高中英语选修6(填空版).doc

高中英语选修6Unit 1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTINGArt is _by the customs and _ of a people. Styles in Western art have changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text._, this text will describe only the most important ones. Starting from the sixth century AD. The Middle Ages(5th to the 15th century AD) During the Middle Ages, the main_ of painters was to _religious themes. A _artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and people as they really were. A_ picture at this time was full of _ symbols, _ created a feeling of respect and love for God. But it was _that ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more _way. The Renaissance(15th to 16th century) During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually _those held in the Middle Ages. People began to _less on religious themes and _ a more _ attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature _ they really were. Rich people wanted to _ their own paintings, so they could decorate their _ palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses and _ as well as their activities and _. One of the most important _ during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This _ was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were _ that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one _ _ _ able to paint such _ pictures. By _,oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. _ the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great _ for which this period is famous. Impressionism(late 19h to early 20th century) In the late 19th century, Europe changed _ _ _ , from a mostly agricultural society to a mostly _ one. Many people moved from the countryside to the new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who _the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, _ lived and work in Paris. The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They _ _ _ show how light and _fell on objects at different times of day. _, because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. Their paintings were not as_ as those of earlier painters. At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very _ about it. They said that the painters were _ and their paintings were _. Modern Art(29th century to today) At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were _but today they are _as the beginning of _we call “modern art”. This is because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their _in new ways. There are _ _ modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modern art is _; that is, the painter does not _to paint objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on certain _ of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent them. _ _ _ _, some paintings of modern art are so realistic _ they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can_ what painting styles there will be in the future?Unit 3It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems_ that at my age I am still _ enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. Its my birthday in two weeks time and I ll be 82 years old! I think my long and _ life must be _the healthy life I live. This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that you started smoking some time ago and _ you are finding it difficult to _ it _ . Believe me, I know _ easy it is to begin smoking and how _it is to stop. You see, during _ I also smoked and became _ to cigarettes. By the way, did you know that this is because you _ _ in three different ways. First, you can become _ addicted to nicotine, _ is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your body becomes _ _having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves our body, you get _symptoms. I remember feeling _ and sometimes even in _. Secondly, you become addicted _ habit. _ you know, if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it_. Lastly, you can become _addicted. I believed I was happier and _ _ after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to _But I did finally _. When I was young, I didnt know much about the _ _of smoking. I didnt know, for example, that it could do _ _ to your heart and _ or that it was more difficult for _ couples to become _. I certainly didnt know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be _in some way. _did I know that my cigarette smoke could _ the health of non-smokers. However, _ I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt _. She said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She told me that she wouldnt go out with me again _ I stopped! I also noticed that I became _quickly, and that I wasnt enjoying sport as much. When I was _ _ the school football team because I was_, I knew it was time to _ smoking. I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet It might help you to stop and _your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and _ a life as I have. Love from GrandadUnit 4 THE EARTH IS BECOMIG WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER?During the 20th century the temperature of the earth _ about one degree Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid _ when _ to other natural changes. So how has this _and does it matter? Earth cares Sophie Armstrong explores these questions. _ _ _ _ _t the earth is becoming _(see Graph 1) and that it is human activity _ has caused this global warming rather than a _but natural _. All scientists _the view _t the increase in the earths temperature is _ _ the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy. Some byproducts of this process are called “greenhouse” gases, the most important one of _ is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: “There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the “greenhouse effect ”.This is when small _ _ gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without thegreenhouse effect, the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsciu _ than it is. So, we need those gases. The problem begins when we add huge_ extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy_ to be trapped in the atmosphere _ the global temperature to _ We know that the levels of carbon dioxide _ _ greatly over the last 100 to 150 years. It was a _ called Charles Keeling, _ made_ measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2) All scientists accept this _. They also agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has_ this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be _ _ _1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as _ as 5 degrees. _ , the _ of scientists towards this rise in completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the _which increases the temperature by 5 degrees would be a_. She says, “ We cant _ the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious.” Others who agree with her think there may be a _ of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, _, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the _ of species. On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, _ are _this view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be _ with few bad environmental _. In fact, Hambley_, “More carbon dioxide is actually a _ thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will _ a greater_ of animals-all of _ will make life for human beings better.” Greenhouse gases continue to_ in the atmosphere. _we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to _warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the _ of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the _ too great?Unit 5AN EXCITING JOB I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to _ places and work _people from all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific _and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never _. Although my job is _dangerous, I dont mind because danger excites me and makes me feel _. However, the most important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people from one of the most _ forces on earth- the volcano. I was _as volcanologist information for a _about Mount Kilauea, _ is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. _ _ and _the information, I help other scientists to predict _ lava from the volcano will flow next and _ fast. Our work has saved many lives because people in the path of the lava can be _ to leave their houses. _, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many houses have _ _ _ lava or burned to the ground. When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it _ less damage than you might _. This is because no one lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, _ the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly like a _ down the mountain causes far _ damage because it buries everything in its path under the molten rock. _, the _ itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never forget my first sight of one. It was in the second week _I arrived in Hawaii. _ _ hard all day, I went to bed early. I was fast asleep _ suddenly my bed began _ and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train _ my window. Having _ quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didnt take much notice. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. I ran out of the house into the back garden _ I could see Mount Kilauea _ _ _. There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was _hundreds of metres into the air. It was an _ _ sight. The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much _ look at it. Two _ scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as _ as possible to the crater _ had been formed during the eruption. Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any closer. All three of us looked like spacemen. We had white protective _ that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves. It was not easy to walk _ these suits, but we slowly_ to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling centre. The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this _ my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them. Today, I am just as _ about my job as the day I first started. _ _ volcanoes now for many years, I am still _ at their beauty as _ as their _to cause great damage.