高中语法过去完成时详解.doc

过去完成时（1）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句(在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句)来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示，还可能通过上下文来表示。例；By nine oclock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨天晚上9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。（2）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连用。例；I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在车站已经等了20分钟,一辆公共汽车终于来了。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说他自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。（3）叙述过去发生的事情，在已叙述了过去发生的事情后，反过来追述或补充以前发生的动作时，常使用过去完成时。例；Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天就去世了。他以前是我的好朋友。I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例；I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她发现她失去了的钥匙。（5）过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例；He said that he had known her well.他说他早就很了解她了。I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我一星期前就把信寄出去了。（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，“发生在过去的过去”，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的e.g：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时雨已停了。She didnt go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡觉。注意：如果两个动作紧接着发生，则常常不用过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为 这 时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确，这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。e.g：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努力提高他的英语水平。（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。e.g：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那里。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。（8）过去完成时还可用在hardly when no sooner than It was the firsttime等固定句型中。e.g：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他刚到就又走了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那一年第三次失业了。时间状语before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no soonerthan，yet，already等。例句Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他是我的好朋友I didnt know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词一无所知,因为我没有好好学习功课。1 He said that he had known her well.他说,他很了解她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before我以为前一周我寄了那封信的。After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到英国后,他努力提高他的英语水平。When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.当我醒来时,雨已经停了。We had hoped to be able to come and see you我们希望能被允许来看你。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year这是他那一年第三次失业。I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night到昨晚9点钟，我已经读完这本小说。4语法区别编辑与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，以now的时间为基点，但侧重对now产生的结果或造成的影响；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，以过去时间为基点，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。比较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。 Im sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。 Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了几分钟。与一般过去时的区别1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。比较：They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2.过去完成时表示过去的过去，不单独使用，一般和一般过去式一起使用。3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在 before ， after ， as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后，因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.5语法判定编辑由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night.（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.由“过去的过去”来判定过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt.根据上、下文来判定I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadnt seen each other since he went to Beijing.1.表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。例：1Pick me up at 8 oclock,I will have had breakfast by then.早上8点钟你来接我，到时我已经吃完早饭了。2We shall（will） have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。3By the time you get home， I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。2.表示推测，相当于must have done结构。例：1You will have heard of this, I guess. 我猜你已经听说过这件事了。2I am sure that he will have got the information. 我相信他一定会得到这个信息。3.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间。例：We will have been married a year on June 25th. 到6月25日我们俩结婚就满1年了。（一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）I have been learning English since three years ago.自从三年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）I have been studying for English since 10 years ago.自从十年前以来我一直在学英语。（动作还将继续下去）（二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。We have been waiting for you for half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了(人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等)（三）有些现在完成进行时的句子等同于现在完成时的句子。They have been living in this city for ten years.They have lived in this city for ten years.他们在这个城市已经住了10年了。（动作还将继续下去）I have been working here for five years.I have worked here for five years.我在这里已经工作五年了。（动作还将继续下去）（四）大多数现在完成进行时的句子不等同于现在完成时的句子。I have been writing a book.（动作还将继续下去）我一直在写一本书。I have written a book.（动作已经完成）我已经写了一本书。They have been building a bridge.他们一直在造一座桥。（动作还将继续下去）They have built a bridge.他们造了一座桥。（动作已经完成）（五）表示状态的动词不能用于现在完成进行时。I have known him for years.我认识他已经好几年了。* I have been knowing.这类不能用于现在完成进行时的动词还有：love爱，like喜欢，hate讨厌，think想等等。（六）一些现在完成时的句子也与现在完成进行时的句子含义相同延续性动词在现在完成时与现在完成进行时时态中使用，句意相同。例如：She has slept for 6 hours and still can not wake up.She has been sleeping for 6 hours and still cannot wake up.她已经睡了6个小时，到现在还没有醒来。(七）表示现在以前一直在进行的动作强调动作的未完成性It has been raining for 3 days。已经下了3天的雨了（现在还没停止）2构成形式编辑I / we / they have been + 动词的现在分词He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词3基本句型编辑肯定式 第一人称 have been doing sth.疑问式 Have 第一人称 been doing sth？简略回答 Yes， 第一人称 have. No， 第一人称 havent.肯定式 第三人称 has been doing sth. 疑问式 Has 第三人称been doing sth？简略回答 Yes， 第三人称has. No， 第三人称hasnt.1） 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动，如：Ann is very tired. She has been working hard.Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动，如：It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下)Jack has been feeling very well recently.3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在，可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，如：She has been playing tennis since she was eight.4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响，而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身，如：Toms hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car.The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it.标志:1句中常有延续性动词2时间点前有since