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第五章：英译汉常用的方法和技巧（中）第一节：分译与合译第二节：被动语态的译法第三节：名词从句的译法第四节；定语从句的译法第五节：状语从句的译法第六节：长句的译法第一节：分 译 与 合 译 英译汉时，如果一个英语句子不能用一个汉语单句清楚地表达出来，我们可以把原句拆开，用两个或两个以上汉语单句来表达，这叫做分译(Division).例如：1So I swam and, presumably because of the long absence of foreigners from Sichuan, before an undeservedly large and enthusiastic audience.(From an article written by John Service.) 于是我就下水游泳了；大概在四川省人们很久没见过外国人了，所以我游泳时，旁边有一大群热心的观众；而单凭我的游泳技术是不配引来这样一大群观众的。 原来的一个英语句子被分译成5个汉语句子，属于长句分译。其中由because of和before引出的两个介词短语以及副词 undeservedly分别转换为汉语单句。译文中增补了“我游泳时”，重复了“一大群观众”。从中我们可以看出，分译是一个综合性的翻译过程而不是一种单一的翻译方法。它可涉及“增补”、“转换”、“重复”等翻译方法的使用。 另一方面，如果我们将意义上联系很密切的两个或两个以上的英语句子合并译为一个汉语句子，这就叫合译(Fusion)例如：2.When someone asks me what business I am in, I become embarrassed. I stutter and stammer. My face feels hot. 当有人问我从事什么职业时，我感到很尴尬，脸发烫，结结巴巴地难以启齿。原来的三个英语句子合译为一个汉语复句。比起译为三个独立的句子，意义上更加连贯而结构更紧凑。原文中后两个简单句所表达的内容实际上也是别人问到自己的职业时的尴尬状，意义上与前面的句子联系紧密而句子又短，所以可以用合译。原文中最后两个句子的主语“I”被省译，两个句子的位置在译文中作了调整，用了倒译法。因此，合译也是一个综合性的翻译过程，可能涉及到省译法、倒译法等翻译方法的使用。I分译法的使用A 单词的分译 将原文中的一个单词分离出来单独译为汉语的一个句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个以上的汉语单句。可能进行分译的单词有：(1)形容词3.He is having an identifiable trouble with his teeth. 他正患牙病，这是大家都看得出来的。4.The day dawned misty and overcast. 那天天亮时雾气很重，天上布满乌云。5.As a shy young visitor to Einsteins home, I was made to feel at ease when Einstein said,” I have something to show you.” 小时候有一次去爱因斯坦家作客，由于我很腼腆，他就对我说：“我有样东西给你看。”于是我便感到不拘束了。(2)副词6.Frankly, are you interested in going? 你说实话，有兴趣吗？7.Not surprisingly, those who were praised improved dramatically. 那些受到表扬的人进步显著，这是不足为怪的。8.Characterically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 哈罗德先生没有表露自己的感情，只是察言观色，心领神会。这是他的性格。这类副词常常和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，相对说来与句子的主要部分关系不十分密切，只是对整个句子进行解释或说明。（3）动词9.We recognize and share Chinas resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony. 我们认识到中国决心抵抗任何国家寻求建立全球霸权和地区霸权的企图，我们也有这样的决心。 Share 在原文中作并列谓语。如果译为“我们认识到并与中国共有决心抵抗任何国家”，则意义不明，条理不清。将动词share分译成一个句子，译文就清楚明白多了。（4）名词10.She left home a child and came back a mother of three children. 离家时她还是个孩子，回来时已是三个孩子的妈妈了。B 短语分译将原文中的一个短语译为一个句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的汉语句子。可能进行分译的短语有：（1）分词短语12.He was dressed, sitting by the fire, looking a very sick and miserable boy of nine years. 他已穿好衣服，坐在火炉旁。这个9岁的男孩看上去病得很厉害，一副可怜巴巴的模样。13.He handed me my draft of the plan completely modified. 他把我的计划草案交还了我，内容全改动了。（2）介词短语14.The fire started during the workmens dinner hour. 工人们吃饭时，发生了火灾。15.With all his faults, I like him. 尽管他有种种缺点，我还是喜欢他。（3）名词短语16.Alice, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it. 阿丽丝平时是个腼腆的姑娘，现在也和他们热烈地辩论起来。17.You should consult your advisor, Dr. John H. Olson, Room 125D Science Wing, Phone 715 232-2604, concerning the planning of your program. 你应找你的指导教师约翰.H.奥尔森博士商量你的计划。他在理科侧楼125D房间，电话是715232-2604。C 长句分译 长句分译这里主要是指将含有一个或多个定语从句的英语长句分译为两个或多个汉语句子。18.But underneath the sympathetic talk, they actually feel a little wistful envy of the men who brave the winds, rain, snow, cold, and storms upon the restless water. 然而，在这种富于同情的闲聊下面，他们实际上都有着一种强烈的羡慕之情；他们羡慕那些在惊涛骇浪中搏风斗雨、傲雪顶寒的人们。 以who引导的定语从句分译为一个独立的句子，并重复“他们羡慕”，和who所指代的the men.19.A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who says that women have outgrown the jumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a major who says that they havent. 一位年轻女士与一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻女士认为，妇女已经有所进步，不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上，少校则不以为然。将两个定语从句分译为单独的汉语句子，使原文的一个主从复合句在译文中成为三个句子。在分译过程中，分别重复了关系代词所指代的“年轻女士”和“少校”。20.We have nothing to do with David Swan until we find him at the age of twenty on the main road from his home to the City of Boston where his uncle, a businessman, is going to give him work in the store which he owns. 我们与戴维.斯旺本来毫无关系。直到有一天，我们见到20岁的他离家上了大路，去波士顿他舅舅家。他舅舅是做生意的，开了个店，安排他去那里做事。原句中以until 引导的状语从句和以where 引导的定语从句分别译为汉语单独的句子。其中介词短语to the city of Boston 和名词a businessman 又各自译为句中的分句。II合译法的使用A将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为一个汉语单句21.It was 2 a.m. on a hot August night. In a San Francisco suburb, a man staggered out of a bar. 一个炎热的8月夜晚凌晨两点钟，在旧金山郊区，有个人摇摇晃晃的走出酒吧间。22.People are the same everywhere. They are born. They are babies. They are children. They are adults. They grow old. They die. 各地的人都是一样的。人们生下来都要经历从婴儿、儿童、成年人直至衰老死亡的各个人生阶段。 后面6个英语简单句合译为一个汉语单句。其中增补了“经历各个人生阶段“。B将英语的并列句合译为汉语单句23.Her dress was grey and plain, but it fitted her body nicely. 她一身素装简单而合身。C将英语的主从复合句译为汉语单句24.Thats the only thing we can do now. 目前我们只能这样做。25.Thats why you should put one item of information on each of information card. 因而每张资料卡上只应记一条资料。D将两个或两个以上的英语简单句合译为汉语的一个联合复句26.Pitcher was a quiet man. He didnt usually let his face show his feelings. 皮切尔不爱说话，也不轻易在脸上显露喜怒哀乐。第二节：被 动 语 态 的 译 法I英语被动语态的用法 英语中被动语态的使用比汉语较为普遍。英语句子在下列情况下一般使用被动语态：A不必或者无法说明主动者是谁1.This book has been translated into several foreign languages. B谈话的中心是承受者而不是主动者2.The machine here are all made in China. C出于礼貌，不愿说明谁是主动者3.Im flattered. D为了使句子易于安排4.Unfortunately, their plan failed and were mercilessly criticized by their opponents. II被动语态的译法A汉语的被动语态一般带有“被”、“受”、“由”等词。有时英文原句的被动语踏可以译成带有“被”、“受”、“由”等词的汉语被动结构5.Both the father and the son were thrown into prison. 6.Wherever she went, the princess was welcomed with great enthusiasm. 7.The children were taken care of by their grandparents when we were away. B.应该注意绝不可以滥用“被”字 如，This book was written in 1912.不可译成“这本书是1912年被写的”，而译成“这本书写于1912年较妥。所以，在许多情况下，应该用其他形式来翻译英文的被动语态。（1）译成主动式8.This project should be finished as soon as possible. 9.This must be made clear to everybody. 有时可讲主语译成宾语：10.This issue is not much talked about in China. 有时“be+过去分词”并不表示被动，而应看成是系表结构。这种结构一般译成主动式。11.She is dressed in red. 12.We are convinced that our team will win. 13.The gun is loaded. 试比较：14.The gun was quickly loaded again. 15.University of Electronic Science and Technology of China is located in the eastern part of Chengdu City. （2）译成无主语的句子16.Smoking (is) prohibited. 许多以it作形式主语的被动句型的汉语翻译常常采用无主句，或加上“人们”、“有人”、“大家”、“我们”等不确定的主语。17.It is said that the old man is a millionaire. 18.It is well known that Hong Kong has been part of China since ancient times. 可以采用这种方法翻译的句型有：It is reported that 据报 It is supposed that 据推测 It is hoped that 希望 It must be pointed out that 必须指出 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It is believed that 有人相信 It is generally considered that 大家认为 It will be said that 有人会说 It was told that 有人曾说 (3)译成其他特定的汉语句型19.We were very much impressed by what she had said. 20.Everybody in the room was shocked by his thundering voice. 21.The downtown area of Tokyo was practically destroyed by the earthquake. 另外，尤其是在口语中，英语的被动语态还可用“to get+过去分词” 的结构，一般仍然按照上述的一些方法来翻译。22.They got married last Sunday. 23.Jack got caught slipping a note to Lisa during the exam.
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