2022年考博英语-郑州大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第170期

2022年考博英语-郑州大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Fundamentally, income disparity describes two disparate groups: rich and poor. It is hardly news that the rich are getting richer. The underlying story is a familiar one: the wealthiest households own the most assets, namely stocks, and asset prices have risen at a ferocious pace in recent years. Beyond the standard explanation, it is also the case that the emergence of technology, rising productivity, and an expanding global market have brought forth a new upper class among corporations. These newly wealthy firms pay skilled employees well and in an ever-tighter labor market, they are forced to constantly sweeten their employees compensation.Then there are the poor, where conditions are a little murky. Falling unemployment, anecdotal evidence of rising starting wages for low-level service jobs, and the relative non-event of welfare reform so far suggest that conditions at the low end are improving. Yet at the same time, whole communities under siege by crime and hopelessness cannot be ignored.That said, income inequality as a blanket indictment on our economic system does not fly. Income disparity is the gas that runs our economic engine. The ability to someday earn more, to live at a higher standard, is what gets people out of bed in the morning, particularly in our consumer-oriented economy. Income disparity only becomes a problem if it widens to the extent that the labor force believes that greater wealth can only be achieved by the already wealthy.Indeed, it is unreasonable to state that income disparity is eroding the labor forces will to improve productivity and move ahead. Increasing labor force participation, record homeownership, surging consumer confidence and spending, near-record levels of immigration, and urban renewal are all anecdotal evidence that hopes are high. All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy and there is sufficient evidence to suggest that most still want their shot at the brass ring.So why are there still very poor households in this country? There are many reasons. Our economy is shifting towards the production of higher value goods and services. Unskilled labor is not valued to the degree that it once was, and unskilled workers are paid accordingly. There has also been a recent surge of immigration into the U.S. Many migrants to this country, particularly those who are unskilled or language challenged, require time to be absorbed into our economy. If skills are lacking, it may take a generation or two to move ahead.It is also important to remember that it is not the ultimate goal of every person to be fabulously rich. One of the fundamentals of economics is that one decides how hard to work, where to work, and what risks to take. Monetary wealth is not the sole means of maximizing utility. Each person has a finite life span and finite abilities; it is up to the individual to apply those as they see fit. The wealthy getting wealthier is not always evidence to others that they themselves are falling behind.1. In the authors country,（ ）may benefit from the development of its economy.2. Which of the following statements is TRUE?3. The author believes that income disparity will（ ）.4. The main idea presented in the last paragraph is that（ ）.问题1选项A.the wealthy rather than the poorB.all the immigrantsC.only skilled employeesD.all the people问题2选项A.Every person wants to become rich.B.Unskilled people tend to be poor.C.Most immigrants are very poor.D.The wealthy is getting wealthier问题3选项A.be gradually narrowedB.disappear sooner or laterC.persist as ever beforeD.be more and more widened问题4选项A.not every person is willing to become as wealthy as possibleB.what a person pursues in the world is not monetary wealthC.each individual knows exactly what his ultimate goal isD.it is understandable for the wealthy to get wealthier【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“在作者的国家，哪类人受益于经济的发展？”文章第四段最后一句话提到“所有人都在新经济中发展”(All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy)，因此选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“下列哪个表述是正确的？”文章第五段提到“非技术劳动力的偿付水平与以前不同了”（Unskilled labor is not valued to the degree that it once was, and unskilled workers are paid accordingly），选项B“非技术人员倾向贫穷”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“作者认为收入差距将”。文章第三段第一句话提到“收入差距是驱动经济引擎的汽油”（Income disparity is the gas that runs our economic engine），因此它不可能消失，所以选项C“一直存在”符合题意。4.主旨大意题。题目问的是“最后一段的主要思想是什么？”文章最后一段第一句提到变得富有并不是每个人的最终目标（It is also important to remember that it is not the ultimate goal of every person to be fabulously rich），因此选项A符合题意。2. 单选题Theres a buzz in the air at the El Diablo Coffee Co. in Seattle, and its not just coming from the aroma of the shops Cuban-style coffee drinks. On a recent Wednesday evening, as most customers sat quietly reading books or tapping away on their laptop computers, about 15 people gathered in a circle discussing philosophy. “What is a well-lived life?” asked one, as the group enjoyed an intellectual high.Known as a Socrates Cafe, the group at El Diablo is just one of 150 or so that meet in coffee shops, bookstores, libraries, churches and community centers across the country. Founded by Christopher Phillips, a former journalist and teacher, the cafes are designed to get people talking about philosophical issues. Using a kind of Socratic method, they encourage people to develop their views by posing questions, being open to challenges and considering alternative answers. Adhering to Socrates belief that the unexamined life is not worth living, the cafes focus on exchanging ideas, not using them to pummel other participants.“Instead of just yelling back and forth, we take a few steps back and examine peoples underlying values. People can ask why to their hearts content says Philips, whose most recent book Six Questions of Socrates, came out earlier this year.While a modern-day discussion group based on the teachings of a thinker from the 5th century B.C. may seem weirdly outdated, Socrates Cafes have found a surprisingly large and diverse following. “People who get off on ideas come to this,” says Fred Korn, 65, a retired philosophy professor, who attends the Wednesday-night meetings at El Diablo. “Outside of college, therere not a lot of opportunities to get together with people who want to talk about ideas.”For Philips, the dialogue groups are about much more than good conversation. “Its grass-roots democracy.” he says. “Its only in a group setting that people can hash out their ideas about how we should act not just as an individual but as a society.” To avoid divisive dead-end arguments, the cafes frequently turn current events into broader philosophical questions. For example, instead of arguing about whether gay couples should marry, a group asked, “what is an excellent marriage?”While Phillips believes the cafes can benefit anyone, one of his favorite groups is children. Philosophy is important for kids of all ages, Philip says, because “it gives them this great chance to shape their moral code, to figure out clearly who they are and who they want to be.The whole idea is not that we have to find a final answer; its that we keep thinking about these things.” One question at a time.1. By describing the scene of the El Diablo Coffee, the author implies that（ ）.2. According to the passage, the discussion group holds that（ ）.3. According to the passage, Socrates Cafes are（ ）.4. The discussion group usually avoids talking about current events in order to（ ）.5. By mentioning “One question at a time” in the last sentence, the author means that children should（ ）.问题1选项A.the El Diablo Coffee is the first Cafe where people meet to discuss philosophyB.discussion groups based on the teachings of Socrates are reviving at cafesC.when thinking about the meaning of life, people often enjoy high spiritsD.many people enjoy discussing philosophy, especially the teachings of Socrates问题2选项A.people should attack others viewsB.people should challenge the authorityC.people should help othersD.people should meditate on their life问题3选项A.welcomed by a large number of overseas visitorsB.considered good places to talk about philosophyC.places where people are free to ask all kinds of questionsD.places where people are free to criticize others views问题4选项A.prevent unsolvable disputeB.ward off tender subjectsC.study philosophical questionsD.focus on general topics问题5选项A.ask one question at a timeB.think about one question at a timeC.discuss one question at a timeD.answer one question at a time【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“通过描绘咖啡店的场面，作者暗示了什么？”文章第四段第一句话提到“虽然一个以公元前5世纪思想家教义为基础的现代讨论组织可能古怪过时，但是苏格拉底咖啡馆却意外地吸引了一大群形形色色的追随者”（While a modern-day discussion group based on the teachings of a thinker from the 5th century B.C. may seem weirdly outdated, Socrates Cafes have found a surprisingly large and diverse following），由此可知选项D“很多人喜欢讨论哲学，尤其是苏格拉底的教义”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，讨论组织持有什么观点？”文章第二段最后一句话提到“秉承苏格拉底的信念，未经审视的生活不值得过下去，咖啡馆专注于交换想法，而不是用它们来打击其他参与者”（Adhering to Socrates belief that the unexamined life is not worth living, the cafes focus on exchanging ideas, not using them to pummel other participants），由此可知选项D“人们应该沉思他们的生活”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知，苏格拉底咖啡是”。文章第二段第二句话提到“咖啡馆是由前记者兼教师Christopher创办，旨在让人们谈论哲学问题”（Founded by Christopher Phillips, a former journalist and teacher, the cafes are designed to get people talking about philosophical issues），因此选项B“被认为是一个谈论哲学的好去处”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“讨论组时常避免谈论时事是为了”。文章第五段提到“为了避免陷入无休止的争论，咖啡馆经常将时事转变成更广的哲学问题”（To avoid divisive dead-end arguments, the cafes frequently turn current events into broader philosophical questions），因此选项A符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“文章最后一行提到一次一个问题，作者认为孩子们应该”。文章最后一段提到这给他们（孩子们）一个很好的机会来塑造他们的道德准则，弄清楚他们是谁，他们想成为谁。整个想法并不是说我们必须找到一个最终的答案，而是我们一直在想这些事情（The whole idea is not that we have to find a final answer; its that we keep thinking about these things），随后提出one question at a time，因此可知是“一次思考一个问题”，选项B符合题意。3. 单选题The problem should be discussed first, for it takes（ ）over all the other issues.问题1选项A.presumptionB.prosperityC.precedenceD.probability【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。presumption “放肆，傲慢；推测”； prosperity “繁荣，成功”；precedence “优先；居先”； probability “可能性”。根据前半句“这个问题应该最先被讨论”可知这个问题优先于其他的，因此选项C符合题意。4. 不定项选择题There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X. Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.1. This selection can best be titled （ ）.2. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that （ ）.3. According to the passage, the average I.Q. is （ ）.4. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that （ ）.5. This passage suggests that an individuals I.Q. （ ）.问题1选项A.Measuring Your IntelligenceB.Intelligence and EnvironmentC.The Case of Peter and MarkD.How the Brain Influences Intelligence问题2选项A.human brains differ considerablyB.the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligenceC.environment is vital to determine a persons intelligenceD.persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence问题3选项A.85B.100C.110D.125问题4选项A.individual with identical brains seldom test at same levelB.an individuals intelligence is determined only by his environmentC.lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligenceD.changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain问题5选项A.can be predicted at birthB.stays the same throughout his lifeC.can be increased by educationD.is determined by his childhood【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:推理判断题。根据第一段There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with.So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared（有两个因素决定一个人的智力。首先是他与生俱来的大脑所以第二个因素是个体发生了什么他成长的环境）可知B选项“智力与环境”最符合题意；A选项“衡量你的智力”，C选项“彼得和马克的案例”以及D选项“大脑如何影响智力”都是文章内容中的一部分，没有概括全文；因此B选项正确。第2题:推理判断题。根据第一段But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual-the sort of environment in which he is reared. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable（但是，无论一个人的大脑有多好，如果没有学习的机会，他的智力水平也会很低。所以第二个因素是个体发生了什么他成长的环境。如果一个人在环境上有缺陷，他的大脑很可能无法发展，他将永远无法达到他所能达到的智力水平）以及第二段The importance of environment in determining an individuals intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark X（环境在决定个人智力方面的重要性，可以从同卵双胞胎彼得x和马克x的历史中得到证明）可以得知C选项“环境对决定一个人的智力至关重要”符合题意；A选项“人类的大脑有很大的不同”和D选项“拥有相同大脑的人会有大致相同的智力”未在文章内提及；虽然文章内提到There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with（有两个因素决定一个人的智力。首先是他与生俱来的大脑）但是并没有表达出 B选项“一个人天生的大脑在决定他的智力方面很重要”的含义，因此C选项正确。第3题:事实细节题。根据第二段倒数第二句Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother（马克的智商是125，比平均水平高出25分，比他同父异父的哥哥整整高出40分），可知平均水平为100；因此B选项“100”符合题意。第4题:推理判断题。根据第二段第二句Being identical, the twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same（由于同卵，这对双胞胎在出生时就拥有相同的大脑，他们的成长过程也相同）以及第二段Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Marks I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother（得是在一个受教育机会很少的与世隔绝的社区里，由智力低下的父母抚养长大的。马克是在上过大学的富裕家庭长大的。他还是个孩子的时候，就有人给他读故事，送他去好学校，给他一切机会去激发他的智力。这种环境差异一直持续到双胞胎十几岁时，当他们接受智力测试时。马克的智商是125，比平均水平高出25分，比他同父异父的哥哥整整高出40分）可以得知C选项“缺乏机会阻碍了智力的成长”符合题意；A选项“具有相同大脑的个体很少接受相同水平的测试”和D选项“环境的变化产生大脑结构的变化”未在文章内提及；根据第一段第一句There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with（有两个因素决定一个人的智力。首先是他与生俱来的大脑）可知 B选项“一个人的智力只取决于他所处的环境”错误，因此C选项正确。第5题:推理判断题。根据第一段第三句But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn（但是，无论一个人的大脑有多好，如果没有学习的机会，他的智力水平也会很低。）可以得知C选项“可以通过教育增加”正确；A选项“在出生时就可以预测”和B选项“在他的一生中保持不变”未在文章内提及；根据第二段所描述的双胞胎的例子可知 D选项“是由他的童年决定的”错误，因此C选项正确。5. 翻译题Translate the following part into Chinese.Unless we give part of ourselves away, unless we can live with other people and understand them and help them, we are missing the most essential part of our own human lives. There are as many roads to the attainment of wisdom and goodness as there are people who undertake to walk them. There are as many solid truths on which we can stand as there are people who can search them out and who will stand on them. There are as many ideas and ideals as there are men of good will who will hold them in their minds and act them in their lives.【答案】除非我们乐于奉献，除非我们能够与人们一起生活并帮助他们，否则我们的人生就失去了最重要的意义。世间有多少行路者，通往善良与智慧的途径就有多少。世间有多少真理，就有多少探索、坚持真理的人。有多少信念与理想，就有多少仁人志士在生活中奉行并实现它们。6. 单选题The famous inventor was awarded an（ ）doctorate by the university.问题1选项A.honoredB.honoraryC.honorificD.honorable【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。honored “光荣的；荣幸的”； honorary “荣誉的；名誉的”； honorific “尊敬的；敬称的”；honorable “尊敬的”。此处是要表达“荣誉博士”，选项B符合题意。7. 单选题Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am（ ）to carrying out the plan.问题1选项A.resolvedB.engagedC.obligedD.committed【答案】A【解析】考查短语搭配。be resolved to “决心”；be engaged in “忙于做”；be obliged to “不得不；有义务”；be committed to “致力于”。Since引导了一个原因状语从句，“由于已经来不及改变主意了”，所以空格处所在的句子表示“执行这个计划”，因此选项A符合题意。8. 单选题Sapphira and the Slave Girl was the last novel of Willa Cathers distinguished literary career. Begun in the last summer of 1937 and finally completed in 1941, it is often regarded by critics as one of her most personal works. Although the story takes place in 1856, well before her own birth, she drew heavily on both vivid childhood memories and tales handed down by older relatives to describe life in rural northern Virginia in the middle of the 19th century. She even went on an extended journey to the area to give the story a further ring of authenticity.Of all of Cathers many novels, Sapphira and the Slave Girl is the one most concerned with providing an overall picture of day to day life in a specific era. A number of the novels characters, it would seem, are included in the story only because they are representative of the type of people to be found in 19th-century rural Virginia; indeed, a few of them play no part whatsoever in unfolding of the plot. For instance, we are introduced to a poor white women, Mandy Ringer, who is portrayed as intelligent and content, despite the fact that she has no formal education and must toil constantly in the fields. And we meet Dr. Clevenger, a country doctor who, with his refined manners, evokes a strong image of the pre-Civil War South.The title, however, accurately suggests that the novel is mainly about slavery. Cathers attitude toward this institution may best be summed up as somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand, she displays almost total indifference to the legal and political aspects of slavery when she misidentifies certain crucial dates in its growth and development. Nor does she ever really offer a direct condemnation of slavery. Yet on the other hand, the evil of slavery gets through to us.Although in typically subtle ways, those characters, like Mrs. Blake, who oppose institution are portrayed in a sympathetic light. Furthermore, the suffering of the slaves themselves and the petty, nasty, often cruel behavior of the slave owners are painted in harsh terms.Although Sapphira and the Slave Girl was certainly not meant to be a political tract, the novel is sometimes considered t