的文学讲坛，它们通过告诫、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示对人们的心理产生了巨大而广泛的作用，但它们在图书馆里还占不到千分之一的席位。戏剧也是如此，举个例子来说，英国莎士比亚最优秀的戏剧，以及代表所有希腊灿烂文化的剧作早已在它们成为出版物被人传阅之前就已经在大众面前发表过了（根据“发表”一词最准确的意义来讲），并且在那个传抄和打印价格都很昂贵的年代里，它们以戏剧的形式发表而产生的影响远胜于书本所造成的影响。18. 单选题The show that we watched was so （ ）that we laughed loudly.问题1选项A.comicalB.laughableC.animatedD.attractive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。comical意为“好笑的，滑稽的，有趣的”；laughable意为“可笑的，荒谬的，值得当真的”，含有贬义；animated意为“活跃的，生气勃勃的”；attractive意为“诱人的，吸引人的”。由we laughed loudly（我们大声笑）可推测the show（演出、节目）好笑，因此选A。句意：我们看的表演太好笑了，我们大笑起来。19. 单选题The surgical instruments have to be （ ）before use to prevent infection.问题1选项A.heatedB.scaldedC.sterilizedD.burned【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。heat意为“加热，变热”；scald意为“烫伤”；sterilize意为“消毒，灭菌”；burn意为“燃烧”。由句中后面的目的状语to prevent infection（为了预防感染）可知The surgical instruments（手术器械）应该消毒，因此选C。句意：手术器械使用前必须消毒，以防感染。20. 单选题As a（ ）actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments.问题1选项A.flexibleB.versatileC.sophisticatedD.productive【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。flexible意为“灵活的”；versatile意为“多才多艺的，有多种技能的”；sophisticated意为“见多识广的，老练的”；productive意为“多产的，有效益的”。由句子后面的内容可知他会很多才艺，因此选B。句意：作为一名多才多艺的演员，他会表演、唱歌、跳舞并能演奏好几种乐器。