2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第182期

2022年考博英语-华东交通大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just（ ）and needs proving.问题1选项A.spontaneousB.hypotheticalC.intuitiveD.empirical【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项spontaneous“自发的，无意识的”；B选hypothetical“假设的”；C选项intuitive“直觉的”；D选项empirical“经验主义的”。根据句意：无论谁提出了宇宙起源的理论，那都只是假设，需要证明。选项B更符合语境。2. 单选题It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. These figures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all, and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic, and social transformations probably much more dramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenberg revolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. The information revolution will touch every fact of composition, publication, distribution, and reading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.1. The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is（ ）.2.The authors biggest concern is（ ）.3.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is（ ）.4.The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry or prose is（ ）.5.About the future of the arts of reading the author feels（ ）.问题1选项A.quite encouragingB.fairly brightC.very impressiveD.rather bleak问题2选项A.the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle classB.the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.C.the musical setting American readers require for readingD.elementary school childrens disinterest in reading classics问题3选项A.their fondness of music and TV programsB.their lack of attentiveness and basic understandingC.their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureD.their inability to focus on conflicting input问题4选项A.to make a fair appraisal of its artistic valueB.to analyze its essential featuresC.to think it over conscientiouslyD.to be able to appreciate it and memorize it问题5选项A.upsetB.uncertainC.alarmedD.pessimistic【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者所描绘的美国人的阅读能力是怎样的？根据原文第一段的首句It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy.（我几乎没有必要列举所有令人沮丧的人们的识字状况）。由此可知，D选项“相当凄凉”符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者最关心的是？根据原文第二段的首句But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading.（但我今天担心的与其说是基本识字这个压倒性的问题，不如说是一个更为奢侈的问题，即美国中产阶层读者阅读技能的衰退，他们不愿意在安静的地方，牺牲难得在家的时间，集中注意力用以读书，而这些与经典阅读行为息息相关），由此可知A选项“中产阶级的阅读能力与阅读行为”符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是：大多数识字青少年最主要的一个问题是？根据原文第二段中的It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of Americas literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception.（有人认为，近80%有文化，受过良好教育的美国青少年，没有背景音乐和闪烁的电视屏幕的陪伴就无法阅读）以及this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration（而这种边阅读边在背景干扰下进行理解的新方法使某些基本的理解和集中行为变得不可能），由此可知，B选项“他们缺乏注意力和基本理解力”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是：作者认为，读者对一篇诗歌或散文表现赞赏的最好方式是？根据第二段倒数第二句let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart.（更不用说人们对他们真正喜欢的诗歌或散文给予的最高评价了，那就是把它记在心里），由此可知D选项“能够欣赏它并记住它”符合题意。5.观点态度题。题目问的是：关于阅读艺术的未来，作者的感觉是怎样的？根据原文最后一段的第一句Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a real one.（在这种情况下，阅读艺术的未来是什么，这确实是一个大问题。）以及最后一句话No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book as weve known it.（在图书界没有人能自信地说他知道未来将会发生什么。）由此可推断，作者认为阅读艺术的未来充满了不确定性，所以选项B正确。3. 单选题I have no idea of fashion, so my choice of clothes seems quite arbitrary.问题1选项A.assertiveB.decisiveC.optionalD.tasteful【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项assertive“肯定的”；B选项decisive“决定性的”；C选项optional“随意的”；D选项tasteful“有品位的”。句意：我对时尚一窍不通，所以我对衣服的选择似乎很随意。划线部分arbitrary是随意的意思。因此C选项正确。4. 单选题The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not（ ）their prospect of promotion.问题1选项A.spurB.furtherC.induceD.reinforce【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项spur“鞭策，刺激”；B选项further“促进，助长”；C选项induce“诱导”；D选项reinforce“加强，巩固”。根据句意：追求享乐对于雇员而言肯定不能促进他们晋升。选项B更符合语境。5. 单选题Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctors office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online “virtual visits” between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 6,000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions. “With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time,” says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies.Doctors arent clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever emailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialog. “We are not stupid,” says Stirling Somers, executive of the Silicon Valley employers group. “Doctors getting paid in a critical piece is getting this to work.” In the pilot program, physicians will get $20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit.Doctors also fear theyll be swamped by rambling e-mails that tell everything but whats needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif-based start-up. Healinxs “Smart Symptom Wizard” questions patents and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face-to-face visit.Can E-mail replace the doctors office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover whats wrong and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctors groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctors visits offer a “very narrow” sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic.The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the internets record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is “a huge roll of the dice for Healinx”, notes Michael Barrett, an analyst at Internet consulting firm Forester Research. If the “Web visits” succeed, expect some HMOS (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients arent satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up is to stand down.1. The Silicon Valley employers promote the E-health program for the purpose of（ ）.2.What can be learned about the on-line doctors visits?3.According to Paragraph 2, doctors are（ ）.4.It can be inferred from the passage that the future of online visits will mostly depend on whether（ ）.问题1选项A.rewarding their employeeB.gratifying the local hospitalsC.boosting worker productivityD.testing a sophisticated technology问题2选项A.They are a quite promising business.B.They are funded by the local government.C.They are welcomed by all the patients.D.They are very much under experimentation.问题3选项A.reluctant to serve online for nothingB.not interested in Web consultationC.too tired to talk to the patients onlineD.content with $20 paid per Web visit问题4选项A.the employers would remain confident in themB.they could effectively replace office visitsC.HMOS would cover the cost of the serviceD.new technologies would be available to improve the E-health project【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第三句hope that online visits will mean employees wont have to skip work to tend to minor ailments or to follow up on chronic conditions.（希望在线访问将意味着员工不必为了照顾小病或慢性病而翘班。），说明电子健康计划的目的是让员工花更多的时间在工作上，提高生产力。因此C选项“提高工人生产力”正确。A选项“奖励他们的员工”，B选项“让当地医院满意”，D选项“测试复杂的技术”均不能说明该计划的目的，所以A，B，D错误。2.推理判断题。A选项“是一个前景很好的行业”，由原文If doctors, employers, and patients arent satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up is to stand down.（如果医生、雇主和病人都不满意，还有一家电子健康计划初创企业将退出。）可知该计划的前景还不明朗，所以A错误。B选项“是由当地政府资助的”，文中没有提及政府资助，所以B错误。C选项“受到所有病人的欢迎”在文中没有提及，所以C错误。D选项“处于实验阶段”，由原文可知并非所有的医生都支持该项目，且在线看病还不能完全替代医院看病，是否能达到预期目的也有待观察，说明该项目还处于实验阶段，所以D选项正确。3.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第二段第一句Doctors arent clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone.（医生们并没有吵着要和病人在网上免费看病，他们花在电话上的无酬时间已经够多了。），说明医生不愿意无偿在线看病。因此A选项“不愿无偿在线看病”正确。B选项“对网络咨询不感兴趣”，由原文可知有9%的人感兴趣，所以B选项错误。C选项“太累了，无法在网上和病人交谈”，在文中没有提及，所以C错误。D选项“满足于每次网上看病的20美元薪酬”，文中没有说到他们满足于这个薪酬，所以D错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到最后一段第一句also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service（该计划还希望确定在线看病是否会提高工人的生产率，足以抵消服务成本），说明只有在线看病能发挥其效果，能够抵消服务成本，即在线看病能替代医院看病时，该项目才有前景。因此B选项“可以有效地替代医院看病”正确。A选项“雇主会对他们保持信心”，C选项“HMOS将支付服务费用”，D选项“将利用新技术改进电子健康项目”均不是项目成功的关键，所以A，C，D错误。6. 单选题Because parts of the continent of South Africa are still covered with thick forests,（ ）to some parts of it is still difficult.问题1选项A.orientationB.voyageC.processionD.access【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项orientation“方向，定向”；B选项voyage“航行”；C选项procession“队伍，行列”；D选项access“通道，入口”。根据句意：由于南非大陆的一些地区仍然覆盖着茂密的森林，进入其中一些地区仍然很困难。表示通往某地的入口用access，所以选项D正确。7. 单选题There are faults which age releases us from, and there are virtues which turn to vices with the lapse of years. The worst of these is thrift, which in early and middle life is wisdom and duty to practice for a provision against destitution. As time goes on this virtue is apt to turn into the ugliest, cruelest, shabbiest of the vices. Then the victim of it finds himself storing past all probable need of saving for himself or those next him, to the deprivation of the remoter kin of the race. In the earlier time when gain was symbolized by gold or silver, the miser had a sensual joy in the touch of his riches, in hearing the coins clink in their fall through his fingers and in gloating upon their increase sensible to the hand and eye. Then the miser had his place among the great figures of misdoing; he was of a dramatic effect, like a murderer or a robber and something of this bad distinction clung to him even when his coins had changed to paper currency, the clean, white notes of the only English bank, or the greenbacks, of our innumerable banks of issue; but when the sense of riches had been transmuted to the balance in his favor at his bankers, or the bonds in his drawer at the safety-deposit vault, all splendor had gone out of his vice. His bad eminence was gone, but he clung to the lust of gain which had ranked him with the picturesque wrong-doers, and which only ruin from without could save him from, unless he gave his remnant of strength to saving himself from it. Most aging men are sensible of all this, but few have the frankness of that aging man who once said that he who died rich died disgraced, and died the other day in the comparative poverty of fifty millions.1. This short passage is mainly to tell that（ ）.2.According to the passage, one is thought vicious when he（ ）.3.The italicized expression “gloating upon” probably means（ ）.4.The words “in the comparative poverty of fifty millions” at the end of the passage suggests a notion that（ ）.问题1选项A.man becomes increasingly greedy when getting oldB.a miser can be honest if he does no wrong actC.age can help convert some virtue into viceD.misers all started from trying to be thrifty问题2选项A.gathers up money at the sacrifice of all his family membersB.practices endless thrifty to guard his people from povertyC.stores continuously for his own and his relatives needsD.saves too much but wouldnt spend it for the necessary问题3选项A.thinking with slight guiltB.seeing with much satisfactionC.touching with great aweD.hearing with little delight问题4选项A.stinginess may cause a very rich man to die very pitifulB.rich people may still take 50 million as comparative littleC.one remains discontent with all he has gained until his deathD.the rich are inconsiderate of the majority that live in poverty【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章的中心句是第一句There are faults which age releases us from, and there are virtues which turn to vices with the lapse of years.（有些缺点会随着年龄的增长而消失，有些美德会随着岁月的流逝而变成恶习。），接着文章以节俭为例说明主题。因此C选项“年龄可以使美德变为邪恶”正确。A选项“人越老越贪婪”和原文随着岁月的流逝节俭变成恶习的意思混淆，所以A错误。B选项“如果守财奴没有做错事，他也可以是诚实的”在文中没有提及，所以B错误。D选项“吝啬鬼都是从努力节俭开始的”是文中的一个细节，不能概括文章主旨，所以D错误。2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第四句Then the victim of it finds himself storing past all probable need of saving for himself or those next him, to the deprivation of the remoter kin of the race.（有这种陋习的人发现他们自己不断地储存，致使其他远亲们一无所获。），说明被视为罪恶的原因是只顾自己积蓄，不帮助其他远亲。因此D选项“储蓄太多，但不愿花在必要的地方”正确。A选项“牺牲所有的家庭成员来攒钱”，B选项“孜孜不倦地节俭以保护他的人民免受贫困”，C选项“不断地储存以满足自己和亲戚的需要”均不是被视为罪恶的原因，所以A，B，C错误。3.语义推测题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第五句In the earlier time when gain was symbolized by gold or silver, the miser had a sensual joy in the touch of his riches, in hearing the coins clink in their fall through his fingers and in gloating upon their increase sensible to the hand and eye.（在早期，财富是以金或银作为象征的，当守财奴接触到自己的财富时，听到硬币从他的手指间叮当作响地掉下时，就会感到一种感官上的快乐，而且还会因为硬币的增加而沾沾自喜。），说明“gloating upon”在这里的意思是满意地看到自己的财富增加。因此B选项“满意地看到”正确。A选项“带着轻微的负罪感思考”，C选项“充满敬畏地触摸”，D选项“听着不太高兴”不符合原文的意思，所以A，C，D错误。4.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章最后一句Most aging men are sensible of all this, but few have the frankness of that aging man who once said that he who died rich died disgraced, and died the other day in the comparative poverty of fifty millions.（大多数上了年纪的人都明白吝啬的下场，但是没几个人像那位老人一样坦率地说过，富人死得并不体面，他死时虽然有五千万的财富，但相对来说，他精神上是十分贫困的。），说明这句话暗示的内容是虽然吝啬的人可能会非常富有，但他们死去时的处境也是很可怜的。因此A选项“吝啬可能会使一个非常富有的人死得很可怜”正确。B选项“富人可能仍然觉得五千万很少”，C选项“一个人直到死前都不满足于他所得到的一切”，D选项“富人不考虑大多数生活在贫困中的人”的说法均太笼统，所以B，C，D错误。8. 单选题With only about 1000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. Thats move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noahs Ark”.Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&Ms College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, says he salutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. Its a worthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and its very much like what were attempting here at Texas A&M to save animals from extinction.”Noahs Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct. Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda, native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit. They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eggs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They will probably have to do several hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a long time and its difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not putting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” adds Kraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something thats never been done, and this is very similar to our work in Noahs Ark. Were both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and theres a lot we can learn from what they are attempting to do. Its a research that is very much needed.”1. The aim of “Noahs Ark” project is to（ ）.2.The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpreted（ ）.3.What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to Professor Kraemer?4.The best title for the passage may be（ ）.问题1选项A.implant embryo into a host animalB.salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasC.save endangered animals from extinctionD.introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit问题2选项A.essentially newB.pioneeringC.evolutionaryD.epoch-making问题3选项A.Lack of available panda eggs.B.Lack of host animals.C.Lack of qualified researchers.D.Lack of funds.问题4选项A.China-the Native Place of Pandas ForeverB.Chinas Efforts to Clone PandasC.Chinas First Cloned PandaD.Exploring the Possibility to Clone Pandas【答案】第1题:C第2题:B第3题:A第4题:B【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“aim”可以定位到文章第三段Noahs Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct. Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.（诺亚方舟的目标是收集濒危动物的卵子、胚胎、精液和DNA，并将它们储存在液氮中。如果某些物种灭绝，克雷默说，未来将会有足够的基本构件来重新引入这个物种。），说明诺亚方舟项目的目标是拯救濒危动物。因此C选项“拯救濒临灭绝的动物”正确。由A选项关键词“implant embryo”可以定位到文章第五段最后一句They are now trying to implant the embryo into a host animal.（他们现在正试图将胚胎植入宿