2022年考博英语-燕山大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第118期

2022年考博英语-燕山大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题Some women _ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.问题1选项A.must makeB.should have madeC.would makeD.could have made【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：有些妇女本可以在工作中获得高薪而不是呆在家里，但她们为了家庭而决定不工作。must do“必须做某事”；should have done“过去本应该做某事却未做”；would do“过去将会做某事”；could have done“过去本能够做某事却未做”。根据语境，这里指的是过去本可以工作却没有去工作，D选项could have made符合题意。因此D选项正确。2. 单选题Until the 1980s, the American homeless population comprised mainly older males. Today, homelessness strikes much younger part of society. In fact, a 25-city survey by the U.S. Conference of Mayors in 1987 found that families with children make up the fastest growing part of the homeless population. Many homeless children gather in inner cities; this transient (变化无常的) and frequently frightened student population creates additional problemsboth legal and educationalfor already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers.Estimates of the number of homeless Americans range from 350,000 to three million. Likewise, estimates of the number of homeless school children vary radically. A U.S. Department of Education report, based on state estimates, states that there are 220,000 homeless school-age children, about a third of whom do not attend school on a regular basis. But the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children, and that less than half of them attend school regularly.One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists of the “throwaway” youths who have been cast of their homes. The Elementary School Center in New York City estimates that there are 1.5 million of them, many of whom are not counted as children because they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themselves on the streets.Federal law, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a section that addresses the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions of the McKinney Act are based on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education.1. It is implied in the first paragraph that _.2. The National Coalition for the Homeless believes that the number of homeless children is _.3. One part of the homeless population is difficult to estimate. The reason might well be _.4. The McKinney Act is mentioned in this passage in order to show that _.5. The passage mainly deals with _.问题1选项A.there is a serious shortage of academic facilities.B.homeless children are denied the opportunity of receiving free education.C.the writer himself is homeless, even in his eighties.D.many older homeless residents are going on strike in 25 cities.问题2选项A.440,000B.110,000C.350,000D.1,500,000问题3选项A.the homeless children usually stay outside schoolB.some homeless children are deserted by their familiesC.the homeless children are too young be counted as childrenD.the homeless population is growing rapidly问题4选项A.the address of grade school children should be locatedB.all homeless people are entitled to free educationC.the educational problems of homeless children are being recognizedD.the estimates on homeless children are hard to determine问题5选项A.the social status of older malesB.estimates on the homeless populationC.the legal problems of the homeless childrenD.the educational problems of homeless children【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:D【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句this transient and frequently frightened student population creates additional problemsboth legal and educationalfor already overburdened urban school administrators and teachers.（这些四处流浪、饱受惊吓的学生群体给已经不堪重负的城市教学和教学管理带来了法律和教育方面的额外麻烦。），可知第一段表达的是城市教学负担不起那么多学生，A选项“教学设施严重短缺”正确。B选项“无家可归的孩子被剥夺了接受免费教育的机会”，C选项“即使到了八十多岁，作者自己依然无家可归”和D选项“许多无家可归的老人正在25个城市举行罢工”文中没有提到，故错误。因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三、四句there are 220,000 homeless school-age childrenBut the National Coalition for the Homeless estimates that there are at least two times as many homeless children（美国有22万无家可归的学龄儿童但全国无家可归者援助联盟估计,至少有两倍的无家可归的孩子），可知A选项“44万”正确；B选项“11万”，C选项“35万”和D选项“150万”错误。因此A选项正确。3.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段One part of the homeless population that is particularly difficult to count consists of the “throwaway” youths who have been cast of their homesmany of whom are not counted as children because they do not stay in family shelters and tend to live by themselves on the streets.（在无家可归的人口中，有一部分特别难以统计，那就是被抛弃的青少年其中许多人没有被算作儿童，因为他们没有住在家庭庇护所，往往自己在街上生活。），所以B选项“有的无家可归的孩子被他们的家人遗弃”正确。A选项“无家可归的孩子通常呆在学校外面”，C选项“无家可归的孩子还太小，不能算孩子”和D选项“无家可归的人口正在迅速增长”文中没有提到。因此B选项正确。4.【试题答案】C【试题解析】语义推测题。根据文章最后一段Federal law, the Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Act of 1987, includes a section that addresses the educational needs of homeless children. The educational provisions of the McKinney Act are based on the belief that all homeless children have the right to a free, appropriate education.（1987年的联邦法律斯图尔特B麦金尼无家可归者救助法案中有一部分专门针对无家可归儿童的教育需求。麦金尼法案的教育条款是基于这样一种信念，即所有无家可归的儿童都有权利接受免费、合适的教育。），可知无家可归儿童的教育问题受到社会关注，C选项“越来越多人意识到无家可归儿童的教育问题”正确；A选项“小学儿童应该被安置下来”和B选项“所有无家可归的人都有权接受免费教育”是法案的部分内容，不是表达的重点。D选项“无家可归儿童的估计数量很难确定”：在这一段没有体现。因此C选项正确。5.【试题答案】D【试题解析】主旨大意题。文章第一段提出无家可归的儿童没有足够的教育资源，第二、三段讲无家可归的儿童的教育和生活状况，第四段讲法律帮助这些儿童，所以整篇文章在讲无家可归的儿童的教育问题，D选项“无家可归儿童的教育问题”正确。A选项“年长男性的社会地位”：只有在文章第一句出现以引出下文。B选项“对无家可归人口数量的估计”和C选项“无家可归儿童的法律问题”：是文章的部分内容，不足以概括全文。因此D选项正确。3. 单选题Their room was on the third floor, its window _ the sports ground.问题1选项A.overlooksB.overlookingC.overlookedD.to overlook【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查独立主格结构。句意：他们的房间在三楼，从窗户可以俯瞰运动场。逗号前句子结构完整，逗号后阐述的对象换成its window并且和overlook构成主谓关系，但是没有引导词来构成从句，确定考查独立主格结构。根据its window和overlook构成主动关系，确定用现在分词形式，B选项overlooking符合题意。A选项overlooks是一般现在时第三人称单数，C选项overlooked是过去分词，表示被动，D选项to overlook是不定式结构，表示目的。因此B选项正确。4. 单选题The first part of this paper is the _ review.问题1选项A.literatureB.fieldC.studyD.phenomenon【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项literature“文学，文学作品（literature review 文献综述）”；B选项field“田，地，牧场”；C选项study“学习，研究”；D选项phenomenon“现象”。句意：本文的第一部分是_。根据语境，这里的paper指的是论文，结合词组literature review，A选项literature符合题意。因此A选项正确。5. 单选题His proposal is _ to all of us and you do not need to tell us more about it.问题1选项A.apparentB.appearingC.approachingD.apart【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项apparent“明白易懂的；未必真实的”；B选项appearing“表现得；似乎”；C选项approaching“（在距离或时间上）靠近”；D选项apart“（指空间或时间）相隔”。句意：他的建议我们大家都_，你不需要进一步说明。根据语境，这里指大家都明白了他的建议是怎么回事，A选项apparent“明白易懂的”符合题意。因此A选项正确。6. 单选题The German Governments long-planned return to its historic capital is in full _ this summer, almost 10 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall.问题1选项A.gearB.speedC.rateD.move【答案】B【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项gear“齿轮；（特定用途的）器械”；B选项speed“（发生或进行的）速度，进度”，full speed“全速（或全力）向前”；C选项rate“速度；比率”；D选项move“行动”。句意：在柏林墙倒塌近10年后的今年夏天，德国政府计划已久的重返历史上的首都的计划_。根据语境，这里指的是全力推动计划，结合词组full speed“全速（或全力）向前”，B选项speed“（发生或进行的）速度，进度”符合题意。因此B选项正确。7. 单选题There was a traffic jam, but she _ get to the destination in time.问题1选项A.couldB.mightC.ought toD.was able to【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项could“能够（原本就具有某种能力）”；B选项might“也许会”；C选项ought to“应该（表示期望或可能发生的事或表示劝告或建议）”；D选项was able to“能够（通过努力可以具备某种能力或实现某种状态，强调有努力的过程）”。句意：虽然发生了交通拥堵，但她_及时到达目的地。根据语境，这里指即使因为交通拥堵及时到达目的地存在困难，但是她依然办到了，D选项was able to符合题意。因此D选项正确。8. 单选题If you discuss a subject without taking an adversarial position, youll get closer to the truth of the matter than you would by going at each other _.问题1选项A.eye to eyeB.face to faceC.hammer and tongsD.hammer and nails【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析。A选项eye to eye“心有灵犀；四目相对”；B选项face to face“面对面”；C选项hammer and tongs“竭尽全力”；D选项hammer and nails“锤子和钉子”。句意：如果不站在敌对的立场讨论问题，相比于_相互攻击，你们会更接近问题的真相。根据语境，这里指的是不要把全部注意力放在用言语相互攻击对方，C选项hammer and tongs“竭尽全力”符合题意。这里没有提到是否是面对面讨论问题还是以其他方式，B选项face to face“面对面”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。9. 单选题That radio company is so big that it has a lot of _ in foreign countries.问题1选项A.introducersB.instructorsC.conductorsD.agents【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项introducers“介绍人；创始者”；B选项instructors“教练；教师”；C选项conductors“（交响乐、合唱的）指挥；列车员”；D选项agents“代理商”。句意：那家广播公司很大，所以在国外有很多_。根据语境，D选项agents“代理商”和radio company搭配比较合理，符合题意。因此D选项正确。10. 单选题Tomorrow we will _ our day of independence.问题1选项A.favorB.exposeC.roarD.celebrate【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查动词辨析。A选项favor“较喜欢，选择”；B选项expose“（尤指对令人震惊或故意保密的事实的）陈述”；C选项roar“叫喊，大声地说”；D选项celebrate“庆祝，庆贺”。句意：明天我们会_我们的独立日。根据语境，这里表达的是在独立日会做什么，D选项celebrate“庆祝”符合题意。因此D选项正确。11. 单选题We agreed to accept _ they thought was the best tourist guide.问题1选项A.whateverB.whomeverC.whicheverD.whoever【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查宾语从句。句意：我们同意接受他们认为的最好的导游。横线到句尾是跟在谓语动词accept后的宾语从句，横线部分是从句主语，they thought是插入语，was是系动词，the best tourist guide是表语，主语指的是人，D选项whoever符合题意。A选项whatever和C选项whichever指的是物，B选项whomever是宾格。因此D选项正确。12. 单选题He _ a sum of money every month to help the two orphans.问题1选项A.set alongB.sets inC.sets asideD.sets up【答案】C【解析】【试题解析】考查短语辨析。A选项set along非短语；B选项sets in“（不好的事物）到来”；C选项sets aside“省出，抽出；把抛在脑后”；D选项sets up“设置；成立；创建”。句意：他每个月_一笔钱来帮助那两个孤儿。根据语境，这里指的是拿出钱来帮助孤儿，C选项sets aside“省出，抽出”符合题意。因此C选项正确。13. 单选题At the meeting both sides exchanged their views on a wide _ of topics they were interested in.问题1选项A.extentB.numberC.collectionD.range【答案】D【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项extent“程度；大小，面积”；B选项number“数量；号码”；C选项collection“收集物”；D选项range“类”，a wide range of“大范围的；多种多样的”。句意：双方就感兴趣的_议题交换了意见。根据语境，这里指的是双方有很多感兴趣的议题，D选项range符合题意。因此D选项正确。14. 单选题Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether cigarettes really do cause lung cancer. What causes malnutrition, the decay of cities, or the decay of teeth? We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of lead in the atmosphere, of staying up late on the night before an examination.Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator wont work, we first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect (refrigerator not working). This kind of reasoning is called, in short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights outpower offrefrigerator not workingtemperature will risemilk will sour. In other words, we diagnose a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory. A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧) is necessary to drive a gasoline engine. A sufficient cause is one that can produce an effect unaided (as an empty gas tank is enough to keep a car from starting), though there may be more than one sufficient cause. A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors must also be present.1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about _.2. According to the passage, to do the “effect to effect” reasoning is to reason _.3. A necessary cause is _.4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off. The power failure is a _.5. This passage mainly discusses _.问题1选项A.some other common types of reasoningB.some special type of reasoningC.relationships between causes and resultsD.classification of reasoning问题2选项A.from effect to effect and onto causeB.from effect to cause and onto another effectC.from cause to effectD.from effect to cause问题3选项A.one that is enough to make the effect occurB.one of the cause that can produce the effectC.one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurD.none of them问题4选项A.contributory causeB.sufficient causeC.necessary causeD.none of them问题5选项A.classification of causesB.the causal processC.causal reasoningD.various types of reasoning【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【试题答案】A【试题解析】推理判断题。根据第一段第一句Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），可知前面的内容和这一部分的内容属于同一个层面和分类，都是常见的推理方式，A选项“一些其他的常见推理类型”正确。B选项“某种特殊类型的推理”，C选项“原因和结果的关系”和D选项“推理的分类”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。2.【试题答案】B【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第二段第三句Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to another effect.（有时我们从一个结果推理到一个原因，然后再推理到另一个结果。）和第五句This kind of reasoning is called, in short, effect to effect.（这种推理，简而言之，叫做效果对效果。），可知效果对效果指的是B选项“从结果到原因，再到另一个结果”。A选项“从结果到结果，再到原因”，C选项“从原因到结果”和D选项“从结果到原因”错误。因此B选项正确。3.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据第三段第二句A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知C选项“没有它就不可能产生解结果”正确。A选项“足以产生结果”，B选项“能导致结果的原因之一”和D选项“都不是”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。4.【试题答案】B【试题解析】推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二句A sufficient cause is one that can produce an effect unaided (as an empty gas tank is enough to keep a car from starting), though there may be more than one sufficient cause.（充分原因是一个可以在没有帮助的情况下产生效果的原因，就像一个空的油箱足以阻止汽车发动一样，尽管可能有不止一个充分的原因。），可知充分原因会导致结果的发生，但不是唯一的原因，电源被切断会导致冰箱停止运转，但其他原因也会让冰箱停止运转，B选项“充分原因”正确。A选项“附带原因，原因之一”：根据文章最后一句A contributory cause is one which helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident, though other factors must also be present.（附带原因有助于导致结果，但单独出现不能导致结果，就像闯红灯可能会导致事故，尽管其他因素也必须存在。），可知附带原因是原因之一，需要其他因素才能导致结果的发生，电源被切断这一个因素会导致冰箱停止运转的结果，故错误。C选项“必要原因”：根据第三段第二句A necessary cause is one which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline engine.（必要原因是为将要导致的结果而存在，就像燃烧对于启动汽油发动机很必要。），可知必要原因是一定需要的因素，电源没有被切断冰箱依然有可能停止运转，故错误。D选项“都不是”：B选项符合题意，故非正确答案。因此B选项正确。5.【试题答案】C【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results.（另一种常见的推理方式是寻找原因和结果。），随后文章围绕这一句话展开讨论，所以本文主要在讲因果的推理，C选项“因果推理”正确。A选项“原因的分类”，B选项“因果过程”和D选项“各种类型的推理”不符合题意。因此C选项正确。15. 翻译题(1) Stan Belin (斯坦贝林) was born in the 1930s to an urban family locked in the grip of the Great Depression. His was a fractured family, one in which his parents fought constantly. I lived with a feeling of impending doom, he says. This fear drove him to be a model child.Stan has a vivid memory of once leaning against a bridge railing as a boy and gazing at a handsome party boat passing below. He could see people on deck enjoying their outing. (2) It was a scene of comfort and luxury he could hardly have imagined. That mental picture influenced the boys idea of success. His goals became money, power, and prestige.Stan did well in school. He found his greatest academic success in his science courses. But he lacked the confidence to pursue a medical career and turned to dentistry as a quicker route to his lifes goals.(3) He married a young woman he had known since high school, and for over 20 years Stan and Jane lived a life that many people would envy. His reputation spread, the money started rolling in and he was appointed to a prestigious position by his state government. Two healthy children were born.(4) The family had a magnificent house, expensive automobiles and took exotic vacations.The crowning touch for Stan came when he bought a luxury yacht and sailed to the bridge where, as a child, he had first glimpsed what he hoped would be his future. “I told Jane the story,” he says. (5) “As I spoke, I realized that something was all wrong. I possessed everything I had ever dreamed of, but I felt very sad and hopeless. What was worse, I knew it would never change.”Then in the early 1980s, a doctor friend invited Stan to dinner. The friend said he had been using cocaine as an antidepressant. He described it as a marvelous no addictive drug. Stan decided the drug might be just right for his own depression.【答案】1. 斯坦贝林出生于20世纪30年代一个陷入经济大萧条困境之中的城市家庭。2. 这种舒适与奢侈的情景是他无法想象的。这一情景铭刻在他的脑海里，影响着他对成功的看法。3. 他娶了一位中学时代就认识的女子为妻，20多年来，他和妻子简过着令人称羡的生活。4. 他们有华丽的住宅和昂贵的汽车，还常常出国度假。5. 说话时，我忽然意识到情况很不对劲。我已拥有曾经梦寐以求的一切，但却感到悲伤无望。更糟糕的是，我知道这种状况将永远不会改变。16. 单选题I think I was at school, _ was staying with a friend during the vacation when I heard the news.问题1选项A.or elseB.and thenC.or soD.even so【答案】A【解析】【试题解析】考查词义辨析。A选项or else“要不然”；B选项and then“然后；其次”；C选项or so“大约”；D选项even so“即使如此”。句意：当我听到这个消息时，我想我是在学校，_是在和一个朋友度假。根据语境，这里指的是要么在学校，要么在度假，A选项or else“要不然”符合题意。因此A选项正确。17. 单选题Throughout this long, tense election, everyone has focused on the presidential candidates and how theyll change America. Rightly so. But selfishly, Im more fascinated by Michelle Obama and what she might be able to do, not just for this country, but for me as an African-American woman. As the potential First Lady, she would have the worlds attention. And that means that for the first time people will have a chance to get up close and personal with the type of African-American woman they so rarely see.Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that were all hot-tempered single mothers who cant keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still cant escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers.These images have helped define the way all black women are viewed, including Michelle Obama. Before she ever gets the chance to commit to a cause, charity or foundation as First Lady, her most urgent and perhaps most complicated duty may be simply to be herself.It wont be easy. Because few mainstream publications have done in-depth features on regular African-American women, little is known about who we are, what we think and what we face on a regular basis. For better or worse, Michelle will represent us all.Just as she will have her critics, she will also have millions of fans who usually have little interest in the First Lady. Many African-American blogs have written about what theyd like to see Michelle bring to the White Housemainly showing the world that a black woman can support her man and raise a strong black family. Michelle will have to work to please everyonean impossible task. But for many African-American women like me, just a little of her poise (沉着), confidence and intelligence will go a long way in changing an image thats been around for far too long.1. Why does Michelle Obama hold a strong fascination for the author?2. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author?3. What do many African-Americans write about in their blogs?4. What does the author say about Michelle Obama as a First Lady?5. What do many African-American women hope Michelle Obama will do?问题1选项A.She serves as a role model for African women.B.She possesses many admirable qualities becoming a First Lady.C.She will present to the world a new image of African-American women.D.She will pay closer attention to the interests of African-American women.问题2选项A.They are victims of violence.B.They are of an inferior violenc