2022年考博英语-中央美术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第170期

2022年考博英语-中央美术学院考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题（ ）elephants are different from wild elephants in many aspects, including their tempers.问题1选项A.CultivatedB.RegulatedC.CivilD.Tame【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。cultivated“有教养的，栽培的”；regulated“约束，调节”；civil“有礼貌的”；tame“驯服的，乏味的”。句意：被驯服的大象与野生大象在许多方面有差异，包括性格。由wild可知此空应填与之意思相反的单词，故D项正确。2. 单选题He found the（ ） media attention intolerable and decided to go abroad.问题1选项A.sufficientB.constantC.steadyD.plenty【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。sufficient“足够的，充分的”；constant“持续的，不变的，恒定的”；steady“稳固的，不变的”；plenty“许多，丰富”。句意：媒体对他的不断关注使他无法忍受，因此他决定出国。由intolerable可知B项正确，其他三项都为褒义词，不符合语境。3. 单选题A special feature of education at MIT is the opportunity for students and faculty to （ ）together in research activities.问题1选项A.specializeB.participateC.consistD.involve【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。specialize“使专门化”；participate“参与”；consist“由组成”; involve“包含，牵涉”。句意：麻省理工学院教育的一个特色是学生和老师都有机会一起参与研究活动。B项符合题意，故答案B。4. 单选题The chairman was blamed for letting his secretary（ ）too much work last week.问题1选项A.take toB.take outC.take awayD.take on【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。take to“走向，开始从事”；take out“取出，去掉”；take away“带走，拿走”；take on“承担，呈现”。句意：上周，主席因让他的秘书承担很多工作而受到责备。D项符合题意。5. 单选题In our great socialist country, millions of ordinary men and women are working selflessly to（ ）poverty and backwardness.问题1选项A.figure outB.wipe outC.carry outD.take out【答案】B【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项figure out“理解，算出”；B选项wipe out“消灭，消除”；C选项carry out“实行”；D选项take out“拿走，去掉”。句意：在我们伟大的社会主义国家里，千百万普通男女正在为消除贫穷落后而无私地工作着。选项B符合句意。6. 单选题When I make a promise, I always（ ）it.问题1选项A.keepB.holdC.catchD.carry【答案】A【解析】考查固定用法。句意：当我许下承诺时，我一定会信守诺言。keep promise意为“信守承诺”，所以选项A正确。7. 单选题The technological advances made it possible for the middle classes to enjoy what had once been（ ）only to the very rich.问题1选项A.manageableB.measurableC.acceptableD.affordable【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。manageable“可管理的”；measurable“可衡量的”；acceptable“可接受的”；affordable“可负担得起的”。句意：技术的进步让中产阶级也能够享受原本只有富人能够供应得起的东西。D项符合题意。8. 单选题Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to old cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks in grade-school children suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal Personality and Social Psychology.“If they know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades.In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.1.Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward（ ）.2.What is the view held by many educators concerning external rewards for students?3.According to the result of the study mentioned in the passage, what should educators do to stimulate motivation and creativity?4.It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading standards because they believe（ ）.5.Which of the following facts about “token economics” is NOT correct?问题1选项A.the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewardsB.the appropriate amount of external rewardsC.the study of relationship between actionsD.the effects of external rewards on students performance问题2选项A.They approve of external rewardsB.They dont think external rewardsC.They have doubts about external rewardsD.They believe external rewards can motivate small children, but not college students问题3选项A.Give rewards for performances which deserve themB.Always promise rewardsC.Assign tasks which are not very challengingD.Be more tolerant to students when mistakes are made问题4选项A.rewarding poor performance may kill students creativityB.punishment is more effective than rewardingC.failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standardsD.discouraging the students anticipation for easy rewards is matter of urgency问题5选项A.Students are assigned challenging tasksB.Rewards are given for good performancesC.Students are evaluated according to the effort they put into the taskD.With token economics, students，creativity can be enhanced【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:B【解析】第1题:1.细节事实题。由第一段“Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Some other researchers who study various aspects of mental life, maintain those rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. 研究行为和行为之间关系的行为主义者认为，奖励可以提高工作和学习表现。其他一些研究精神生活各个方面的研究人员认为，这些奖励会鼓励人们依赖他人的认可和礼物，从而破坏创造力。”可知研究者对于奖励是否能提高工作和学习表现持相反意见。故D项正确。2.细节事实题。由第二段“The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. 后一种观点得到了许多人的支持，尤其是教育工作者。”后一种观点即第一段提到的反对观点。故B项正确。3.推理判断题。由第三段“If they know theyre working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Esenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. “But its easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.” 如果他们知道自己是为了奖励而工作，并且能够专注于一项相对具有挑战性的任务，他们就会表现出最大的创造力，”特拉华大学纽瓦克分校的Robert Esenberger说。但如果对表现不佳的学生进行奖励，或者让学生对奖励有太多的预期，就很容易扼杀创造力。可知C项正确。4.细节事实题。由倒数第二段“A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Esenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore falling grades. Esenberger认为，如果一个老师不断地把注意力放在奖励上，或者对一般的成绩给予高分，那么他最终只能培养出缺乏灵感的学生。作为后一种观点的例证，他指出，主要大学正在努力加强评分标准，恢复下降的成绩。”可知A项正确。5.细节事实题。由最后一段“In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economics, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims. 这位特拉华大学的心理学家称，在较早的年级，所谓的代币经济学（token economics）的使用显示出提高努力程度和创造力的潜力。代币经济学指的是让学生处理具有挑战性的问题，并根据表现获得分数，从而获得有价值的奖励。可知B项“对好的表现给予奖励”不正确。第2题:第3题:第4题:第5题:9. 单选题The more a nations companies （ ）factories abroad, the smaller that countrys recorded exports will be.问题1选项A.lieB.spotC.standD.locate【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。lie“躺，位于”；spot“认出，弄脏”；stand“使站立，忍受”；locate“位于，查找 的地点”。句意：一个国家位于国外的工厂越多，该国记录的出口就会越少。D项符合题意。10. 单选题An important factor in determining how well you perform in an examination is the（ ）of our mind.问题1选项A.stateB.caseC.situationD.circumstance【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。state“情形”；case“情况”；situation“形势”；circumstance“环境，状况”。句意：决定考试好坏的一个重要因素是我们的精神状态。故A项符合题意。11. 单选题Everyone experiences fear during major crisissuch as fires, automobile accidents, etc. Some people even feel very nervous when they flying in airplanes. No matter how hard they try, they cannot lower their anxiety. Some of them enjoy talking about their fears while others resent being asked to discuss their anxiety by telling jokes. Some people try to hide their nervousness: they try to disguise their anxiety by telling jokes. Others become loud and aggressive, attacking people by making them the butt of cruel jokes, sometimes making someone else the target of jokes is an attempt to control ones fearsto master anxiety.A number of factors can be mentioned as important in explaining why people have a fear of flying: early childhood experiences, general sense of security, fear of heights, trust in others, percentage of alcohol in blood, etc. The memory of a bad experience can sometimes trigger the same fear caused by that experience. Thus, a child might be frightened by the sight of a dog even though he is safe, merely because he once had a bad experience with a dog. A bad experience can be the cue that triggers our fears. But the crucial factor seems to be a feeling of no control.Usually we are able to suppress our feelings so that they do not affect our behavior. But sometimes the tension produced by our fears is so great that we cannot suppress it. At such time we need to discharge the tension by laughing or crying. By smiling foolishly and talking loudly, we are able to repress the rising feeling of fear so that it does not affect the way we behave.Because it is necessary to recognize a problem before it can be solved, admitting that we are afraid is an integral part of the process of mastering our fears.1.To make someone the butt of jokes means（ ）.2.What is the positive purpose of peoples telling jokes?3.To master anxiety means（ ）.4.According to the author, which of the following is the most important factor triggering the feeling of fear?5.According to the concluding paragraph, what is essential to go through the process of mastering ones fears?问题1选项A.to force someone to enjoy jokesB.to entitle someone to tell jokesC.to offend someone by jokesD.to make someone become the object of jokes问题2选项A.To disguise their anxietyB.To attack othersC.To control ones own fearsD.To show ones sense of humor问题3选项A.to conquer the feeling of nervousnessB.to hold back the feeling of uneasinessC.to be familiar with tensionD.to be good at the subject of anxiety问题4选项A.Early childhood experience.B.The general sense of security.C.The fear of heights.D.A feeling of no control.问题5选项A.To be conscious of the way of mastering fears.B.To admit the feeling of fears.C.To control ones feelings.D.To repress the rising feeling of fear.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:B【解析】1.语义推断题。根据第一段的倒数二三句“Some people try to hide their nervousness: they try to disguise their anxiety by telling jokes. Others become loud and aggressive, attacking people by making them the butt of cruel jokes. ”有些人试图通过讲笑话来掩饰他们的焦虑；另一些人则吵闹和好斗，攻击别人的方法是使人成为被取笑的对象。所以the butt of jokes指：被人取笑的对象。选项D符合原文。2.细节事实题。根据第一段的最后一句“Sometimes making someone else the target of jokes is an attempt to control ones own fears to master anxiety. 有时让别人成为笑话的对象是为了控制自己的恐惧控制焦虑。”由此可知，人们讲笑话的积极目的是为了控制自己的恐惧和焦虑，所以选项C符合原文。3.判断推理题。根据第一段的最后一句“Sometimes making someone else the target of jokes is an attempt to control ones own fears to master anxiety.”可知，控制焦虑意味着要克服紧张不安的感觉，选项A符合原文。4.细节事实题。根据第二段最后一句“ But the crucial factor seems to be a feeling of no control. 但关键的因素似乎是一种失控的感觉。”选项D符合原文。5.判断推理题。根据最后一段的内容可知：在问题得以解决之前，有必要认识它，承认我们害怕是控制恐惧过程中不可分割的一部分。所以选项B符合原文。12. 单选题If you work under a car when repairing it, you often get very（ ）.问题1选项A.waxyB.slipperyC.stickyD.greasy【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。waxy“蜡制的，柔软的”；slippery“狡猾的，不稳定的”；sticky“粘的，粘性的”；greasy“油腻的，油脂的，谄媚的”。句意：如果你在车底下修车，你通常会沾满油脂。D项符合题意。13. 翻译题Directions: Translate the following passage into English. Write your translation on the Answer Sheet.中国式问候吃饭时间，“你吃了吗？”是中国人最常用的问候语。不理解这种风俗的外国人会认为这是在邀请一起吃饭。但是，这仅仅是简单的问候，不是真的在发出邀请，所以可以回答“吃了，我吃过了。”或者说“没有，我还没吃。”除了“你吃了吗?”，中文中还有其他打招呼的方式，比如说“去哪儿？”、“忙吗？”、“干什么呢？”、“去上班？”等等。我们可以发现中国人问候的时候喜欢问别人在做什么，做了什么，要做什么。【答案】Chinese greeting“Have you eaten?” is a common greeting among Chinese when it is the time for a meal. Foreigners who do not understand this kind of custom might regard this as an invitation to have a meal together. However, this is just a simple greeting, not a real invitation, so can reply with “Yes, I have eaten.” or “No, not yet.” In addition to “Have you eaten?”, there are many other expressions for saying hello in Chinese, like “Where are you going?”, “Are you busy?”, “What are you doing?”, “Are you going to work?”, etc. We can find that when Chinese people greet each other, they like to ask about the things others are doing, just did or are going to do.14. 单选题Many scientists remain（ ） about the value of this research program.问题1选项A.skepticalB.stationaryC.spaciousD.specific【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。skeptical“怀疑的”；stationary“固定的，静止的”；spacious“宽敞的，广阔的”；specific“特殊的，特定的”。句意：一些科学家对这个研究项目的价值保持怀疑。A项符合题意。15. 单选题Many American women are making（ ）themselves in the business world.问题1选项A.a name ofB.a name forC.a name withD.a name out of【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。make a name for oneself意为“成名，出名”。所以选项B正确。16. 单选题His hand shook a little as he（ ） the key in the lock.问题1选项A.squeezedB.insertedC.stuffedD.pierced【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。squeeze“挤，紧握”；insert“插入”；stuff“塞满”；pierce“穿孔”。句意：当他将钥匙插入锁时，他的手微微抖了一下。B项符合题意。17. 单选题Please be serious. I am not（ ）. You should consider it carefully.问题1选项A.sortingB.jokingC.countingD.comparing【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。sort“将分类”；joke“开玩笑”；count“计数”；compare“比较”。句意：请严肃点，我不是开玩笑的。你应该仔细地想想。B项符合题意。18. 单选题Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations, and turning calm situations into（ ） ones.问题1选项A.turbulentB.tragicC.vulnerableD.suspicious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。turbulent“动荡，湍流的”；tragic“悲剧的，悲痛的”；vulnerable“易受攻击的”；suspicious“可疑的，怀疑的”。句意：谣言到处都是,恐惧蔓延,损害的声誉,并让平静的情形陷入动荡中。A项符合题意。19. 单选题The American Civil War was a four-year armed（1）between northern and southern sections of the United States. The fighting began on April 12, 1861, and（2）until May 1865.For a long time（3）the Civil War, the North and South had（4）each other on many issues. Most people in the（5）wanted to abolish slavery, or at least to stop its spread to new states, （6）the slave owners of the South held that（7）should be allowed everywhere.Another issue that divided the North and South was a（8）one. The North believed in a strong central government,（9）, the federal government should have more power than the state governments. Most southerners,（10）, regarded the nation as a union of separate and more or less（11）states. They held that a state had the right to（12）or “secede” from the Union when it felt its interests to be threatened.In November, 1860, Abraham Lincoln was（13）the 16th President of the United States. Since Lincoln had become well-known（14）the country for his anti-slavery views, his election caused a panic among the（15）in the South. One month later, South Carolina seceded from（16）. By February 1, 1861, six other statesMississippi. Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texashad taken（17）steps.President Lincoln knew that if these（18）states were allowed to leave the Union, it would soon（19）. So shortly after he had taken office, it was decided by his cabinet that the Union was to be preserved（20）.问题1选项A.conflictB.quarrelC.battleD.struggle问题2选项A.establishedB.preservedC.foundedD.lasted问题3选项A.afterB.beforeC.untilD.to问题4选项A.disagreed withB.agreed toC.agreed withD.disagreed to问题5选项A.NorthB.SouthC.Civil WarD.Country问题6选项A.asB.soC.andD.while问题7选项A.freedomB.slaveryC.plantationD.revolution问题8选项A.politicalB.economicalC.educationalD.artificial问题9选项A.so to sayB.howeverC.that isD.for example问题10选项A.as a resultB.howeverC.yetD.in问题11选项A.dependentB.independentC.completeD.incomplete问题12选项A.succeedB.erectC.establishD.withdraw问题13选项A.electedB.selectedC.chosenD.appointed问题14选项A.forB.throughoutC.amongD.during问题15选项A.labor partyB.factory ownersC.slave ownersD.presidents问题16选项A.the UnionB.the NorthC.the SouthD.the State问题17选项A.alikeB.likelyC.similarD.related问题18选项A.sixB.twoC.liveD.seven问题19选项A.get togetherB.burst intoC.break outD.break up问题20选项A.by forceB.by persuadingC.by talkingD.by education【答案】第1题:A第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:A第6题:D第7题:B第8题:A第9题:C第10题:B第11题:B第12题:D第13题:A第14题:B第15题:C第16题:A第17题:C第18题:A第19题:D第20题:A【解析】1.考查名词辨析。A选项conflict“冲突，矛盾”；B选项quarrel“吵架，争论”；C选项battle“战役，斗争”；D选项struggle“斗争，奋斗”。根据句意“美国内战是美国北部和南部地区之间长达四年的武装冲突。”选项A最符合语境。2.考查动词辨析。A选项establish“建立”；B选项preserve“保存”；C选项found“创立”；D选项last“持续”。根据原文可知，这里是说战争从1861年4月12持续到了1865年5月，所以选项D符合原文。3.考查介词辨析。原文是说在美国内战爆发之前的很长一段时间里，南北双方在很多问题上就已经存在分歧了。所以选项B符合原文。4.考查上下文语义。根据下文的描述可以推断出双方应该是存在分歧，由此可首先排除选项B和选项C；当表示双方意见不一致的时候用介词with，所以选项A正确。5.考查上下文语义。本段主要是讲南北之间的矛盾，下文提到了南方的奴隶主，那这里指的应该是北方的大多数人想要取消奴隶制。所以选项A符合原文。6.考查逻辑关系词。前后形成对比并且是相反的情况，应使用连词while表转折，所以选项D正确。7.考查上下文语义。上文提及北方大多数人想要取消奴隶制，然而南方的奴隶主们认为奴隶制在任何地方都应该被允许，所以选项B符合原文。8.考查形容词辨析。A选项political“政治的”；B选项economical“经济的”；C选项educational “教育的”；D选项artificial“人造的”。根据原文可知，分裂南北方属于政治问题，所以选项A符合原文。9.考查连接词。A选项so to say“可以这么说，打个比方说”；B选项however“然而”；C选项that is“也就是说，换言之”；D选项for example“例如”。根据句意“北方相信一个强大的中央政府，（ ） ，联邦政府应该比州政府拥有更多的权力。”句子的后半部分是对前半部分的进一步解释，所以选项C更符合语境。10.考查逻辑连接词。上文提及北方相信一个强大的中央政府，而下文讲到南方认为这个国家是一个独立的，或者或多或少独立的州组成的联盟，前后形成转折关系，所以选项B符合语境。11.考查上下文语义。这里是由and连接的两个并列成分，根据上一句“regarded the nation as a union of separate把国家看作是一个独立的联合体”可知，后半句表示或多或少独立的州。所以选项B符合句意。12.考查动词辨析。A选项succeed“继承，接替”；B选项erect“竖立，建造”；C选项establish“建立”；D选项withdraw“撤退，离开”。根据句意“他们认为，当一个州感到自己的利益受到威胁时，它有权退出或“脱离”联邦。”选项D符合原文语境。13.考查动词辨析。A选项elect“选举”；B选项select“选择”；C选项choose“挑选”；D选项appoint“任命，委派”。根据原文可知，这里是说林肯当选为美国第16任总统，选项A符合句意。14.考查介词辨析。根据句意“林肯反奴隶制的观点闻名于全国”，贯穿全国用介词throughout，选项B正确。15.考查上下文语义。根据句意“他（林肯）的当选在南部 引起了恐慌。”林肯反对奴隶制，损害的是南方奴隶主的利益，所以选项C符合原文语境。16.考查上下文语义。根据最后一段第一句可知，这里指脱离的是联邦政府，所以选项A符合原文语境。17.考查形容词辨析。A选项alike“相似的，相像的”，强调两个人长得相像；B选项likely“可能的，合适的”；C选项similar“相似的”；D选项related“有关联的”。根据原文可知，这里是说其他六个州也采取了类似的措施，选项C符合语境。18.考查上下文语义。南卡罗来纳州已经脱离了联邦政府，所以这里是说“如果这六个州也被允许脱离联邦政府的话.”，选项A符合语境。19.考查词组辨析。A选项get together“聚集，积累”；B选项burst into“闯入”；C选项break out“爆发，突发”；D选项break up“解散，衰落”。根据句意“如果这六个州也被允许脱离联邦政府的话，联邦很快就会分裂。”选项D符合原文语境。20.考查短语辨析。A选项by force“强迫地，靠武力”；B选项by persuading“通过劝说”；C选项by talking“通过谈判”；D选项 by education“通过教育”。根据句意“因此，在他就职后不久，他的内阁决定通过武力来维护联邦。”选项A符合原文语境。20. 单选题With the（ ） of Mary, all the girl students are eager to go to the party.问题1选项A.exhibitionB.exceptionC.exceptD.reception【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。exhibition“展览”；exception“例外，异议”；except“除之外”；reception“接待，接收”。句意：除了Mary外，所有女学生都很渴望去参加聚会。B项符合题意。