2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）套卷71

2022年考博英语-桂林理工大学考前提分综合测验卷（附带答案及详解）1. 单选题I know cold. And all you Minnesota people may discount me because I am from Phoenix, but trust me, I know cold. I have climbed the highest peak on each continent (the famed Seven Summits) and have skied to both the North and South Poles a feat known as the Adventure Grand Slam. Each mountain and polar expedition was very different with the exception of one thing: the cold.Of all the remote places I have been, Antarctica land of the frozen tundra is perhaps my favorite. It also happens to be the coldest place on earth. The continent is approximately 98 percent ice and 2 percent rock. Temperatures in the winter have reached 128-below. I have been there twice; once to climb the Vinson Massif and once to ski six-hundred miles from the edge of the western Antarctic ice shelf all the way to the South Pole. “Why would you want to suffer like that” is a question I get all the time. And sure, there are times when you are feeling like you want to take a break from the frigid conditions and go inside the lodge and get a cup of hot cocoa. but you cant. There is no ski lodge in the middle of Antarctica. Theres just you, your 1501b sled which is harnessed to your waist (containing all of your gear and supplies), your teammates (unless you are on a solo trip no thanks) and the cold. So you make peace with the sub-zero temperatures, because youre going to be in them for the better part of two months.So thinking back on my experiences heres why you should be okay with a couple of days of polar vortex because 1) you can go inside, and 2) because it makes you smarter or at least smarter than the warm weather does. Yep. Good news for those in cities affected by the vortex: cold weather can actually be really good for you. Not just because you burn more fat when its cold, but because your brain works better when its cold. According to an article by Adrian Ward that appeared in Scientific American, it takes more energy to cool your body when its hot than it does to warm it up when youre cold. The energy comes from glucose. which is also necessary for the brains mental processes. So basically, cooling off when it is hot uses more glucose than warming up when its cold; thus leaving less available glucose for the brain. Therefore, we can assume that cold weather is better for the brain. Quick everyone go take the MENSA test before the temperature warms up again!1. What do the mountains the author has climbed have in common?2. What can we learn about Antarctica?3. What is not available in the middle of Antarctica?4. Why is cold weather better for the brain?5. We can learn from the test that the MENS A test is a kind of_.问题1选项A.They are all located in the North Pole.B.They are all located in the South Pole.C.They have the same elevations.D.They are all very frigid.问题2选项A.There is about 98% water and 2% ice.B.The temperatures there can reach 128 degree centigrade.C.It is the second coldest place on earth.D.There is a mountain called Vinson Massif.问题3选项A.Ski lodge.B.Sled.C.Supplies.D.Camera.问题4选项A.Because you can burn more fat when it is cold.B.Because you can go inside ski lodges and take a break when it is cold.C.Because you can leave more glucose for the brain when it is cold.D.Because the energy you need for the brain comes from ice.问题5选项A.psychiatric testB.intelligence testC.personality testD.admission test【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:A第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.事实细节题。定位到第一段最后一句话Each mountain and polar expedition was very differentwith the exception of one thing: the cold.“每一个山脉和极地探险都非常不同除了一件事：寒冷”从这里可以知道答案选D选项“他们都非常寒冷”；A选项“它们都位于北极”，定位到第一段第三句话have skied to both the North and South Poles“曾经南极和北极都滑过”，从这里可知A属于反向干扰；B选项“它们都位于南极”，见A选项，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“他们有相同的海拔高度”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。2.事实细节题。定位到第二段第五句话have been there twice; once to climb the Vinson Massif“到过这两次；有一次去爬文森山”，从这里可知D选项“那有一座山叫文森山”正确；A选项“大约98%是水，2%是冰”，定位到第二段第三句话The continent is approximately 98 percent ice and 2 percent rock.“这块大陆大约98%是冰，2%是岩石”，从这里可知A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“那里的温度可以达到128摄氏度”，定位到第二段第四句话Temperatures in the winter have reached 128-below.“冬天的气温已经达到零下128度”从关键词below可知B选项错误，属于反向干扰；C选项“它是地球上第二冷的地方”，第二段第二句话It also happens to be the coldest place on earth.“它也是地球上最冷的地方”，从这里可知C选项错误，属于反向干扰。3.事实细节题。定位到第二段倒数第三句There is no ski lodge in the middle of Antarctica.“南极洲中部没有滑雪旅馆”，从这里可知答案选A“滑雪旅馆”；B选项“雪橇”，定位到第二段倒数第二句话Theres just you, your 1501b sled which is harnessed to your waist (containing all of your gear and supplies), your teammates and the cold.“只有你，腰间系着1501b雪橇(包括你所有的装备和补给)，你的队友，还有寒冷”，从这里可知B选项不符合题意，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“补给”，见B选项，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“照相机”文章没有提及属于无中生有。4.事实细节题。定位到文章最后一段倒数第三句So basically, cooling off when it is hot uses more glucose than warming up when its cold; thus leaving less available glucose for the brain.“所以基本上，在热的时候降温比在冷的时候升温需要更多的葡萄糖；这样就减少了大脑可用的葡萄糖”，从这里可知答案选C“因为冷的时候你可以给大脑留下更多的葡萄糖”；A选项“因为天气冷的时候可以燃烧更多的脂肪”，定位到最后一段第四句话Not just because you burn more fat when its cold, but because your brain works better when its cold.“这不仅是因为你在冷的时候燃烧了更多的脂肪，还因为你的大脑在冷的时候工作得更好”，从这里可知这不是大脑在冷环境中运行的更好的原因，这里属于出处错误；B选项“因为天气冷的时候你可以去滑雪小屋休息一下”，定位到第二段倒数第三句There is no ski lodge in the middle of Antarctica“南极洲中部没有滑雪旅馆”，这不是大脑在冷环境中运行的更好的原因，这里属于出处错误；D选项“因为你大脑所需的能量来自冰”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。5.推理判断题，寻找句内线索，定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句Therefore, we can assume that cold weather is better for the brain.“因此，我们可以假设寒冷的天气对大脑更好”，这里说完冷的环境对大脑运行有利就赶紧督促别人去考MENS，就说明这考试与大脑也就是智力有关，所以答案选B“智力测试”；A选项“心理测试”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“性格测试”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“入学考试”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。2. 单选题International governments, inaction concerning sustainable development is clearly worrying but the proactive (主动出击的)approaches of some leading-edge companies are encouraging. Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.DuPont committed itself to a 65% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in the 10 years prior to 2010. By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year. General Electric aims to reduce the energy intensity of its operations by 50% by 2015. They have invested heavily in projects designed to change the way of using and conserving energy.Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together. When M&S launched its “Plan A” sustainability programmer in 2007, it was believed that it would cost over 200 million in the first five years. However, the initiative had generated 105 million by 2011/12.When we prevent physical waste, increase energy efficiency or improve resource productivity, we save money, improve profitability and enhance competitiveness. In fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.However, there is a considerable gap between leading-edge companies and the rest of the pack. There are far too many companies still delaying creating a lean and green business system, arguing that it will cost money or require sizable capital investments. They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality. Being environmentally friendly does not have to cost money. In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries. The size of the opportunity is enormous. The 3% Report recently published by World Wildlife Fund and CDP shows that the economic prize for curbing carbon emissions in the US economy is $780 billion between now and 2020. It suggests that one of the biggest levers for delivering this opportunity is “increased efficiency through management and behavioral change” in other words, lean and green management.Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors. Conversely, it was found that climate disruption is already costing $1.2 trillion annually, cutting global GDP by 1.6%. Unaddressed, this will double by 2030.11. What does the author say about some leading-edge companies?12. What motivates Toyota and Wal-Mart to make commitments to environmental protection?13. Why are so many companies reluctant to create an environment-friendly business system?14. What is said about the lean and green model of business?15. What is the finding of the studies about companies committed to environmental goals?问题1选项A.They operate in accordance with government policies.B.They take initiatives in handling environmental wastes.C.They are key drivers in their nations economic growth.D.They are major contributors to environmental problems.问题2选项A.The goodness of their hearts.B.A strong sense of responsibility.C.The desire to generate profits.D.Pressure from environmentalists.问题3选项A.They are bent on making quick money.B.They do not have the capital for the investment.C.They believe building such a system is too costly.D.They lack the incentive to change business practices.问题4选项A.It helps businesses to save and gain at the same time.B.It is affordable only for a few leading-edge companies.C.It is likely to start a new round of intense competition.D.It will take a long time for all companies to embrace it.问题5选项A.They have greatly enhanced their sense of social responsibility.B.They do much better than their counterparts in terms of revenues.C.They have abandoned all the outdated equipment and technology.D.They make greater contributions to human progress than their rivals.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】11.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段最后一句Toyota, Wal-Mart, DuPont, M&S and General Electric have made tackling environmental wastes a key economic driver.（丰田（Toyota）、沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）、杜邦（DuPont）、玛莎百货（M&S）和通用电气（General Electric）都把处理环境垃圾作为一项关键的经济驱动力。），由此可知B选项“他们在处理环境废物方面采取行动”正确。A选项“他们按照政府政策运作”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们是国家经济增长的主要驱动力”，见正确选项，是把垃圾处理作为经济发展的推动因素，不是这些公司是该国经济发展的关键推动力，所以C选项错误，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“他们是环境问题的主要贡献者”，定位到第二段第二句By 2007, DuPont was saving $2.2 billion a year through energy efficiency, the same as its total declared profits that year.（到2007年，杜邦每年通过提高能源效率节省了22亿美元，与当年公布的利润总额相同），从这里可知这些公司对经济的贡献是对其自身来说的不是对其国家来说，这里属于张冠李戴，所以不选。12.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一二句Companies like Toyota and Wal-Mart are not committing to environmental goals out of the goodness of their hearts. The reason for their actions is a simple yet powerful realization that the environmental and economic footprints fit well together.（丰田（Toyota）和沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）等公司并非出于好心而致力于环保目标。他们这样做的原因很简单，但也很有力地认识到，环境足迹和经济足迹是相辅相成的），由此可知C选项“对利益的渴望”正确。A选项“他们出于好心”，见正确选项解析，由这里可以看出A选项错误，属于无中生有；B选项“强烈的责任感”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“来自环保主义者的压力”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有。13.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第五段第三句They remain stuck in the “environment is cost” mentality.（他们仍然停留在“环境就是成本”的心态中），从这里可以推断C选项正确“他们认为建立这样一个系统太昂贵了”。A选项“他们一心想赚快钱”，定位到第四段最后一句In fact, there are often huge “quick win” opportunities, thanks to years of neglect.这里的quick win是指多年来很多公司对环境有疏忽，就导致那些先采用环保计划的公司更能够快速的获得意想不到的收获，这里不是公司不愿意采取行动的原因，属于出处错误，不选；B选项“他们没有投资的资本”，定位到第六段第一二句话Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries.（精益意味着用更少的钱做更多的事。然而，在大多数公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是相互冲突的。这是大多数行业错失的最大机遇之一。），从这里关键词，most industries可知其实很多公司是承担得起的，只是觉得会减少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“他们缺乏改变商业惯例的动机”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有，所以不选。14.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段最后一句话In fact, going beyond compliance saves cost at the same time that it generates cash, provided that management adopts the new lean and green model.（事实上，如果管理层采用新的精益和绿色模式，超越合规可以在节约成本的同时产生现金），从这里可知答案选A选项“它帮助企业省钱，同时获利”。B选项“只有少数领先的公司才负担得起”，定位到第六段第一二句话Lean means doing more with less. Nonetheless, in most companies, economic and environmental continuous improvement is viewed as being in conflict with each other. This is one of the biggest opportunities missed across most industries.（精益意味着用更少的钱做更多的事。然而，在大多数公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是相互冲突的。这是大多数行业错失的最大机遇之一。），从这里关键词，most industries可知其实很多公司是承担得起的，只是觉得会减少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“这可能会引发新一轮激烈的竞争”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“所有公司都需要很长时间才能接受它”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。15.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第七段第一句话Some 50 studies show that companies that commit to such aspirational goals as zero waste, zero harmful emissions, and zero use of non-renewable resources are financially outperforming their competitors（大约50项研究表明，那些致力于实现零浪费、零有害排放、零使用不可再生资源等雄心勃勃的目标的公司，在财务上胜过竞争对手），B选项“在收入方面，他们比同行做得更好”是该句的同义替换，所以答案选B。A选项“他们的社会责任感大大增强了”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们已经放弃了所有过时的设备和技术”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；D选项“他们比他们的对手对人类进步做出更大的贡献”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3. 单选题One of industrial agricultures biggest GMO crops may have just backfired (产生事与愿违的后果). Scientists have confirmed that corn-destroying rootworms have evolved to be resistant to the Bt corn engineered to kill them.Bt stands for Bacillus thuringiensis (苏云金芽孢杆菌), the name of the genetically modified corns “donor” organism. Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine (肠), killing it. For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides. Bt corn accounted for three-quarters of all corn planting in 2013. That may have to change.After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated (大幅度下降)by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn, Iowa State University entomologist Aaron Gassmann and his team began to study the pests interactions with the genetically modified organism (or GMO) corn in a lab. Their study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, describes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.But Bt corn is still capable of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it. Except now theyll need to use pesticides to protect their crop from rootworms. As entomologists warned the Environmental Protection Agency in 2012, rootworm resistance means that the environmental advantage of Bt corn that it could be raised pesticide-free may disappear.“Unless management practices change, its only going to get worse,” Gassmann told Wired. “There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used.”Scientists have predicted for years that this could happen, but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option. Instead, the authors of another study on rootworm Bt resistance, which focuses on Nebraska, take a biodiversity approach.“Crop rotation is the best tool,” University of Nebraska-Lincoln entomologist Lance Meinke told Farm & Ranch Guide. “Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant western corn rootworms wipes out that population. The beetles will lay eggs that hatch, but when larvae (幼虫)try to feed on soybean plants, they dont find the nutrients they need and they die.”Crop rotation can suppress rootworm populations over time, reducing the threat posed by their new Bt resistance.But as entomologist Elson Shields of Cornell University told Wired, rootworm is just one symptom of an engineered seed trait “will fall under the same pressure,” said Shields, “and the insect will win.”1. What can we know about Bacillus thuringiensis?2. What inspired Aaron Gassmann to start his study?3. Which of the following is true, according to the passage?4. Lance Meinke thinks the best approach to the problem of rootworm Bt resistance is_.5. What is the problem with the GMO seed industry, according to Elson Shields?问题1选项A.It is a genetically modified organism.B.It is an alternative to spraying insecticides.C.It is a natural bacterium that kills rootworm.D.It protects rootworm from being killed by bacterium.问题2选项A.The great reduction of output of a cornfield in Iowa.B.The aim of boosting corn yield by 75% by 2011.C.The significance of corn rootworms rapid evolution.D.Aaron Gassmanns finding of a large number of rootworm.问题3选项A.People have not expected rootworm Bt resistance before.B.Bt resistance has a fundamental change in modern technology.C.It is economically impractical to entirely abandon Bt corn.D.Farmers prefer to use pesticides rather than plant Bt corn.问题4选项A.planting soybeansB.raising beetlesC.adding fertilizerD.rotating crop问题5选项A.Most of the entomologists failed to predict its future destiny.B.The GMO seed industry lacks long-term considerations.C.People mistakenly consider rootworm as the biggest trouble.D.It is very difficult for the GMO seed industry to win insects.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），第二步，综合理解，这里是B选项的同意替换，B选项“是一种替代喷洒杀虫剂的方法”正确。A选项“是一种转基因生物”，定位到第二段第二句Bacillus thuringiensis is a naturally occurring soil bacterium that produces protein crystals that bind to certain receptors in the rootworms intestine, killing it（苏云金杆菌是一种天然存在的土壤细菌，它能产生蛋白质晶体，与根虫肠道中的某些受体结合，杀死根虫），由此可知苏云金杆菌不是转基因物体而是一种能够和害虫肠道里面的受体结合产生蛋白质结晶从而达到杀死害虫的天然细菌，是细菌的一种，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“是一种杀死根虫的天然细菌”，见A选项解析，是苏云金杆菌与害虫肠道的受体产生的蛋白质使虫子死亡，不是苏云金杆菌直接杀死虫子，这里属于曲意理解；D选项“它保护根虫不被细菌杀死”，见A选项，是侵害不是保护，这里属于反向干扰。2.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一句After finding a cornfield in Iowa in 2011 that was decimated by rootworm despite being planted with the Bt corn（2011年在爱荷华州发现一片玉米田，尽管种植了Bt玉米，但却被根虫摧毁）。第二步，综合理解，从这句可以知道是亚伦因为发现爱荷华州的玉米产量即使在种了转基因玉米的情况下也出现了大幅度减产的情况才想要去调查的，由此可知A选项“爱荷华州玉米田产量的大幅减少”正确。B选项“到2011年提高玉米产量75%的目标”，见正确选项分析，2011年的情况是减产了所以才会开展这项调查，这里属于反向干扰；C选项“玉米根虫快速进化的意义”，定位到第三段最后一句话Their studydescribes the western corn rootworms rapid evolution after feeding on the engineered crop.（他们的研究描述了西方玉米根虫在食用转基因作物后的快速进化。），由此可知C选项是调查结果不是调查原因，这里属于偷换概念；D选项“Aaron Gassmann发现大量根虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。3.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到第六段第一二句but warnings were repeatedly ignored by regulators and farmers. It takes millions of dollars to develop seeds like Bt, so engineering an alternative is not an attractive option（但监管机构和农民一再忽视警告。开发像Bt这样的种子需要数百万美元，所以通过工程来替代并不是一个有吸引力的选择）， 从这里可知，因为转基因种子花了很多财力研发，种子公司不会那么轻易放弃，所以在经济方面转基因玉米不会那么轻易放弃，所以C选项“完全放弃Bt玉米在经济上是不切实际的”正确。A选项“人们以前没有预料到根虫抗Bt”，定位到第二段第三句For years, farmers have planted Bt corn as an alternative to spraying insecticides（多年来，农民们一直种植Bt玉米作为喷洒杀虫剂的替代品），从这里可知人们一开始就是为了治虫才种转基因玉米的，所以A选项错误，属于反向干扰；B选项“Bt抗性在现代技术中有根本性的变化”，定位到第五段第二句There needs to be a fundamental change in how the technology is used（在如何使用这项技术方面需要有根本性的改变），这里是根据句子的时态可知是将来时，这表明说话人的主观愿望而B选项用的是一般现在时表现在的一种动作，所以不能选，这里属于反向干扰；D选项“农民更喜欢使用杀虫剂而不是种植Bt玉米”定位到第三段第三句But Bt corn is still capable of warding off other pests, so farmers will likely keep planting it（但Bt玉米仍有抵挡其他害虫的能力，所以农民可能会继续种植它），从这里可知农民还是更愿意种转基因玉米，所以D选项属于反向干扰。4.事实细节题。第一步，精准定位，定位到倒数第三段第一句Crop rotation is the best tool（轮作是最好的工具）， 从这里可知答案选D“轮耕”；A选项“种黄豆”，定位到倒数第三段第二句Generally, one year of soybeans in a field with resistant western corn rootworms wipes out that population（一般来说，在具有抗性的西部玉米根虫的土地上种植一年的大豆就可以消灭这一种群），种植黄豆只是轮耕的具体方法之一，这里只是举个例子，不能概括整体，这里属于以偏概全；B选项“养甲虫”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选；C选项“加肥料”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有，所以不选。5.判断推理题，第一步，寻找句内线