初中英语阅读理解的解题技巧.docx

阅读理解的解题技巧一、阅读理解文章的体裁主要有三类：叙述文、说明文和议论文。1）、叙述文叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。但是在考试中一般不出现单纯的叙述文，因为单纯的叙述文比较简单、易懂。所以中考中的叙述文大多是夹叙夹议的文章。2）、说明文（描述文）说明文的一般结构模式和叙述文的结构模式有相通之处即：提出问题（或以一个事例引出问题）- 发现直接原因- 分析深层原因-得出结论或找到出路。 3）、议论文议论文模式是主张-反主张模式。在这一模式中，作者首先提出一种普遍认可的观点或某些人认可的主张或观点，然后进行澄清，说明自己的主张或观点，或者说提出反主张或真实情况。 议论文的这种结构特点决定了它的主要题型是作者观点态度题，文章主旨题以及推理判断题。阅读理解的题型主要有主观性题型和客观性题型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、作者语气、态度型、结论型等。后者主要包括事实型、推测词义型、指代关系型、常识题、是非题等。二、阅读理解的几种题型及应试对策1.细节理解题。它是针对文章中的细节而设计的，如文章中某一个特定的细节，也可能涉及若干个细节，或者针对文章的主要事实，或利用图表、图形来表示信息等。要求学生根据对短文的理解，直接选择正确答案，一般在通读短文后可直接找出答题依据，难度较小，属浅层理解题。细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?（根据文章信息，下面哪个是不真的？）(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?（下面的哪一个在文章中提到了？）(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?（文章中描述的例子是什么）(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .（作者提到了以下的所有事项，除了）(5) The reason for . . .is . . .（什么的原因是）(6) The author states that . . .（作者陈述的观点是）(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .（根据文章，提问关于时间、地点、原因、形式和谁等的问题） 2.推测词义题。也就是要正确理解短文中个别关键词，可利用同义词、近义词及给定义等方法推测词义，甚至在通篇理解的基础上推测并发现所给生词的词义。这需要有意识地训练并最终具备这种不用字典而通过上下文来认识生词的能力。 3.推理判断题。要求在通篇理解文章的基础上，以文章提供的事实为依据，将已表述的和隐含的信息结合起来进行思考、分析，透彻理解全文，以领会作者的真正意图，从而做出正确的推理和判断，切不可凭空想象，主观臆断。1、读懂原文，抓住关键词、短语、句子或段落，透彻理解文章内容注意文章结构层次和逻辑关系，并结合阅读材料外的有关生活、社会常识，仔细斟酌，作出准确的推断和引申。2、熟悉常用的设问方式：1) We can infer /conclude from the passage that _.（通过文章我们可推断出什么结论） 2) It can be inferred /concluded (from the passage) that _. 3) The passage /story /author /paragraph implies, but does not directly state that _.（文章暗示，但没有直接表述的观点是） 4) The author strongly suggests that_ _. 5) What do you think would happen (to) at the end of the story? 4.归纳概括题。要求在理解全文后归纳短文要点，概括中心意思。不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题。尤其是新闻报道之类的，第一段通常是故事的梗概，这一段往往表达了文章的中心涵义。在文章的段落中往往由开头的一句作为主题句(topic sentence)来概括该段的中心意思。但在不少文章或段落中，中心思想贯穿在全文中。此类题主要针对的主题、中心思想、文章的结构层次（主题句或题段）、作者的写作目的(purpose)等方面，要求考生在准确理解全文后，归纳短文要点、概括中心思想，也分析和归纳段落大意、重要情节、人物特征和环境特点等。 解题技巧：领会全文大意，灵活运用概念、判断、归纳、推理 等逻辑方法，真正理解文章的话题和中心思想。一般而言，英语文章的话题往往用很少几个词加以概括，通常具体反映在文章的题目或一段短文的小标题上；不少文章一开头便展示出文章的主题，特点是新闻报道，第一段通常是故事的梗概(lead paragraph)，这一段往往表达了文章的中心思想，但也要注意，不少文章的中心思想也常贯穿于全文之中；主题段通常在文章简要概括文章中心思想，而主题句(topic sentence)常在一段的开头，也有可能在段中或段末。这类题常见的命题方式有：（1）What is the main idea (subject) of this passage ?（2）What does this passage mainly talk about ?（3）The main theme of this passage is _.（4） The main point of the passage is_.（5） Which of the following is the best title for the passage ?（6） The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is _.（7） The purpose of the writer in writing this passage _.（8） Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole ?（9）推断作者的写作意图（Purpose）The authors purpose in writing this passage is to_.这类题要求阅读时不但要看懂个别的句子，而且要能够根据作者思路的展开，把握作者在整篇文章中的观点，因此，必须看懂全篇文章的意思 5.图示理解题。根据文章内容提供一幅或几幅画(地图、示意图或其他图形)，对某种图形进行选择或判断。 6.计算理解题。需要进行一定的运算或推算，才能做出正确的解答。这不仅需要对细节了解清楚，而且需要了解各细节之间的关系，即部分与整体之间的联系。三、答题的基本步骤1. 先看问题，再读文章：带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句，把握文章的主题和用户服务，摘取有用的材料，舍弃无关的信息，有的放矢，高效省时。2. 细读全文，认真推敲：针对题目的要求，细心阅读与试题有的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些信息词，它们既是检查的重点，也是把握全文意思的突破口。因此必须准确判断，仔细斟酌，以便选出最佳答案。3. 复读全文，验证答案：在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文，看前后意思是否贯通，有无矛盾，若前后不一致或意思矛盾，则要考虑重选答案。4、抓细节、做记号。了解文章主旨后应该细读文章，并且边读边用铅笔做些记号，例如把人物、时间、地点等圈出来，看完再回头找时便一目了然了。对于难一点的题目，要回头再查阅短文，在文中划出依据。四、做阅读理解题时“五忌”1）.忌不带问题做阅读理解题时，应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读效果。2）.忌草率行事在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强，容易迷惑考生。如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是：对所给四个备选答案进行分析比较，在理解阅读材料内容的基础上进行去伪存真，方可选出正确答案。3）.忌主观印象少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可选出答案，而绝大多数则不然，考生必须按照原文来选定答案。因此，考生在做后一种测试题时，一定要排除自身的生活经验、经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，按照文章实际反映的情况来选择答案。4）.忌囫囵定案所谓囫囵定案是指考生在未完全读懂文章时就匆忙定案，结果往往选错答案。因此，尚未读懂的地方如果时间允许的话，一定要慢速多读几遍，直到读懂时再定答案。5）.忌忽略时间做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体上控制时间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题目做完后，再回头来处理。因为做完题目后，你的心情相对放松了往往会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选对的可能性。阅读理解1Linda：Hello, Paul, is this your pencil?Paul：Yes, it is. Thank you.Linda：Is this your book?Paul：No, it isnt. Maybe（也许）its Marys.Linda：Mary, is this your book?Mary：No, it isnt. My book is here. Ask（问）Bill. Maybe its his.Linda：Bill, is this your book?Bill：Yes, it is.Linda：Here you are.Bill：Thank you very much. But where is my bag?根据对话判断正（T）误（F）。( )1. This is Lindas pencil.( )2. Bill is a student.( )3. The book is Bills.( )4. Mary cant find（找到）her book.( )5. Paul knows（认识）Linda and Mary.阅读理解2 The word for this summers new clothes is HAPPY. Colors are bright and sunny, with lots of yellow, red, and orange. You can also find some great bright patterns, such as striped and checked pants. In the stores this summer, youll see a lot of beautiful floral dresses. Long skirts are popular again, and so are jeans and shorts for vacations and sports. White is the new color for shoes and bags. So put away all of your boring black and dark colors-its time for summer! ( )1. Where would you find this reading passage?A. in an art magazine B. in a mens magazine C. in a sports magazine D. in a womens magazine( )2.What is the main idea of the passage? A. Bright colors are popular now. B. White is the new color for shoes and bags. C. Summer fashion is always happy. D. New clothes are very expensive to buy.( )3.On what kind of clothes will you see flower designs? A. shorts B. pants C. skirts D. dresses( )4.Which color is NOT mentioned in the passage? A. orange B. white C. green D. Black阅读理解3 The day was like any other day in his life, Tom walked past the shop on the street comer. He stopped to look at the front row of shoes, and he felt happy to see that the pair of shoes he wanted very much were still there. Looking down, he felt sorry for himself. He really wanted to have them for his birthday.He sadly walked away and thought how to tell his mother about it. He knew she would give him anything he liked if she could. But he also knew very well she had little money. He decided not to go home at once, as he looked worried and his mother would notice (注意) it. So he went to the park and sat on the grass. Then he saw a boy in a wheel chair (轮椅) . He noticed that the boy moved the wheel with his hands. Tom looked at him carefully and was surprised to see the boy have no feet. He looked at his own feet. Its much better to be without shoes than without feet, he thought. There was no reason (理由) for him to feel so sorry and sad. He sent away and smiled, thinking he was happier.1Tom passed the shop_.Aon footBby busCby bike Din a car2Why did Tom stop in front of the shop? Because he wanted_. Ato buy the shoes Bto look at the shoes he likedCto look at the shoes in the shop windowDto look at the shoes on the front row3The pair of shoes he liked was _.Atoo expensiveBquite cheapCnot thereDnot sold yet4Tom went into the park because he_.Awas thinking how to tell his mother about it Bwanted to see the boyCdidnt want to make his mother worried Dhe felt sad5From the story we can know that Tom_.Aliked new shoes very muchBloved his mother bestCdidnt want to go to schoolDdidnt want to stay at home阅读理解4People sometimes like to read stories of dogs very much. They think that dogs are much cleverer than cats, sheep, cows or other animals in their homes.One of my close friends, Bob, has a very large police dog named Jack. Every Sunday afternoon, Bob and Jack have a walk in the park nearby. Jack likes these walks very much. One Sunday afternoon, I paid a visit to my friend. I stayed there for a long time and my friend and I had much more talk with each other than ever before. Soon it was time for them to take a walk in the park. We forgot that. Jack became worried about it. He walked around the room several times and then sat down in front of me and looked at me. But I still paid no attention (注意) to him. I went on talking with my friend. At last, Jack could not wait any longer. He went out of the room and came back a few minutes later. He sat down in front of me again. But this time, he held my hat in his mouth. Suddenly, I understood what Jack meant and so did my friend.1How many people are there in this story?_.AOneBTwoCThreeDFour2Jack_.Ais a close friend of mineBenjoys long walks in the park every Sunday afternoonChas many close friendsDenjoys talks in the room3Jack was worried because_.Ahe wanted to eat somethingBit was Sunday afternoon againChe was not feeling wellDhe wanted his master (主人) to take him for a walk4Jack took my hat in his mouth to show that_.AI should leave the house at onceBhe liked my hat very muchChe was hungry and he tried to eat itDhe wanted to have a rest5Which of the following is true?_.AWhen Jack and I were talking, my friend didnt pay any attention to usBWhen I was talking to my friend, Jack didnt pay any attention to usCWhen my friend and I were talking, we didnt pay any attention to JackDWhen my friend was talking to Jack, I paid attention to them