2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前模拟强化练习题17（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-湖南大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly（ ） if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date.问题1选项A.admiredB.regardedC.expectedD.worshipped【答案】B【解析】动词辨析。句意:在那个国家，假如客人们在宴会前3-4天才收到邀请，他们会觉得主人对他们不够 （ ）。admire:赞美，羡慕; regard:尊重，重视; expect:期望，指望; worship:崇拜，礼拜，爱慕。因此B项符合句意。2. 单选题Foreign disinvestment and the （ ）of South Africa from world capitalmarkets after 1985 further weakened its economy.问题1选项A.displacementB.eliminationC.exclusionD.exception【答案】C【解析】名词辨析。句意:1985以后，外资撤资以及世界资本市场的 （ ）使南非经济进一步削弱。displacement 代替; Elimination 剔除, 消除，消灭; Exclusion 排斥; Exception 例外。3. 翻译题从我1992年第一次到中国访问至今，中国经历了巨大的变化。中国经济的发展和 开放可以被视为20世纪末至21世纪初最令人激动和振奋的事。在这期间，中国接受了 与其自身经济发展状况相适应的条件后成功地加入了世界贸易组织，并根据入世协议的 规定逐步地开放市场。家乐福集团曾一直在欧盟内坚决支持中国加入世界贸易组织。中 国不仅已成为跨国公司全球业务发展的重要组成部分，而且越来越成为众多国际性大企业业务发展的首选。中国正在逐步发展成为新的世界制造业基地。同时中国也迅速地由 一个潜在的巨大消费市场变成一个真正的快速发展的大市场。随着中国制造业领域成功 地引进大量外资，如何进一步开放和发展服务业，以配合经济发展，特别是充分满足收入日益增长的广大消费者和多样化的世界消费市场的需要，已成为确保中国经济能够保持持续快速稳定发展的关键。不仅如此，面对农业规模化和集约化的不断发展以及人口增长所带来的巨大就业压力，如何促进服务业的发展，正成为中国政府制定和实施宏观经济政策的一个重要课题。【答案】Since I first visited to China in 1992, great changes have taken place here. Since China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, the international community witnessed Chinese economic growth which has been recognized as the most inspiring matter from the end of 20th century to the early of 21st century. Boosting economic growth on basis of its national conditions, China was entitled to enter into the World Trade Organization，and gradually opened its markets under Chinas accession agreement with the WTO. Carrefour has always been supporting China to join WTO. Now more and more multi-national enterprises describe China as a priority in their foreign investment policies. So China will emerge as new manufacturing base in the world and is undergoing the transformation from tremendously potential consumer market into rapidly grown, big one. As manufacturing industry successfully attracted a large number of foreign capital, it has become the crucial factor for China to maintain sustained, rapid and healthy economic growth by accelerating service industry development, which will keep up with the rate of economic growth, particularly which will meet the peoples multifarious material and cultural needs and demands of diversified worlds consumer market. At the same time, while formulating and implementing macroeconomic policy, Chinese government must take into consideration the major issue how to promote services industry advancement in face of huge pressure from expansion of scale and intensification of agriculture as well as overpopulation.4. 翻译题学习这两个字是由孔夫子首先讲的，他是一个伟大的教育家。他自己学习十 分努力，又有了多年的教学经验，总结了那么一句话：“学而时习之，不亦说（悦）乎？” 意思是说，学了一些东西，经常温习它，不是很快乐的事情吗？这是学习”一词的来源。任何人要获得新知识，途径只有一条，那便是“学”，向具有这门知识的人学， 向记有这门知识的书本学，但是学了，懂得了，却不等于掌握了这门知识。要使它成为 自己的东西，就必须“习”。只有经常温习，才能记得住，记得牢。【答案】The two characters “xue” and “xi” were first used by Chinas Confucius, who was a great educator. Studying hard himself, and having many years experience of teaching, he summed up the question in one sentence which goes “Isnt it enjoyable to learn something and to review it often?” And thats the origin of the word “xuexi”.There is only one way for anyone to acquire new knowledge, and thats “learning” that one can learn knowledge from someone who is good at it or read any books that contains relative information. Having learned and knew the knowledge, however, doesnt mean the one has acquired them you often review the knowledge. Therefore, one must review it to turn it into something of his own.5. 单选题We had been wanting to expand our childrens horizons by taking them to a place that was unlike anything wed been exposed to during our travels in Europe and the United States. In thinking about what was possible from Geneva where we are based, we decided on a trip to Istanbul, a two-hour plane ride from Zurich.We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones, perhaps to New Delhi or Bangkok later this year, but thought our 11- and 13-year-olds needed a first step away from manicured boulevards and pristine monumentsWhat we didnt foresee was the reaction of friends, who warned that we were putting our children “in danger” referring vaguely, and most incorrectly, to disease, terrorism or just the unknown. To help us get acquainted with the peculiarities of Istanbul and to give our children a chance to choose what they were particularly interested in seeing, we bought an excellent guidebook and read it thoroughly before leaving. Friendly warnings didnt change our planning, although we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Departments list of trouble spots. We didnt see a lot of children among the foreign visitors during our six-day stay in Istanbul, but we found the tourist areas quite safe, very interesting and varied enough even to suit our son, whose oft-repeated request is that we not see every single church and museum in a given city.Vaccinations werent needed for the city, but we were concerned about adapting to the water for a short stay. So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth, a precaution that may seem excessive, but we all stayed healthy. Taking the advice of a friend, we booked a hotel a 20-minute walk from most of Istanbuls major tourist sites. This not only got us some morning exercise, strolling over the Karakoy Bridge, but took us past a colorful assortment of fishermen, vendors and shoe shiners. From a teenager and pre-teens view, Istanbul street life is fascinating since almost everything can be bought outdoors. They were at a good age to spend time wandering the labyrinth of the Spice Bazaar, where shops display mounds of pungent herbs in sacks. Doing this with younger children would be harder simply because the streets are so packed with people; it would be easy to get lost.For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one. They also learned to figure out the relative value of the Turkish lira, not a small matter with its many zeros.Being exposed to Islam was an important part of our trip. Visiting the mosques, especially the enormous Blue Mosque, was our first glimpse into how this major religion is practiced. Our childrens curiosity already had been piqued by the five daily calls to prayer over loudspeakers in every comer of the city, and the scarves covering the heads of many women. Navigating meals can be troublesome with children, but a kebab, bought on the street or in restaurants, was unfailingly popular. Since we had decided this trip was not for gourmets, kebabs spared us the agony of trying to find a restaurant each day that would suit the adults desire to try something new amid childrens insistence that the food be served immediately. Gradually, we branched out to try some other Turkish specialties. Although our son had studied Islam briefly, it is impossible to be prepared for every awkward question that might come up, such as during our visits to the Topkapi Sarayi, the Ottoman Sultans palace. No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide. Next time, we resolved to make such arrangements in advance.On this trip, we wandered through the magnificent complex, with its imperial treasures, its courtyards and its harem. The last required a bit of explanation that we would have happily left to a learned third party.1.The family have seen or visited all the following in Istanbul EXCEPT （ ）.2.Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?3.We learn from the couples shopping experience back home that（ ） .4.The couple chose Istanbul as their holiday destination mainly because（ ） .5. The last two paragraphs suggest that to visit places of interest in Istanbul, （ ）.问题1选项A.religious prayersB.historical buildingsC.local-style marketsD.shopping mall boutiques问题2选项A.The family found the city was exactly what they had expectedB.Their friends were opposed to their holiday planC.They could have been more cautious about bringing kids alongD.They were a bit cautious about the quality of water in the city问题3选项A.they were used to bargaining over priceB.they preferred to buy things outdoorsC.street markets were their favoriteD.they preferred fashion and brand names问题4选项A.the city is not too far away from where they livedB.the city is not on the list of the U.S. State DepartmentC.the city is between the familiar and the exoticD.the city is more familiar than exotic问题5选项A.guidebooks are very usefulB.a professional guide is a mustC.one has to be prepared for questionsD.one has to make arrangements in advance【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:D第4题:C第5题:B【解析】1.细节题。第五段指出：For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques：对于我们两人来说，我们购物经历就是商场和大型购物中心的精品店(国内购物的去处)。故选D。2.细节题。第三段指出：.who warned that we were putting our children “in danger” referring vaguely, and most incorrectly：警告我们正把孩子置于危险之地，这不明智。由此得出B:朋友反对他们的旅行计划，是正确的。.we might have more prudently checked with the U.S. State Departments list of trouble spots：我们会更谨慎地核实国务院所列举的不安全地区的名册。由此得出C:单独带孩子时他们会更加谨慎，是正确的。 第四段：So we used bottled water for drinking and brushing our teeth.:我们用矿泉水刷牙，用矿泉水作为饮用水。由此得出D: 他们对该城市的饮用水质量十分小心，是正确的。故A项:这个家庭发现这个城市与他们所想象的一致, 不正确。3.推断题。第五段指出：For our two, whose buying experience consisted of department stores and shopping mall boutiques, it was amazing to discover that you could bargain over price and perhaps end up with two of something for the price of one.对于我们两人来说，我们购物经历就是商场和大型购物中心的精品店。你会惊奇地发现你可以砍价，或许最后可以买一送一的优惠。因此推断D项(他们喜欢时尚与品牌)正确。4.细节题。第二段：We envisioned the trip as a prelude to more exotic ones：我们把此次旅行视为奇妙之旅的前奏。因此推断C项(城市兼具熟悉感与充满异域风情)正确。5.推断题。第六段指出：No guides were available so it was do-it-yourself, using our guidebook, which cheated us of a lot of interesting history and anecdotes that a professional guide could provide (没有指南，只能依靠我们自己。使用的旅行指导，让我们有种受骗的感觉。因为上面所列举的趣味历史和奇闻轶事，专业导游能讲述)。因此推断B项有专业导游很有必要, 是正确的。6. 单选题When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i, e, in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work. In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledgethat is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseenis likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shall like all its results or that all will be gainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course or process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one. Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier that if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movements sake, for it is in theprocess of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.1.Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?2.Progress, in the view of the writer（ ）,3.When considering the search for knowledge,（ ） .4.Progress, according to this argument,（ ） .5.The author suggests that （ ）.问题1选项A.Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.B.Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.C.Progress may or may not lead to a better world.D.Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom问题2选项A.involves the development of the human intellectB.is closely related to social development and evolutionC.is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesD.always remunerates everyone relatively equally问题3选项A.we should aim at solving specific problemsB.we should produce useful resultsC.we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledgeD.science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems问题4选项A.unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceB.facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionC.involves the achievement of measurable goalsD.is an inevitable movement forward问题5选项A.past achievements are less important than future aspirationsB.historys successes demonstrate change in knowledgeC.striving without achieving goals is wasted effortD.movement for movements sake is pointless【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实。第一段指出: As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable(对于进步在于发现未知事物，其后果必然是不可预测的),故选C。2.细节事实。第一段第四行: It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect,( 把进步看作是人类智力的形成和改变的过程，这更为准确)。故选A:作者认为进步是人类智力的发展。3.判断推理。从第二段倒数第三行: But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time (如果我们把自己局限于为现在可见的目标而奋斗，如果新的问题不是一直出现的话，我们的努力很快就会结束)，可推测出该答案。4.归纳推理。文章中第三段第三行: And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course or process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one (既然我们的愿望和目标在过程或过程中也会发生变化，那么这一声明是否有明确的定义，即进步所创造的新形势是一种更好的状态，这一点是值得怀疑的)。5.细节事实。最后一段: What matters is the successful striving for what at each moment seems attainable (重要的是成功地争取每一个时刻都能达到的目标)。故选A: 过去的成就不如未来的抱负重要。7. 单选题Corporations and labor unions have（ ） great benefits upon their employees and members as well as upon the general public.问题1选项A.conferredB.grantedC.flungD.submitted【答案】A【解析】动词辨析。句意:公司和工会已经给它们的员工、会员以及大众 了许多的福利。confer:授予（称号、学位、权力等），赋予;grant:同意，承认，准予;flungifling的过去分词，挥动，猛冲; submit提交，服从，呈递。8. 单选题The priest made the of the（ ） cross when he entered the church.问题1选项A.markB.signalC.signD.gesture【答案】C【解析】固定搭配。句意: 牧师进入教堂之前比划了一个十字。Sign of the cross为固定搭配，意为“十字架”, mark 标记,记号; signal信号; gesture手势, make a gesture做手势；摆.姿态, 但是通常不和the cross连用。故选C。9. 单选题The scientists have made an （ ）study of the viruses that cause the disease.问题1选项A.exhaustedB.exhaustingC.exhaustiveD.exhaustion【答案】C【解析】形近词辨析。句意: 科学家对引起该疾病的病毒进行 （ ）研究。Exhausted 精疲力竭的，耗尽的，用完的；exhausting使筋疲力尽的, 使耗尽的; exhaustive详尽的，彻底的; exhaustion枯竭，耗尽。因此C项exhaustive符合句意。10. 单选题Why the inductive and mathematical sciences, after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization, advanced so slowly for two thousand years-and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated, which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times-are questions which have interested the modernm philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant. Was it the employment of a new method of research, or in the exercise of greater virtue in the use of the old methods, that this singular modernm phenomenon had its origin? Was the long period one of arrested development, and is the modernm era one of normal growth? Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so-called historical accidents-to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible, save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence?The explanation which has become commonplace, that the ancients employed deduction chiefly in their scientific inquiries, while the modernms employ induction, proves to be too narrow, and fails upon close examination to point with sufficient distinctness the contrast that is evident between ancient and modernm scientific doctrines and inquiries. For all knowledge is founded on observation, and proceeds from this by analysis, by synthesis and analysis, by induction and deduction, and if possible by verification, or by new appeals to observation under the guidance of deduction-by steps which are indeed correlative parts of one method; and the ancient sciences afford examples of every one of these methods, or parts of one method, which have been generalized from the examples of science.A failure to employ or to employ adequately any one of these partial methods, an imperfection in the arts and resources of observation and experiment, carelessness in observation, neglect of relevant facts, by appeal to experiment and observation-these are the faults which cause all failures to ascertain truth, whether among the ancients or the modernms; but this statement does not explain why the modernm is possessed of a greater virtue, and by what means he attained his superiority. Much less does it explain the sudden growth of science in recent times.The attempt to discover the explanation of this phenomenon in the antithesis of “”facts” and “theories” or “facts” and “”ideas”n-in th