2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第13期

2022年考博英语-首都师范大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题It is a(n) （ ）that the French eat so much rich food and yet have a relatively low rate of heart disease.问题1选项A.analogyB.paradoxC.correlationD.illusion【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。 analogy “类比”；paradox“悖论，反论”；correlation “相关，关联”；illusion “幻觉，错觉”。句意：法国人吃很多油腻的东西，但心脏病的发病率却比较低，这是一种很矛盾的现象。根据前后句句意及yet表转折可知，B项符合句意，答案B。2. 单选题All the students have to （ ）to the rules and regulations of the school.问题1选项A.confirmB.confrontC.confineD.conform【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。confirm 证实，确认，批准； confront面对，遭遇；confine限制，禁闭；conform遵从，顺从，符合 ；conform to 遵守。句意：所有学生必须遵守学校的规章制度。只有D项符合句意，答案D。3. 单选题Most people would probably agree that many individual consumer adverts function on the level of the daydream. By picturing quite unusually happy and glamorous people whose success in either career or sexual terms, or both, is obvious, adverts construct an imaginary world in which the reader is able to make come true those desires which remain unsatisfied in his or her everyday life.An advert for a science fiction magazine is unusually explicit about this. In addition to the primary use value of the magazine, the reader is promised access to a wonderful universe through the productaccess to other mysterious and tantalizing worlds and epochs, the realms of the imagination. When studying advertising, it is therefore unreasonable to expect readers to decipher adverts as factual statements about reality. Most adverts are just too meager in informative content and too rich in emotional suggestive detail to be read literally. If people read them literally, they would soon be forced to realize their error when the glamorous promises held out by the adverts didnt materialize.The average consumer is not surprised that his purchase of the commodity does not redeem the promise of the advertisement, for this is what he is used to in life: the individuals pursuit of happiness and success is usually in vain. But the fantasy is his to keep; in his dream world he enjoys a “future endlessly deferred”.The Estivalia advert is quite explicit about the fact that advertising shows us not reality, but a fantasy; it does so by openly admitting the daydream but in a way that insists on the existence of a bridge linking daydream to realityEstivalia, which is “for daydream believers”, those who refuse to give up trying to make the hazy ideal of natural beauty and harmony come true.If adverts function on the daydream level, it clearly becomes inadequate to merelycondemn advertising for channeling readers attention and desires towards an unrealistic, paradisiacal nowhere land. Advertising certainly does that, but in order for people to find it relevant, the utopia visualized in adverts must be linked to our surrounding reality by a casual connection.1.The people in adverts are in most cases are（ ）.2.When the glamorous promises held out by the adverts didnt materialize, the average consumer is not surprised, because（ ）.3.Whats the bridge linking daydream to reality in adverts?4.What is this passage mainly concerned with?问题1选项A.happy and glamorousB.successfulC.obviousD.both A and B问题2选项A.The consumer is used to the fact that the individuals pursuit of happiness and success is usually in vain.B.Adverts are factual statements about reality.C.The consumer can come into the realms of imagination pictured by adverts.D.Adverts can make the consumers dreams come true问题3选项A.The product.B.Estivalia.C.Pictures.D.Happy and glamorous people问题4选项A.Many adverts can be read literally.B.Everyone has a daydream.C.Many adverts function on the level of the daydream.D.Many adverts are deceitful because they cannot make good their promises.【答案】第1题:D第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。根据第一段中“By picturing quite unusually happy and glamorous people whose success in either career or sexual terms, or both, is obvious, adverts construct an imaginary world in which the reader is able to make come true those desires which remain unsatisfied in his or her everyday life. 广告通过描绘非常快乐和迷人的在事业或性方面的成功是显而易见的，广告构建了一个想象的世界，在这个世界里，读者能够使那些在他或她的日常生活中仍未得到满足的愿望成为现实。可知大多数广告里的人们都是表现得快乐和迷人，并且成功的。故D项正确。第2题:细节事实题。由第三段“.for this is what he is used to in life: the individuals pursuit of happiness and success is usually in vain. 这就是他过去所习惯的生活追求个人幸福和成功通常是徒劳的。可知A项正确。答案A第3题:细节事实题。由倒数第二段中“ .it does so by openly admitting the daydream but in a way that insists on the existence of a bridge linking daydream to realityEstivalia. 可知连接白日梦和现实之间的桥梁是Estivalia。故B项正确，答案B第4题:主旨大意题。由第一段中 “Most people would probably agree that many individual consumer adverts function on the level of the daydream. 大多数人可能会同意，许多个人消费者广告的功能在白日梦的水平。”与最后一段“If adverts function on the daydream level. 如果广告在白日梦层面发挥作用。”可知本文主要讲述了大部分广告都有让人做白日梦的功能。故C项正确。4. 翻译题A philosophy of culture begins with the assumption that the world of human culture is not a mere aggregate of loose and detached facts. It seeks to understand these facts as a system as an organic whole. For an empirical or historical view it would seem to be enough to collect the data of human culture. Here we are interested in the breadth of human life. We are engrossed in a study of the particular phenomena in their richness and variety.But a philosophical analysis sets itself a different task. Its starting point and its hypothesis are embodied in the conviction that the varied and seemingly dispersed rays may be gathered together and brought into a common focus.The idea that people can behave naturally, without resorting to an artificial code tacitly agreed upon by their society, is as silly as the idea that they can communicate by a spoken language without commonly accepted semantic and grammatical rules. Like language, a code of manners can be used with more or with less skill for laudable or for evil purposes, to express a great variety of ideas and emotions. In itself, it carries no moral value, but ignorance in use of this tool is not a sign of virtue. Inarticulateness should not be mistaken for guiltlessness.【答案】译文：哲学文化始于这样一种假设上，即人类文明并不仅仅是松散而孤立的事实的累积。哲学试图把现象作为系统的有机整体来解释。译文：但是哲学分析给自己设定了不同的任务。它的研究起点和假设体现在这样一种论断中：即不同的和分散的光线会被聚焦在一起，成为共同的焦点。译文：那种认为人们可以我行我素，无需借助一种全社会都默认的人为制定的规范的想法，就像认为人们可以用一种没有被普遍认可的语法规则的语言来进行交流的想法一样愚昧。译文：就像语言一样，一种行为准则可以用或多或少的技巧来表达各种各样的想法和情感，或用于值得称赞的目的，或用于邪恶的目的。5. 单选题Without the friction between the feet and the ground, people would （ ）be able to walk.问题1选项A.in no timeB.by all meansC.in no wayD.on any account【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。in no time立即，马上；by all means无论如何；in no way 决不； on any account 无论如何。句意：如果脚和地面之间没有摩擦，那么人类不可能会走路。C项符合句意，答案C6. 单选题To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed（ ）and means of packing.问题1选项A.specimensB.inspectionsC.paraphrasesD.specifications【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。specimens 样品，范例；inspections 检查，检阅； paraphrases 释义； specification 规格，参数。句意：为了让您对我们的产品有个大概的了解，我们随函给您附了产品目录，它展示了多种我们所经营的产品，包括详细的规格和包装方法。D项最符合题意，答案D7. 单选题I was awfully tired when I got home from work, but a half hour nap （ ）me.问题1选项A.revivedB.releasedC.relievedD.recovered【答案】A【解析】考查近义词辨析。revive使恢复体力（或精力、活力等）；release释放，发布； relieve缓解，减轻； recover恢复健康。 句意：我下班回家的时候非常累，但睡了半小时后我又有精神了。由but可知前后句为转折关系，前半句提到“非常疲劳”，后半句句意应与之相反，再从“a half hour nap”可推知睡半小时后恢复了体力。故A项正确。答案A8. 翻译题A dynamic view sees the pluses of change as well as the minuses. And it appreciates how new, unforeseen technologies or social changes can solve current problems.By contrast, the environmental movement has been built on crisisContrary to the doomsayers, both past anti present, people have a knack for innovating their way out of crises if they have both the permission and the incentive to do so.We find that people developed petroleum as whale oil became scarce, that farmers turned to drip irrigation as water prices rose, and that drivers bought fuel-efficient cars when gas prices went up.To a large degree, green ideology is not about facts. It is about values, and the environment movement is about enforcing those values through political action.“ Greenpolitics， write British greens Jonathan Porritt and David Winner, “demands a wholly newethic in which violent, plundering human kind abandons its destructive ways, recognizes its dependence on Planet Earth, and starts living on a more equal footing with the rest of nature. The danger lies not only in the odd maverick (意孤行者)polluting factory，industry，or technology, but in the fundamental nature of our economic systems. It is industrialism itself a super-ideology, embraced by the capitalist West which threatens us.【答案】（1）动态的观点既能看到变化的好处，也能看到变化的坏处。它还赞赏新技术或不可预见的社会变革如何能够解决当前的问题。（2）我们发现，当鲸油变得匮乏时，人们开发了石油；当水价上涨时，农民转而采用了滴灌；当油价上涨时，司机们纷纷购买了节能车。（3）在很大程度上，绿色观念是与事实无关的，而是关于价值观的。而环保运动则是通过政治行动实施这些价值观。（4）“绿色政治”，绿色行动者Jonathan Porritt和David Winner写道，“需要一套全新的道德观。在这种道德观的指导下，残忍掠夺成性的人类可以放弃破坏性的方式，认识到自己对地球的依赖，开始和其他生物平等共处”（5）危险不仅仅来自于一意孤行污染环境的工厂、工业或技术，还来自于我们经济体制的基本性质。9. 单选题In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and （ ）in the classroom.问题1选项A.skepticalB.faithfulC.obedientD.subsidiary【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。skeptical怀疑的；faithful忠诚的，尽职的；obedient顺从的，服从的；subsidiary辅助的，附属的。句意：在一些国家，人们期望学生们在课堂上保持安静、顺从听话。由“quiet and” 可推断and之后的词义应与quiet性质一致，故C项符合题意，答案C10. 翻译题很多情况下人们谈话时，总是争着表现自己，这类交谈对双方鲜有裨益。当人们谈话时，不要花时间思考你接着要说什么，而要设法搞懂他们说的是什么，什么样的经历才使他们说了那些话，你从那些话中能学到什么，你对说那些话的人又能了解到什么等等。长辈们成长的世界和你成长的世界迥然不同，那个世界也许你不大了解。他们和来自我国其他地区及其他国家的人们都有重要的观察事物的方法，它们可以丰富你的生活。【答案】In many cases, people in a conversation often strive to reveal oneself, such conversation will have few benefits to each other. During a conversation, dont spend the time thinking about what youre going to say next, instead try to understand what theyre saying, what experience is behind their remarks, what you can learn from them, etc. Older people grow up in a world which is very different from yours, you may not know very well about that world. Both them and people from other parts of our country as well as from other nations, have important ways of looking at things which can enrich your life. 11. 单选题Now that spring is here, you can （ ）these fur coats till you need them again next winter.问题1选项A.put overB.put awayC.put offD.put down【答案】B【解析】考查动词词组辨析。put over “推迟，驶过”；put away “放好，把收好”；put off “推迟，拖延”；put down “放下，记下”。 句意：春天来了，你可以把这些皮外套给收起来，直到来年冬天再拿出来。B项符合句意。答案B12. 单选题Whereas sudden great disasters are instantaneous, others, such as droughts, are（ ）.问题1选项A.cumulativeB.formidableC.eternalD.prospective【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。cumulative累积的，渐增的； formidable可怕的，强大的； eternal永恒的，不朽的； prospective预期的，未来的。句意：尽管突发的大灾难是瞬间的，然而其他灾难，比如干旱却是_。 由whereas表示对比关系可知此空应选与“instantaneous即刻的，即时的”意思相反的词，故A项“累积的”符合题意，答案A13. 单选题Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children （ ）a violent act previously seen on television.问题1选项A.modifyingB.duplicatingC.acceleratingD.stimulating【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。modify “修改，更正”；duplicate “复制”；accelerate“使加快”； stimulate“刺激，鼓舞”。句意：最近，媒体对儿童模仿电视上的暴力行为事件进行了大量报道。B项符合句意，答案B14. 单选题By （ ）computation, he estimated that the repairs on the house would cost him two thousand dollars.问题1选项A.coarseB.rudeC.crudeD.rough【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。coarse “粗糙的”；rude “粗鲁的，无礼的”；crude “粗糙的，天然的”；rough “粗略的，艰苦的”。句意：通过粗略估算，他估计房子的整修将花费两千美元。D项符合句意，答案D15. 单选题The（ ）in Janets character has hindered her from advancement in her career.问题1选项A.weaknessB.meritC.defectD.shortcoming【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。weakness“弱点，嗜好”；defect“不足，缺陷”；shortcoming“缺点，短处”； merit“优点”。句意：詹妮特的性格缺陷阻碍了她事业的进步。由hinder “阻碍”可知性格方面的不足阻碍了她的进步。只有C符合题意。答案C16. 单选题Under this （ ）pressure some of the rocks even became liquid.问题1选项A.intensiveB.weightyC.intenseD.bulky【答案】C【解析】考查形容词辨析。intensive加强的，集中的；weighty重大的，重的； bulky庞大的，笨重的；intense极度的，强烈的，剧烈的。句意：在这种高强度的压力下，一些岩石甚至变成了液体。由“some of the rocks even became liquid”可知岩石受到了极大的压力，故答案C17. 单选题You cannot be （ ）careful when you drive a car.问题1选项A.veryB.soC.tooD.enough【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。can not too“再.也不为过”。句意：开车时你再怎么小心也不为过。答案C18. 单选题These varied racial groups have learned to live together in peace and（ ），setting an example well worth following.问题1选项A.harmonyB.graceC.rhythmD.relief【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。harmony和睦，融洽； grace 优雅；rhythm 节奏，韵律；relief救济，减轻； peace and harmony和谐和平，是固定搭配。句意：这些不同的种族群体已学会和平共处地生活在一起，树立了值得学习的榜样。答案A19. 单选题Alone in the deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt（ ） lonely.问题1选项A.nothing butB.anything butC.all butD.everything but【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。 nothing but只有，只不过； anything but根本不，决不；all but几乎，差不多。句意：虽然他独自待在一个荒芜的房子里，但他忙于他的研究工作以至于他一点也不感到孤独。由“he was so busy with his research work”可知，他忙于研究，一点也不觉得孤独。答案B20. 单选题When you take medicine, be careful not to （ ）that amount printed on the bottle.问题1选项A.surpassB.substituteC.exceedD.overcome【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。surpass “超过，优于”；substitute “代用品，替代者”；exceed “超过”； overcome“克服（困难）”。句意：吃药的时候注意不要超过瓶子上写的剂量。答案C