2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）第55期

2022年考博英语-华南师范大学考前拔高综合测试题（含答案带详解）1. 单选题（ ）of this change is the appearance of the two books under review.问题1选项A.IndicativeB.SuggestiveC.SymptomaticD.Expressive【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: Indicative “象征的；指示的；表明的”；B: Suggestive “提示的；暗示的”；C: Symptomatic “有症状的；症候的”；D: Expressive “表示的，有表现力的”。 句意：审查中的这两本书的出现反映了这个变化。be indicative of “指示的；象征的；暗示的”,本句为表语前置，完全倒装。因此A最合适。2. 单选题The 215-page manuscript, circulated to publishers last October,（ ）an outburst of interest.问题1选项A.flaredB.glitteredC.sparkedD.flashed【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 flare“闪光，闪耀”；B选项 glitter “闪闪发光，闪烁”；C选项 spark “发动，激起”；D选项 flash “闪光，闪现”。句意：去年十月传到出版商那儿的215页的手稿激发起他们浓厚的兴趣。根据句意，C选项正确。3. 填空题Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon. The first arose（1）water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge（2）mans ingenuity. The Egyptians invented the 365（3）. calendar in response（4）the Niles annual flooding. The Babylonians, who were among （5）most famous law-makers（6）antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage. Water inspired the Chinese （7）build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system（8）, after nearly 2,500 years, （9）still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers. But the ancients never found complete solutions（10）their water problems. The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River is also known（11）Chinas Sorrow; it is so erratic and dangerous（12）in a single flood it has caused million deaths. Floods hazarded the great civilization of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much（13）its lanD.Today（14）dominates man as it always has（15）.Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities; its tempestuous variability can kill（16）or his herds or his crops; its routes link him to（17）fellows; its immense value may add（18）. already dangerous political conflicts. There are many examples（19）this in our（20）time.【答案】1.where2.to3.day4.to5.the6.in7.to8.which9.remains10.to11.as12.that13.of14.water15.done16.man17.his18.his19.of20.own【解析】1.考查状语从句。此处大意为：第一次发生在水在环境中占主导地位的地方。空格前是动词，空格后为一个句子，结合句意和语境得知正确答案为where。2.考查固定搭配。a challenge to. “对的挑战”。3.考查固定搭配。由空格前“365”和空格后“calendar日历”可知应该填入day。4.考查固定搭配。in response to“对做出反应”。5.考查最高级。most修饰形容词表示最高级，和the搭配。6.考查介词。根据关键词“antiquity古代”，以及空格前为完整句子，因此填入in，表示时间。7.考查介词。介词to与后文动词构成不定式，空格前是完整的主谓宾结构。8.考查定语从句。空格前是名词结构，空格后是缺乏主语的句子，结合语境，填入which构成定语从句。9.考查动词。根据语法结构，由and并列，此处应是与commands构成并列谓语动词，根据后文still partly in use可知此处最佳答案为remains。10.考查固定搭配。solution to“解决的办法/方法”。11.考查固定搭配。be known as“被称之为”。12.考查固定搭配so.that. “如此以致于”。13.考查词组。much of “大量，许多的”。14.考查名词。根据上下文，此处大意为：水一如既往地控制着人类。15.考查现在完成时。此处大意为：水一如既往地控制着人类。根据句意和语境可知，应填入done。16.考查名词。根据后文的or和his可知应填入man。17.考查代词，根据前文提到his herds or his crops判断出此处填入his。18.考查词组。add to“增加，加强”。19.考查介词。前文example和后文this表示所属，因此填of。20.考查代词/形容词。根据空格前后关键词in our.time，以及句意：我们自己的时代，可知此处填own “自己的；特有的”。4. 单选题The university（ ）an honorary doctors degree on the distinguished scholar who was generally regarded as a credit to his own country.问题1选项A.donatedB.conferredC.subscribedD.granted【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: donate “捐赠” ；B: confer “经批准授予（学位、称号等）”；C: subscribe “订阅”；D: grant “上级对下级的赐予或答应给什么”。句意：大学授予了这位被视为国家荣誉的卓越学者荣誉博士学位。根据句意可知B为正确答案。5. 单选题A man of（ ）judgment will immediately see through the little game.问题1选项A.severeB.solemnC.soberD.stern【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: severe “严峻的”；B: solemn “庄严的，严肃的”；C: sober “头脑清醒的，冷静的”；D: stern “严厉的，严峻的”。 句意：一个头脑清醒有判断力的人会立刻看穿这个小游戏。根据语境和句意可知C为正确答案。6. 单选题Today chemicals are used to destroy crop insects, to preserve food and to purify our water among many other（ ）.问题1选项A.mattersB.thingsC.businessesD.accounts【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：现在的化学用品被用于杀死害虫，保护庄稼食物，还用于净化水源，还用于许多其他的事项。根据句意，空格处并列前文提及的化学剂的用途，则A 项“事件；事情”最符合用法。7. 翻译题Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on the Answer Sheet.Scientific research is by nature an uncertain undertaking. Like any exploratory process, it is not possible to predict what one will find or what its eventual utility might be. That is the whole point of research-investigating what we do not know. In other walks of life we have come to grips with the notion of stochastic phenomena that are not individually predictable, but can be tackled as a group. Mutual fund managers do not expect every investment to have the same return, nor do actuaries expect every person to live precisely to the life expectancy. The whole point of a mutual fund, or an insurance company, is to create a portfolio of unpredictable entities that in the aggregate yield to statistical prediction. Given a sufficiently large portfolio of research projects, and enough time to bring them to fruition, the track record is clear: Science is a tremendous, and very predictable, investment.Yet this is not how science is viewed by those who fund it in government or industry. Therefore, projects are subjected to a scrutiny wholly inappropriate to their nature. The most reliable way to get research funds is to predict the research results up front, to guarantee low risk of failure, and to present a clear and certain path from results to great commercial utility.【答案】科学研究一项不确定的事业。就像任何探索过程一样，我们不可能预测人们 会发现什么，或者它最终的效用是什么。研究-调查我们不知道的事情是整个重点。在其他行业，我们已经掌握随机现象的概念，这些现象不作为个体预测，而是可以作为一个整体来处理的。共同基金经理不期望每一个投资都有同样的回报，精算师们也不期望每个人都能精确地生活在预期寿命中。共同基金或保险公司的全部目的是创建一个不可预测的实体组合，这些实体在总体收益率上是用于统计预测的。倘若有足够大型的研究组合，以及有足够的时间让它们结出硕果，这种记录是清晰的：科学是一项巨大的、非常可预测的投资。然而，政府或工业界的资助者并不是这样看待科学的。因此，项目受到完全不符合其性质的审查。获得科研经费最可靠的途径是提前预测研究成果，保证低风险的失败，并从研究成果向大商业应用的角度说明清晰、确定的路径。8. 单选题（ ）the advances of science the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us.问题1选项A.As forB.ExceptC.BesidesD.Despite【答案】D【解析】考查介词。A: as for “至于” ；B: except “除之外”；C: besides “除之外（还有）”；D: despite “尽管”。句意：尽管科学不断发展，老年的疼痛无疑总是伴随着我们。结合此处语境，D为正确答案。9. 单选题It is announced that a wallet has been found and can he （ ） at the managers office.问题1选项A.declaredB.obtainedC.reclaimedD.recognized【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项 declare “断言，宣称，宣布”；B选项 obtain “获得，得到”；C选项 reclaim “要求归还，收回；认领（失物）”；D选项 recognize“认出，认可，承认”。句意：通知说，有人发现了一只钱包，失主可到经理室认领。结合此处语境，C选项正确。10. 单选题A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B.Calhoun, and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant maternal behavior: they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups, and, without their mothers care, the pups dieD.Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats diD.The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male, female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, tike all the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation. The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhouns experiments. In large urban areas such as New York, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhouns experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.1.Paragraph 1 is organized according to（ ）.2.Calhoun stabilized the rat population（ ）.3.Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in ParA.1.4.Which of the following behavior didnt happen in this experiment?5.The main idea of the paragraph three is that（ ）.问题1选项A.reasonsB.experimentsC.examplesD.definition问题2选项A.when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB.by removing young ratsC.at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD.all of the above are correct问题3选项A.Calhouns experiment is still considered important today.B.Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C.Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowdingD.Calhoun had experimented with rats before.问题4选项A.All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B.Mother rats abandoned their pups.C.Female rats showed deviant maternal behaviorD.Mother rats left their rat babies alone.问题5选项A.dominant males had adequate living spaceB.dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other ratsC.dominant males attacked weaker ratsD.the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditions【答案】第1题:B第2题:B第3题:A第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段中 “A classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American.”中文翻译为：1962年2月，一篇发表在科学美国人杂志上的文章报道了 一组经典的实验，以确定过量种群对老鼠群落的影响。结合后文，可以得知B选项符合题意。2.细节事实题。由题干关键字rat population可以定位到文章第一段中 “Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers.” 中文翻译为“然后，他通过移除那些不依赖母亲的后代来稳定人口。”因此B为正确答案。3.细节事实题。由B项可以定位到文章中 “Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of. social disease.” 中文翻译为：卡尔霍恩和他的同事能够得出结论，过度拥挤会导致老鼠之间正常的社会关系破裂，这是一种社会疾病。则排除B选项；由C选项可以定位到文章中 “The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.” 中文翻译为：实验中的老鼠没有与生活在不过度拥挤环境的老鼠一样遵循同样的行为模式。则排除C选项；由D项可以定位到文章中 “Calhoun knew from experience.” 中文翻译为：卡尔霍恩从经验中得知，则排除D选项；可以得知A选项符合题意。4.细节事实题。由B项可以定位到文章中 “For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups.” 中文翻译为：母亲们有时会抛弃他们的幼崽则排除B选项；由C选项可以定位到文章中 “They showed deviant maternal behavior” 中文翻译为：他们表现出异常的母性行为。则排除C选项；由D项可以定位到文章中 “Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die.” 中文翻译为：在正常情况下，一只老鼠妈妈不会让 她的幼崽独自死去。则排除D选项； 因此A项“所有雄性大鼠均表现出病态行为”符合题意。5.主旨大意题。根据B项 “主导性的雄性老鼠并不像其他大鼠一样严重地受到过度拥挤的影响”可以定位到文章第三段第一句“The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation.” 中文翻译为：在大鼠种群中，主导性的雄性种群受到的影响最小。故选B。11. 翻译题Directions: Put the following pas sage into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on the Answer Sheet.This greater interdependence is not limited to the financial sector. The new challenges of today are global in nature and therefore, they demand a global response. This applies to issues such as climate change, eneigy security, terrorism prevention, trafficking and organized crime. We can no longer meet these challenges by closing the door and simply looking after our own house. Instead, we must reach out and seek cooperation, wherever cooperation is more effective. The world is currently witnessing the broadest and deepest wave of globalization ever producing great opportunities but also some risks. Globalization has helped hundreds of millions from poverty and provided businesses with the possibility to invest and expand abroaD.But those same businesses know that they can no longer live on past achievements. When we speak of globalization, it is important to understand that openness and interdependence are the rules of the game.Our cooperation in the fight against climate change is particularly important. We all know that climate change is real, that it is caused by human activity, and that its consequences are universal and will be felt first and foremost by the poorest. It will serve little purpose if other countries do not join in common action. Yes, there is a cost to reducing emissions, but the cost of global warming and not just in the long term is going to be far higher, including for China.【答案】我们之间日益加深的相互依存并不局限于金融领域。今天我们实际面临的许多新挑战 都是全球性的，因此需要全球做出共同应对。这其中包括了气候变化、能源安全、制止恐怖主义、贩卖毒品和有组织犯罪等。我们已经不能以关起门来独善其身的方式应对这些挑 战。相反，我们必须伸出双手寻求合作，因为合作能够更有效地解决这些问题。世界正经历着一波最为广泛和深刻的全球化浪潮，这为我们提供了巨大的机会，但同时也带来了一 些风险。全球化已帮助数以亿计的人们摆脱了贫困，并且给企业提供了进行海外投资和扩张的机会。但那些企业也意识到不能够满足于自己过去取得的成就。提到全球化，我们必须清楚公开和相互依存是其游戏的规则。我们在应对气候变化方面的合作尤其重要。我们现在都认识到气候的变化是实实在在的，这一变化由人类活动引发，其影响是全球性的并且将首先波及最贫困的人口。如果其他国家不参与共同行动，那么，我们的努力将不会产生结果。是的，我们将为减少温室气体排放付出代价，但我们可能在并不遥远的将来为全球变暖付出远高于此的代价，中国也不例外。12. 单选题The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly（ ）source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilize.问题1选项A.exploitedB.quantifiableC.controversialD.inexhaustible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: exploited “开采；利用”；B: quantifiable “可以计量的”；C: controversial “有争议的”；D: inexhaustible “无穷无尽的”。 句意：热带植物绝对的多样性似乎表明有无穷无尽的原材料资源，而这些原材料只有小部分被使用。根据语境和句意可知D最合适。13. 翻译题In contrast to the science of classical antiquity, modern science is basically unfinished whereas ancient science had the appearance of something completed to which the notion of progress was not essential. Modern science progresses into the infinite.Modern science has realized that a finished and total world-view is scientifically impossible. Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can a closed view of the world pretend to scientific validityand then it is a false validity. Those great new unified systems of knowledgesuch as modern physicshave grown up in the scientific times only with single aspects of reality. And reality, as a whole, has been fragmented as never before; whence the openness of the modern world is contrast to the closed Greek cosmos.【答案】和古典时代的科学相比，现代科学基本上是未完成状态，然而古老科学有完成某样东西的表象，而且进步的概念对此非常重要。现代科学进入无限境地。现代科学已经知道，完美无缺的世界观在科学上是不可能的。只有当科学批评因为细节变成绝对而被削弱的时候，僵化自守的世界观才会妄称科学有效性一一然后，这个有效性也是虚假的。那些科学时代中伟大且新统一的知识体系一一比如现代物理只在现实生活的某方面已经逐渐发展。整体来看，现实已经前所未有的支离破碎。于此，现代世界的开放性与封闭自守的希腊世界形成鲜明对比。14. 单选题In most cases politicians are（ ）as they seldom tell the truth.问题1选项A.skepticalB.pessimisticC.incredulousD.incredible【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A: skeptical “怀疑的，多疑的”；B: pessimistic “悲观的”；C: incredulous “怀疑的”；D: incredible“难以相信的”。句意：在大多数情况下，政治家都是难以相信的，因为他们很少说实话。结合此处句意，政治家很少说实话，判断出选项D为正确答案。15. 单选题At first, the（ ）of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible but with painstaking efforts and at great expense, it became a reality.问题1选项A.transactionB.transmissionC.transformationD.transition【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析题。A选项 transaction “办理，处理；业务，交易”；B选项 transmission “播送，发射，传送”；C选项 transformation “变化，转化”；D选项 transition “转变，转换”。句意：起初，远距离传输彩色图片似乎是不可能的，但随着人们的艰苦努力和花费的巨大的代价，它终于变成了现实。结合句意，表示传输彩色图片，故B选项正确。16. 单选题In the eyes of the linguists, there exists no（ ）among the languages in the world.问题1选项A.statusB.scaleC.hierarchyD.gauge【答案】B【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A: status “身份；地位”；B: scale “规模；等级（层次），级别”；C: hierarchy “等级 制度（尤指社会或组织）”；D: gauge “（常指用某种仪器）测量”。句意：在语言学家看来，世界上的语言中不存在等级之分。根据句意，B为正确答案。17. 翻译题人类文明任何形式的人类文明，都可以说是一种大的信息系统。第一个阶段是语言，有了语言才能共同占有经验，才能集体记忆，才能集体积累知识。然后便是记写，记写提供了一种不太容易消失的、更容易传递的记忆形式。之后便出现了印刷，从而使信息传播大大增加。现代电子学正在为我们提供崭新而功能更强的方法，来收集、加工、处理和传递。正是这种发展的一个非凡特征，才使得能力的巨大提高却没有给能源或稀少的材料造成负担。相反，设备变得越来越小，甚至在同样的工作性能情况下，价格越来越便宜。只需要看袖珍计算器，微型计算机，电子表和电子游戏机，便可知道确实是如此。【答案】It can be said that any form of human civilization is a large information system. The first stage is language. Only with language can we share experience and have collective memory as well as accumulate knowledge collectively. The second step is to write down. Writing has offered a form of memory that is less likely to disappear and more easily transmitted. Then printing greatly has increased the dissemination of information.Modern electronics is providing us with new and more powerful ways to collect, process, process and deliver. It is a remarkable feature of this development that greatly increases ability without posing burden on energy or scarce materials. Rather, devices are getting smaller and even cheaper under the same performance conditions, which is proved by pocket calculator, microcomputer, electronic watch and electronic game machine.18. 单选题Frances（ ）of nuclear testing in the South Pacific last month triggered political debates and mass demonstrations.问题1选项A.assumptionB.consumptionC.presumptionD.resumption【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项 assumption “假定，假设”；B选项 consumption “消费，消耗”；C选项 presumption “假设，推定”；D选项 resumption “恢复，重联，（中断后）再继续”。句意：上个月法国在南太平洋重新进行核试验引发了政界的争论和群众游行示威。结合此处语境，谈及到法国重新进行核试验，因此D选项正确。19. 单选题You cant keep the milk outside for a night, it will turn（ ）.问题1选项A.sourB.stainedC.rottenD.acid【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A: sour “有酸味的” ；B: stained “玷污的”；C: rotten “腐烂的；恶臭的”；D: acid“酸性的”。句意：你不能把牛奶放在外面过夜，它会变质。结合语境，表示牛奶变酸，故选A。20. 单选题A Dictionary of the English Language,（ ）by Dr. Samuel Johnson, was the first real attempt as a systematic and interestingly written survey of English usage.问题1选项A.constructedB.composedC.compiledD.collected【答案】C【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A: construct “构造，建造；创立”；B: compose “构成；写作”；C: compile“编辑”；D: collect“收集；募捐”。句意：英语词典是由塞缪尔约翰逊博士编译的，是第一次真正作为一个系统且有趣的书面研究英