2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）第89期

2022年考博英语-南京艺术学院考试内容及全真模拟冲刺卷（附带答案与详解）1. 单选题During the 1992 presidential campaign a new media star emerged-Virginia Kelley, the mother of candidate Clinton, who died of breast cancer this past January. It was she who created the Clinton lore; throughout the campaign she told how 14-year-old Bill had stood up to his drunken, abusive stepfather one night to protect Virginia and his little brother. She also told with great effective how young Clinton had come back home with stars in his eyes after meeting JFK at Boys Nation in Washington. She knew then, she said, that he would go into public service. She also created her own lore-four husbands, an up-and-down nursing career, and her passion for makeup (she even wore it to bed in case she got a call from the hospital in the middle of the night). She simply won the public over with her candor and lack of pretense.Now these oft-told are told again in Leading With My Heart, by Virginia Kelley with James Morgan.Not surprisingly, the stories feel familiar here, especially since the book arrives just a few months after a batter of obituaries of Mrs. Kelley. But the book has another problem: as is often the case with co-written memoirs, it feels inauthentic. Written in a prosaic, colorless style, this doesnt sound the way we imagine Mrs. Kelley talked. There are no Southern locutions, and the grammar is impeccable. Where are the spicy stories or the occasional “damn” or “hell”？Coke-bottle glasses: Anyone approaching this celebrity book with an eye for gossip will also be disappointed. What feels fresh, though, is Mrs. Kelleys descriptions of her shock at meeting Hillary Rodham when Bill brought her home from Yale Law School. The young woman wore Coke-bottle Glasses, no makeup and had perfectly hair-nothing like the Dixie beauty queens that Clinton usually dated. She was also a blunt Yankee, and not adept at Southern blarney. “There was almost a kind of cultural tension between Mother and Hillary.” said Clinton. “I guess thats as good a way to put it as any.” replies his mother. But there was no going back: “I want you to pray for me. Pray that its I Hilary. Because Ill tell you this: for me its Hillary or its nobody,” he told his unhappy mother. “I couldnt stand it，” she writes. “Here was this woman 1 didnt understand, didnt feel comfortable with. And she was all he wanted.”Theres a lot thats moving about Mrs. Kelleys story, partly because of the way she handles her final illness. “You cant tell my sons about my condition,” she tells her shocked doctor. She may have had a disaffected mother and a parade of mostly bad marriages. But in the last year of her life, she also had a memory granted to few parents-the thrill of attending her sons Inauguration and the gala that night. “What a night it had been” she wrote. -a magical evening.”1.Virginia Kelly might be best characterized as（ ）.2.Virginia Kelly believed her son was motivated to go into public service by his （ ）.3.The “book arrives just a few months after a battery of obituaries The underlined words suggest that-Kelleys death was（ ）.4.According to the reviewer, the style of Leading With My Hear is（ ）.5.Hillary differed from Clintons former dates primarily in（ ）.问题1选项A.genuineB.moroseC.pitiableD.elitist问题2选项A.difficult childhoodB.meeting with President KennedyC.law studies at YaleD.desire to change the world问题3选项A.honored with artillery fireB.mourned nationwideC.marked by numerous death noticesD.ignored by the press问题4选项A.vivid and interestingB.refined but southernC.monotonous and blandD.earthy but incredible问题5选项A.being educated as a lawyerB.wearing stylish glassesC.being indifferent to her appearanceD.being a direct northerner【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:D第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.细节事实题。题目问的是“Virginia Kelley的性格能被最好地定义为”。文章第一段最后一句提到“她的坦率和不装腔作势赢得了大众的信任”（She simply won the public over with her candor and lack of pretense），因此选项A“真诚的”符合题意。2.推理判断题。题目问的是“Kelley认为她的儿子是受他的激励而加入公共事务”。文章第一段第二至第四句提到了克林顿勇敢面对他醉酒并虐待他们的继父，Kelley在认识克林顿之后认为他会从事公共事务（She knew then, she said, that he would go into public service），由此可推测克林顿是想改变世界，因此选项D符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“这里划线的句子（书是在她的一连串的讣告登出几个月之后才出版的）暗示凯丽夫人的逝世”。由这里的“book arrives just a few months”（几个月后），说明出版社忽视了凯丽夫人的死。选项D符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“评论员认为Leading With My Hear的风格是”。文章第二段第三句提到“但是这本书有个问题：由于是合著回忆录，所以感觉不真实”（But the book has another problem: as is often the case with co-written memoirs, it feels inauthentic），因此选项D“朴实但不可信”符合题意。5.推理判断题。题目问的是“希拉里跟克林顿先前的约会对象的主要区别在于”。文章第三段提到“这位年轻女士戴着可乐瓶眼睛，没有化妆，发型完美一点也不像克林顿经常约会的迪克西美女女王们”（The young woman wore Coke-bottle Glasses, no makeup and had perfectly hair-nothing like the Dixie beauty queens that Clinton usually dated），因此选项C“不注重外表”符合题意。2. 单选题“Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise,” said Dr. Hans Selye, the first physician to document the effects of stress on the body. While heres on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occasion can be good for you.In a 2001 study of 158 hospital nurses, those who faced considerable work demands but coped with the challenge were more likely to say they were in good health than those who felt they couldnt get the job done.Stress that you can manage may also boost immune function. In a study at the Academic Center for Dentistry in Amsterdam, researchers put volunteers through two stressful experiences. In the first, a timed task that required memorizing a list followed by a short test, subjects believed they had control over the outcome. In the second, they werent in control: They had to sit through a gory(血淋淋的)video on surgical procedures. Those who did well on the memory test had an increase in levels of immunoglobulin A, an antibody thats the body first line of defense against germs. The video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody.Stress prompts the body to produce certain stress hormones. In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improving memory function. “They can help nerve cells handle information and put it into storage,” says Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University in New York. But in the long run these hormones can have a harmful effect on the body and brain.Sustained stress is not good for you,” says Richard Morimoto, a researcher at Northwestern University in Illinois studying the effects of stress on longevity. “Its the occasional burst of stress or brief exposure to stress that could be protective.”1.The passage is mainly about（ ）.2.The word “shun (Line I, Para. 1) most probably mean（ ）.3.We can conclude from the study of the 158 nurses in 2001 that（ ）.4.In the experiment described in Paragraph 3，the video-watchers experienced a downturn in the antibody because（ ）.5.Dr. Bruce McEwen of Rockefeller University believes that（ ）.问题1选项A.the benefits of management stressB.how to avoid stressful situationsC.how to cope with stress effectivelyD.the effects of stress hormones on memory问题2选项A.cut down onB.stay away fromC.run out ofD.put up with问题3选项A.people under stress tend to have a poor memoryB.people who cant get their job done experience more stressC.doing challenging work may be good for ones healthD.stress will weaken the bodys defense against germs问题4选项A.the video was not enjoyable at allB.the outcome was beyond their controlC.they knew little about surgical proceduresD.they feel no pressure while watching the video问题5选项A.a persons memory is determined by the level of hormones in his bodyB.stress hormones have lasting positive effects on the brainC.short bursts of stress hormones enhance memory functionD.a persons memory improves with continued experience of stress.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章主要讲述了”。文章的中心句是第一段第二句话“虽然持续的压力是有害的，但有几项研究表明，你能够应付的具有挑战性的情况对人是有好处的”（While heres on question that continuous stress is harmful, several studies suggest that challenging situations in which youre able to rise to the occasion can be good for you），接下来围绕这个中心句阐述，因此选项A“压力管理的好处”符合题意。2.词义题。题目问的是“单词shun的意思是”。文章第一段第一句提到“人类不应该像躲避食物，爱情或锻炼那样去逃避压力”（Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise），根据any more than 可知shun与avoid是同义词，因此选项B符合题意。3.细节事实题。题目问的是“从2001年对158 护士的研究中，我们可以得出”。文章第二段提到相比那些感觉自己不能应付大量工作额护士，能应付大量工作的护士更有可能说自己身体健康，由此可知选项C“做具有挑战性工作可能对身体健康有益”符合题意。4.细节事实题。题目问的是“在第三段描述的试验中，视频观看者经历抗体下降的原因是”。文章第三段提到在第二个试验中，他们无法控制结果（In the second, they werent in control），选项B“结果超过控制”符合题意。5.细节事实题。题目问的是“Rockefeller大学的布鲁斯认为”。文章第四段第二句话提到“这些荷尔蒙在短时间内有正面效应，包括提高记忆力”（In short bursts these hormones have a positive effect, including improving memory function），所以选项C“短时间内的压力荷尔蒙能对身体或人的大脑带来伤害”符合题意。3. 翻译题Put the following two passages into Chinese.While absorbing the outstanding achievements of foreign cultures, we cannot be satisfied with simple imitation. Indulgence in simple imitation would deprive us of creativity so that we will not be able to achieve a new artistic sophistication or present our own excellent works to the world. Simple imitation cannot be equated to new conception at all. The latter is a combination of modem and traditional style, a combination of foreign nations and our own nations characteristics, and a combination of artistic and educational quality.Peace and development are the two main themes of the world today. Maintaining global peace, enhancing friendship and cooperation, and promoting common development are the common aspirations of all peoples. At present, worldwide stability and development are threatened by such serious problems as poverty, unemployment, refugee flows, crimes, population explosion, environmental degradation, drug abuse, and terrorism. Though different in their national conditions, China said western countries share broad common interests on a wide range of major international issues. I am happy to see the improvement and expansion of Chinas relations with them. The Chinese Government and people stand ready to make a contribution to the lofty cause of peace and development together with the governments and peoples of all countries, including those of western countries, on the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit.【答案】在吸收外国文化的优秀成果时，我们不能满足于单纯的模仿。沉溺于单纯模仿会让我们失去创造力，致使我们无法达到一个新的艺术程度或向世界展示我们自己的优秀作品。单纯的模仿无法等同于新观念。后者是现代风格与传统风格的结合，是外国特色与本国特色的结合，是艺术素质与教育素质的结合。和平与发展是当今世界的两大主题。维护世界和平、增进友谊与合作、促进共同发展是各国人民的共同愿望。当前，贫困、失业、难民流动、犯罪、人口爆炸、环境恶化、毒品泛滥、恐怖主义等严重问题威胁着世界的稳定和发展。中国表示，尽管西方各国国情不同，但在一系列重大国际问题上有着广泛的共同利益。我很高兴看到中国与他们的关系得到改善与发展。中国政府和人民愿在相互尊重、平等互利的基础上，同包括西方国家在内的各国政府和人民一道，为和平与发展的崇高事业做出贡献。4. 单选题Cancer researchers are learning to read genes like a crystal ball to predict how patients will respond to cancer therapy, who will suffer the worst side effects and what treatments may be best for a particular patient. Foreseeing the outcome of treatment, and knowing with certainty which drugs are best for individual patients, have long been the goals of cancer researchers.For at least 40 years, oncologists have puzzled over why some patients respond so well to chemotherapy while others obtain modest benefits or none at all. The discovery decades ago that linked a chromosome abnormality to one form of leukemia paved the way for the development of the drug Gleevec by Druker and the ability to identify the patients most likely to benefit. More recently, with the wealth of knowledge from the human Genome Project, researchers have been able to develop even more specific tools to create genetic profiles of tumors and match those profiles with the right drugs. The tools also help determine which patients are most likely to experience the worst side effects of specific types of chemotherapy and guide them to other treatments.Researchers from the University of Chicago studied alterations of the UGT1A1 gene, associated with an increased chance of chemotherapy side effects. Mark Ratain and his team studied 61 colon cancer patients receiving irinotecan and learned that patients with alterations of the gene labeled as 7/7 were most likely to suffer severe losses of white blood cells. Patients with the 6/7 alteration type had intermediate side effects, and patients with the 6/6 type had none.Scientists at the Massachusetts General Hospital examined genes that normally have the ability to repair damage to DNA in cells called XPD and XRCC1. The number of variations in these genes indicates how long a patient is likely to survive. Sarada Gurubhagavatula and her team studied variations of these genes in 103 patients diagnosed with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Patients with a total of three variations in the genes survived a median of 6.8 months; those with two variations survived 11 months; patients with one variation survived 16.6 months; and those with no variations survived 20.4 months. Gurubhagavatula says the variations could be identified and those with the worst predicted outcomes put on chemotherapy regimens that offer better odds of survival.Scientists at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Genomic Health Inc. have developed a way to test lung tumor for genetic profiles associated with responses to the new lung cancer drug Iressa. The drug has been shown to shrink tumors in 10% to 12% of patients with advanced lung cancer. David Agus at Cedar-Sinai found a pattern of 185 genes that are turned off and on in a manner that correlates with response to Iressa or to a lack of response. When used commercially, the test will target patients most likely to benefit and will allow patients to make other choices if the negative profile is found.1.The text is mainly about（ ） .2.The achievements from Human Genome Project enable researchers to（ ） .3.The purpose of the author in mentioning the three researches is to（ ） .4.Sarada and her team are convinced that（ ） .5.In the 3rd paragraph, the word alteration means（ ） .问题1选项A.the search for effective cancer treatment drugsB.the goals of cancer treatmentC.the success in reading genesD.the cancer treatment by examination问题2选项A.diagnose a chromosome abnormality more accurately.B.develop cancer treatment drugs like Gleevec.C.administer cancer treatment with less side effect.D.come up with chemotherapy as an effective tool for cancer treatment.问题3选项A.make a contrastive analysis of them.B.illustrate the achievements in cancer therapy.C.present the similarities and differences between them.D.show how altered genes can cause cancer.问题4选项A.research on genes offers them greater predictive power.B.lung cancer is caused by variation of genes.C.patients can survive lung cancer by altering their genes.D.chemotherapy can save even the worst lung cancer patients.问题5选项A.investigationsB.activitiesC.predictionsD.changes【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:B第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1.主旨大意题。题目问的是“这篇文章的主要内容是”。文章第一段提到癌症研究者正在像占卜者看水晶球一样来阅读基因（Cancer researchers are learning to read genes like a crystal ball to predict how patients will respond to cancer therapy）；文章第二段提到研究者如何通过基因计划提高对癌症这类病的了解，并研究出相应的药物（More recently, with the wealth of knowledge from the human Genome Project, researchers have been able to develop even more specific tools to create genetic profiles of tumors and match those profiles with the right drugs.），接下来的段落通过一些例子来说明在基因方面的成就，可知全文都是在讲述基因检测与癌症治疗，选项D符合题意。2.细节事实题。题目问的是“人类基因工程的成果让研究者”。文章第二段提到“研究人员能够开发出更具体的工具来创建肿瘤的基因图谱，并将这些图谱与正确的药物进行匹配”（More recently, with the wealth of knowledge from the human Genome Project, researchers have been able to develop even more specific tools to create genetic profiles of tumors and match those profiles with the right drugs），由此可知选项C“用副作用更少的药物进行治疗”符合题意。3.推理判断题。题目问的是“作者提及三位研究者的目的是什么”。文章第三、四、五段是为了用具体的例子来说明在人类基因工程的帮助下，在治疗癌症方面取得的成就。选项B符合题意。4.推理判断题。题目问的是“Sarada和她的团队认为”。文章第四段提到Sarada和她的团队研究了能够修复DNA中受损的基因。他们的研究了103例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的这些基因变异，她认为这些变异可以被识别，然后把最糟糕的预测结果考虑进化学治疗的实施中，从而提高生存几率（the variations could be identified and those with the worst predicted outcomes put on chemotherapy regimens that offer better odds of survival），由此可以推断选项A“对基因的研究提高了预测能力”符合题意。5.词义题。题目问的是“在第三段中，alteration的意思是”。文章第三段第一句提到“芝加哥大学的研究人员研究了UGT1A1基因的改变，这与化学疗法副作用增加有关”（Researchers from the University of Chicago studied alterations of the UGT1A1 gene, associated with an increased chance of chemotherapy side effects），alteration有“改变”的意思，选项D符合题意。5. 单选题Everybody gets sick. Disease and injury make us suffer throughout our lives until finally sonic attack on the body brings our existence to an end. Fortunately, most of us in modern industrialized societies can take relatively good health for granted most of the time. In fact, we tend to fully realize the importance of good health only when we or those close to us become seriously ill. At such times we keenly appreciate the ancient truth that health is our most precious asset, one for which we might readily give up such rewards as power, wealth, or fame.Because ill health is universal problem, affecting both the individual and society, the human response to sickness is always socially organized. No society leaves the responsibility for maintaining health and treating ill health entirely to the individual. Each society develops its own concepts of health and sickness and authorizes certain people to decide who is sick and how the sick should be treated. Around this focus there arises, over time, a number of standards, values, groups, statuses, and roles: in other words, an institution. To the sociologist, then, medicine is the institution concerned with the maintenance of health and treatment of disease.In the simplest pre-industrial societies, medicine is usually an aspect of religion. The social arrangements for dealing with sickness arc very elementary, often involving only two roles: the sick and the healer. The latter is typically also the priest, who relies primarily on religious ceremonies, both to identify and to treat disease: for example, bones may be thrown to establish a cause, songs may be used to bring about a cure. In modem industrialized societies, on the other hand, the institution has become highly complicated and specialized, including dozens of roles such as those of brain surgeon, druggist, and hospital administrator, linked with various organizations such as nursing homes, insurance companies, and medical schools. Medicine, in fact, has become the subject of intense sociological interest precisely because it is now one of the most pervasive and costly institutions of modern society.1.Which of the following statements is true according to Paragraph I?2.The word “authorize” in Paragraph 2 means “（ ）.3.In Paragraph 2, we learn that the sociologist regards medicine as（ ）.4.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT true?5.The author of this passage is mainly concerned with（ ）.问题1选项A.Nowadays most people believe they can have fairly good health.B.Human life involves a great deal of pain and suffering.C.Most of us are aware of the full value of health.D.Ancient people believed that health was more expensive than anything else.问题2选项A.make way forB.give power toC.write an order forD.make it possible for问题3选项A.a system whose purpose is to treat disease and keep people healthyB.a universal problem that affects every societyC.a social responsibility to treat ill healthD.a science that focuses on the treatment of disease问题4选项A.In the past, bones might be used to decide why people fell ill.B.in pre-industrial societies priests sometim