2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第77期

2022年考博英语-对外经济贸易大学考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题If you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U.S. economy had become “very distorted”. In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force” was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,” increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas” was a central theme of John Edwardss 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender ofthe free market, and (at least until recently) the nations foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U.S. consumer” or “the UK consumer”，or indeed the “Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”，the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modem economy Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions particularly the explosion of subprime credit helped mask the risk of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multibillion-dollar bailout and Wall Streets swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider and not unreasonable fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.1.According to the passage, the U.S. economy （ ）.2.Which of the following statements about todays super-elite would the passage support?3.What can be said of modem technological innovations?4.The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath（ ）.5.The primary purpose of the passage is to（ ）.问题1选项A.fares quite wellB.has completely recovered from the economic recessionC.has its own problemsD.is lagging behind other industrial economies.问题2选项A.Todays plutocrats are the hereditary elite.B.Todays super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselves.C.They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competition.D.They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality.问题3选项A.They have lifted many people into the middle classB.They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-richC.They have led to a rise of income inequality.D.They have benefited the general public.问题4选项A.have compromised the rich with the non-richB.have enriched the plutocratic eliteC.have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD.have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich问题5选项A.present the financial imbalance in the U.S.B.display sympathy for the working classC.criticize the super-elite of the United StatesD.appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U.S.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:C第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“the U.S. economy had becomevery distorted”美国经济变得“非常扭曲”，第二段中“the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.”经济不平等的增长是一场全国性的危机，某些事情已非常糟糕，可知美国经济存在问题，因此选C。2.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“And this, in turn, has led to wider and not unreasonable fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.”这个反过来导致更广泛且合理的担心，即我们不仅生活在一个一个富人经济学中，而且还生活在一个富豪统治中，在这其中，富人显示巨大的政治影响力、 狭隘自私的动机。因此D选项“他们担心不断上升的收入不平等所带来的社会和政治影响”符合题意。3.推理判断题。根据文章第五段中“Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few.”在经济衰退之前，人们很容易忽视财富集中在少数精英阶层身上，因此C选项“他们导致收入不平等的上升”符合题意。4.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.”可知美国贫富差距巨大，经融危机让美国人意识到富人具有太多的权利，因此选C。5.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了美国经济发展的呈两种分化趋势，存在的问题，以及富人和穷人之间的差距，因此A选项“介绍美国金融失衡”符合题意。2. 翻译题Translate the following into English.有些人把读书当作疲劳工作中的一种休息，并不是读一本书就预先想定读它要派何种用场，即“不为什么而读”。但日积月累，确实可以长知识、广见闻、有效益。经过长期积累目前中国己成为全球第二大经济体和全球第一贸易大囯、全球第一外汇储备国，具备了对外输出资本的实力。【答案】Some people regard reading as a kind of rest during tiring work，and they have no idea of practical use for the books they are to read, i.e. they “read for no purpose” at all. But gradually one can benefit from reading, expanding their knowledge.China has become the second largest economy, the first trading power as well as thefirst foreign exchange reserves in the world and had the strength of outputting capital external after a long terms accumulation.3. 翻译题Translate the following into English20年来，中国从工业化、城镇化加快发展的国情出发，不断丰富可持续发展的内涵，积极应对国内外环境的复杂变化和一系列重大挑战，实现了经济平稳较快发展、人民生活显 著改善，在控制人口总量、提高人口素质、节约资源和保护环境等方面取得了积极进展。 同时，作为一个发展中国家，中国人口众多、生态脆弱、人均资源占有不足，人均国内生产总值尚排在全球百位左右，仍有1.22亿贫困人口，资源环境对经济发展的约束增强，区域发展不平衡问题突出，科技创新能力不强，改善民生的任务十分艰巨。【答案】Over the past 20 years, China, based on its national conditions of being in the accelerated industrialization and urbanization processes, has enriched the connotations of sustainable development, actively responded to the complex changes in the environment at home and abroad and a series of major challenges, and achieved steady and rapid economic development, higher peoples living standards, and remarkable progress in population control, population quality improvement, resources conservation and environmental protection. On the other hand, as a developing country with a large population, China is faced with ecological fragility and inadequate per capita resources. Its per capita gross domestic product (GDP) is still ranked about 100th in the world and there are still 122 million people living in poverty. Moreover, given the severe resources and environment constrains on economic development, pronounced uneven development among regions, and weak scientific and technological innovation capacities, China still faces and arduous task of improving peoples livelihood.4. 问答题This competition is good for the overall development of Chinas long-monopolizing banking Aindustry and is expected to intensify by the end of the year or early next year as more private B C Dbanks are established.【答案】试题答案：A; monopolized【解析】考查非谓语动词。banking industry与monopolize的关系是被动的，故用其过去分词做定语修饰。5. 填空题During the past ten or fifteen years a great deal of attention has been（1）to “telling it like it is,” “or “letting it all hang out.” My impression is that this overzealous devotion to speaking ones mind has more often led to hurt feelings and ruined relationships than to great joy and fulfillment.I think we generally agree that never expressing real feelings and repressing all less-than-lovely thoughts about each other（2） leads to constructive communication. Its a great relief to allow ourselves the luxury of acknowledging our human frailties and pursuing more honest relationships with others. But we need to strike a（3） between telling it all and telling nothing.Recently I received a letter from a mother who had been persuaded by her troubled twenty-five-year-old son to attend a weekend marathon with him. Under pressure from the group, her defenses collapsed and she heard herself telling her son for the first time that he had been an accidentthat she hadnt been planning to have a child. He in（4 ） told her that he couldnt recall a single day in his childhood that hed been happy.“At that time,” this woman wrote，“it seemed helpful. We cried and we made（5） ; I thought telling the truth had been good for us. But the trouble is, it wasnt the whole truth. By the time Tommy was born I did want him, and at（6） he was happy. Ever since that day, weve both been haunted by some terrible feelings we shared.” I must admit that Ive come to the conclusion that some things are better left unsaid. Honesty is a fine policy as（7） as we know what the truth really is but most of the time we dont. Its a fine goal to encourage children to express their real feelings. And many marriages have been saved by an open confrontation of deep and painful misunderstandings. But we need a new sense of balance. Disclosure is not a panacea for every problem（8） even an end in itself. Its useful and freeing under some circumstances and terribly hurtful and damaging under others.Its a good idea, I think, to（9） your tongue for ten or fifteen minutes before saying whats（10）your mind. Try to decide whether its going to open up new and better avenues of communication or leave wounds that may never heal.【答案】1.考查固定搭配。attention一般与give相搭配，此处表示被动，用被动语态given。试题答案：given2.考查上下文语义。此处表示从不表达真实的感情很取得有效的沟通，故用否定形式hardly，意为“几乎不”。试题答案：hardly3.考查上下文语义。此句意为：但我们需要在说出这一切和什么都不说之间取得平衡。strike a balance意为“达成平衡，调和折衷”。试题答案：balance4.考查介词搭配。in turn意为“反过来”。试题答案：turn5.考查固定搭配。make up意为“和解，和好”。试题答案：up6.考查固定搭配。at times意为“有时”。试题答案：times7.考查固定搭配。as long as意为“只要”。试题答案：long8.考查固定搭配。nor意为“也不”，not.nor意为“不也不”，表示否定两者。试题答案：nor9.考查固定搭配。bite ones tongue意为“忍住不说话”。试题答案：bite10.考查固定搭配。on ones mind意为“使人担心，惦记”。试题答案：on6. 单选题It is not uncommon for close synonyms to be understood to share the same meaning. The difference between words like “hard” and difficult, for example, goes tragically unnoticed. One may employ one or the other with complete indifference, postulating no discrepancy between them. In general this is well and good; most people lack the scrupulous pedanticalness to quibble over such trifles. Nevertheless, for those of us with ample compulsiveness (and time), it is of significant value to comprehend such nuances.Take for example the following sentences: 1) The test was hard. 2) The test was difficult. Is the difference between these synonyms readily apparent? Is there a noticeable difference between them at all? Indeed, these questions are valid and warrant answer. For, what would be the point to having multiple words with the exact same meaning? No, that would be superfluous; the English language being far too economical. While many close synonyms share similar, if not the same, dictionary definitions, the feeling, or mood, they convey is utterly singular. Although a dictionary can provide information about word meanings, pronunciations, etymologies, inflected forms, derived forms, et cetera, it cannot communicate how it feels to use a word.So, if there is indeed a difference between words like hard and “difficult”，what is it? To begin, hard is pragmatic and realistic, firmly grounded in reality. It is a utilitarian word that gets the job done and doesnt apologize for its brusque, uncouth nature. On the other hand, difficult” is eloquent and refined. It is civilized, willing to expend the effort necessary to appear urbane. Why, the mere difference in sonic quality between them is striking enough. “Hard” makes a quick, unassuming sound, having but a single syllable (voiced under certain inflections, it can even come across as harsh), while difficult is more lengthy and melodic, its number of syllables totaling three times that of its counterpart. Furthermore, hard is more likely to be used in casual, informal circumstances, or to communicate an idea on the go or simply to get it out as the sayings go. It is used without pretense, and does not maintain a feeling of being overly concerned. In terms of daily usage, hard may be employed by an exhausted brick mason when posed with the question, How was your day? Conversely, difficult” may be used by a military general upon explaining to his or her superior the progression of a particularly taxing campaign. Similar to hard and difficult, the words weird and strange too are close synonyms, and may seemingly be used interchangeably. Take for instance the following sentences: 1) Sea monkeys are weird. 2) Sea monkeys are strange. Contrary to popular belief, these sentences are not tautologous. So how do they differ? Their dictionary definitions are nearly identical, so the difference does not lie there. Rather, the difference involves the feeling, or mood, that these words convey. Notice that while weird and strange both have but one syllable, the latter has a remarkably distinguished feel.Similar to hard, weird conveys a more basic, a more crude, sentiment. Something weird is crass or gross, and is typically undesirable. No one wants to be associated with something weird. If trying to impress someone, one probably doesnt want to be categorized among the weird. On the other hand, if something is labeled as strange, it is not necessarily bad. Rather, something strange is simply abnormal, or unusual a deviation from what is expected. This distinction between weird and strange is so pronounced that the latter can be used as a euphemism for the former in certain situations. For example, notice how a simple substitution is able to make the following sentence less offensive: Your mothers cookies taste weird compared to “Your mothers cookies taste strange. In the former sentence, the speaker sounds as though he or she is insulting your mothers cookies, stating that they taste bad. In the latter sentence, however, the speaker sounds as though the cookies simply taste different, or unusual, compared to what he or she is used to the difference owing to the innocuous addition of too much flour, perhaps.Finally, lets look at the synonyms, happy and glad. As in the aforementioned cases, these words seem to have little or no discernible difference between them. Take for example the following sentences: 1) Tommy is happy because he got a new bike. 2) Tommy is glad because he got a new bike. Most understand these sentences to have the same meaning. And again, upon consulting a dictionary, one will find highly similar, if not the same, definitions. But these definitions lack the feeling, the unique emotional charge that these words convey. The word “happy” conveys a sense of levity, or a carefree attitude. The thought of someone who is “happy” conjures the image of a bright-eyed, ruddy, smiling face. One is “happy” on the morning of his birthday, discovering a new puppy bounding into his bedroom. On the other hand, the word “glad” conjures the image of a man standing crossed-armed, nodding gently. A stoic grin crossing his face. One is “glad” when he sees that the childs lost puppy has been found, and was merely frolicking too far from home.Granted, the notion that close synonyms can be used interchangeably is prevalent among English speakers. And alas, the dictionary the text purported to be responsible for clarifying such issues is of little assistance. In the end, it is left to us, the speakers of the language, those actively responsible for maintaining its sustenance and generation, to understand how these words make us feel and what mood we are inclined to attach to them. Using the examples and insights described above, one may come to recognize these subtle, yet crucial, differences.1.What is the thesis statement in this passage?2.As used in paragraph 1, what is most likely meant by “scrupulous pedanticalness”？3.As used in paragraph 2, which of the following best describes something that is superfluous?4.In paragraph 3, the author writes: To begin, hard is pragmatic and realistic, firmly grounded in reality. It is a utilitarian word that gets the job done and doesnt apologize for its brusque, uncouth nature. On the other hand, difficult is eloquent and refined. It is civilized, willing to expend the effort necessary to appear urbane. Which of the following literary devices is used in this quotation?5.With respect to the way in which close synonyms are commonly understood, the authors tone can best be described as （ ）.问题1选项A.It is not uncommon for close synonyms to be believed to share the same meaning. (paragraph 1)B.However, for those of us with ample compulsiveness (and time), it is of significant value to comprehend such nuances. (paragraph 1)C.While many close synonyms share similar, if not the same, dictionary definitions, the feeling, or mood, they convey is utterly singular. (paragraph 2)D.Although a dictionary can provide information about word meanings, pronunciations, etymologies, inflected forms, derived forms, et cetera, it cannot communicate the energy of a word, (paragraph 2)E.In the end, it is left to us, the speakers of the language, those actively responsible for maintaining its sustenance and generation, to understand how these words make us feel and what mood we are inclined to attach to them. (paragraph 6)问题2选项A.mild curiosityB.wry skepticism ofC.passionate indignationD.stubborn reluctanceE.excessive concern问题3选项A.Yoko expects to have six dinner guests, so she sets the table with six places. On the side, however, she keeps another two places just in case her guests bring friends.B.The instructions say to fill the tires with 35-38 pounds per square inch of air, but Michele fills them with 40 pounds per square inch because they are old and tend to leak.C.Manufacture of Model 24A had been scheduled to begin on May 8. However, creditors failed to forward much needed monetary advancements, delaying the start of production until May 10.D.The passing of singer - songwriter Jonathan Orion Davis left thousands, if not millions, in mourning. This was reflected by the astounding number of roses placed on his open coffin: a veritable mountain that had to be relocated because those paying their respects could no longer view the deceased.E.Lavished with critical acclaim, the publication was slated to generate tremendous revenue in sales. Unfortunately, demand had been overestim