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小升初英语-专项语法讲义 Unit1名词一名词的定义表示人或物，地点，行为，感情以及抽象概念的词。它既可以是具体的，也可以是抽象的。二名词的分类名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。1. 专有名词表示具体的特定的人，地名，月份，星期，节日，报刊杂志等的名称。特征：（1）书写时第一个字母通常要大写。（2）一般情况不需要冠词（a/an/the）修饰，个别需要定冠词the 修饰。人名 Mr Zhang 张先生 Liu Dehua 刘德华 地名Italy 意大利 Beijing 北京 the Summer Palace 颐和园 其他July 七月 Saturday 星期六 New Years Day 元旦 Christmas Day圣诞节 Childrens Day 儿童节 English Weekly 英语周报 Olympic Games 奥运会 2. 普通名词表示一类人,事物或者抽象概念的名词。特征：前面可以加上不定冠词a/an或者定冠词the,也可以不加冠词。普通名词可分为四类：个体名词表示某类人或事物中的个体bird bear student tree 物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物air milk ice water tea bread 集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集体team family group class people army police 抽象名词表示动作，状态，品质，情感，心理等抽象概念health danger death work love cold 3 名词的数名词又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。1. 可数名词(1)定义和特征可数名词表示可以计算数目的人或事物。特征：（1）有单数和复数两种形式。（2）单数名词和冠词a/an连用，表示数量为一。（3）复数名词表示数量大于一。可以用数词来修饰复数名词，来表示名词具体的数量。如果要表示可数名词的不确切的数量，可以用some,many,a lot of等修饰。(2)名词复数构成的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词 一般情况 直接加-s 清辅音后读/s/ 浊辅音后读/z/map-maps(地图）flag-flags（旗帜）book-books（书）car-cars（小汽车） 以-x, -s , -sh, -ch, 结尾的单词 直接加-es /iz/ box-boxes （盒子）bus-buses （公交车）glass-glasses（玻璃杯）class-classes（班级）boss-bosses（老板）watch-watches（手表）brush-brushes（刷子）喜（x)事(s)吃(ch)食(sh)有意思(+es) 以o结尾的单词 多数加-es /z/Negro-Negroes（黑人）hero-heroes（英雄）tomato-tomatoes（番茄）potato-potatoes（土豆）黑人英雄爱吃番茄土豆一些外来词/以“元音+o”或“oo”结尾的词 加-s /z/photo-photos（照片）piano-pianos（钢琴）kilo-kilos （公斤）tobacco-tobaccos（烟草）radio-radios（收音机）bamboo-bamboos（竹子）zoo-zoos（动物园） 以y结尾的单词以辅音字母+y结尾的单词变y 为i, 再加-es /iz/baby-babies（婴儿）family-families（家庭）factory-factories（工厂）story-stories（故事）lady-ladies（女士）fly-flies（苍蝇）country-countries（国家）city-cities（城市）difficulty-difficulties（困难） 以y结尾的 专有名词 直接加-s /z/Henrys Germanys Marys以f/fe结尾的单词 大多数 变f/fe为ves /vz/wife-wives（妻子）knife-knives（小刀）wolf-wolves（狼）thief-thieves（小偷）shelf-shelves（书架）self-selves（自己）life-lives（生命）half-halves（一半）leaf-leaves（树叶）(妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架后保已命，半片树叶遮目光。 少数变复数 直加-s /s/roof-roofs（屋顶）chief-chiefs（首领）belief-beliefs（观念）proof-proofs（证据）(3)名词复数构成的不规则变化A. 男人女人，a变e. man-men(男人）, woman-women（女人）, policeman-policemen（男警察）, policewoman-policewomen（女警察） ,milkman-milkmen（牛奶的人）B. 鹅脚牙，oo变ee. goose-geese（鹅） foot-feet(脚） tooth-teeth（牙）C. 鼠孩儿牛便士 mouse-mice（鼠）child-children（孩儿）ox-oxen（公牛） penny-pence（便士）D. 鱼鹿羊，单复同形. fish(鱼） deer（鹿） sheep（绵羊）E. 表示“国家人”的复数形式:(中日不变，英法变，其他s 跟后面）单复数同形: Chinese（中国人）, Japanese（日本人），Swiss（瑞士人）变man为men：Frenchman-Frenchmen（法国人）, Englishman-Englishmen（英 国人）, Dutchman-Dutchmen（荷兰人）直接加-s： German-Germans（德国人）, American-Americans（美国人）, Russian-Russians（俄国人）, Roman-Romans（罗马人）, Australian-Australians（澳大利亚人）, Indian-Indians（印度人）(4)复合名词的复数构成A. 把复合名词中的主体变复数：son-in-law sons-in-law(女婿）, passer-by passers-by（过路人）, looker-on lookers-on（旁观者）B. 如没有主体名词，则在词尾加-s：grown-up grown-ups（成年人）, go-between go-betweens（中间人）C. 分开写者，通常在第二部分加复数词尾：boy student boy students（男学生）, girl friend girl friends（女朋友）若第一部分为man/woman，两部分都变复数：man teacher men teachers（男老师）, woman doctor women doctors（女医生）2. 不可数名词(1)定义和特征不可数名词表示不可以计算数目的人或事物。特征：（1）没有复数形式，在句子中一般被视为单数。（2）不与a/an连用，可以和the连用。（3）不可数名词的确切数量可以在不可数名词前加上单位词。如果要表示不可数名词的不确切的数量，可以用some,mnuch,a lot of等修饰。(2) 不可数名词的分类 A:肉类: 牛肉beef 猪肉pork 羊肉mutton 羔羊肉lamb 鸡肉chicken 鱼肉fish 肉（食品）meat 肉馅mince 牛排steak B:液体类：water水 milk牛奶 tea 茶 juice果汁 coca-cola可口可乐 coffee 咖啡 orange 橘子汁 beer 啤酒 wine 白酒 C:自然现象类：wind 风 snow 雪 rain 雨 fog 雾 weather 天气 air 空气 D:食物类：bread 面包 rice 大米 chocolate 巧克力 jam 果酱 soup 汤 butter 黄油 cheese 奶酪 sugar 糖 food 食物 cake 蛋糕 E:其他类：soap 香皂 tobacco 烟草 news 消息 work 工作 information 信息 hair 头发 money 钱 paper 纸 sand 沙子(3) 不可数名词的用法A. 一些物质名词或抽象名词变为复数后意义放生变化：wood-woods树林, sand-sands沙滩, time-times时代, good-goods商品, work-works著作/工厂, cloth布-clothes衣服, snow-snows积雪，water-waters 水域，green-greens蔬菜B. 不可数名词可借助单位词表示数量：a cup of tea(一杯茶）, a glass of water（一杯水）, two pieces of paper/news/cheese（两张纸/两条新闻/两块奶酪）, five bags of rice（五袋大米）, a pair of trousers（一条裤子）, a pound of sugar（一磅糖）, a quarter of cake （1/4蛋糕）C. 经常以复数形式出现的词：scissors（剪刀）, glasses（眼镜）, trousers（裤子）, gloves（手套）, shoes（鞋子）, shorts（短裤）, stockings（长筒袜）4 名词的所有格1. 可数名词(1)定义和两种形式名词所有格是名词中表示所有关系的形式，意为“.的”。所有格的构成有两种形式：一是由名词加s构成，通常用来表示有生命的东西；二是of 加名词构成，通常表示没有生命的东西。(2)s所有格形式单数复数单数复数共有都有店铺/家特殊名词boyboyschildchildrenTom and JerryTom and Jerrybutcherdoctoruncle时间距离国家机构所有格形式boysboyschildschildrensTom and JerrysToms and JerrysbutchersdoctorsunclestodaysChinasworlds特别注意的共有/所有：表示几个主语共有一样东西，所有格的构成方法是：在最后一个主语后加s；表示几个主语各自拥有一样东西，所有格的构成方法是： 在每个主语后都加s. Eg: Andy and Susans mother 安迪和苏珊的妈妈 Eg: Andys and Susans mothers 安迪的妈妈和苏珊的妈妈特别要注意的节日：the Teachers Day(教师节）, the Childrens Day（儿童节）, the Mothers/ Fathers Day（母亲节/父亲节）特别要注意的表达方式：mens shoes（男鞋）, womens suits（女套装）（3)of所有格形式：名词+ of + 名词the colour of the wall（墙的颜色）, the window of the room（房间的窗户）, the cover of the book（书的封皮）, the top of the mountain(山顶）, a picture of my mother（我妈妈的一张照片）, the title of the text（课文的标题） (4)双重所有格形式“of +s” 结构或 “of +名词性物主代词”结构，表示许多中的一个（或一部分）a teacher of my brothers（我弟弟的一位老师）, a friend of hers（她的一位朋友）, a photo of Toms（Tom的一张照片）, some students of Sarahs（Sarah的一些学生） 小升初专项练习名词一写出下列名词的复数形式1. computer_ 2. animal _ 3.sandwich _ 4. mouth _ 5.country _ 6.knife _ 7 story _ 8.sheep _ 9 .zero _ 10. foot _ 11.piano _ 12.German _ 13.man doctor _ 14.child _ 15.Chinese _ 16.tomato _二将下列短语译成英语1.今天的报纸_ 2.四年级（4）班 _ 3.吉姆的一张相片 _ 4.中国的首都 _ 5.三箱苹果 _ 6.两杯牛奶 _7.她姐姐的朋友 _ 8.Tom 和 Jack 的房间 _ 三单项选择题1_ are going to England for a holiday. A. The Wang B. Wangs C. The Wangs D. The Wangs2. There are many _ in this school.A. women teachers B. woman teachers C. women teacher D. woman teacher3. _ turn yellow in autumnA. leaf B. leaves C. leave D. leafs4. Will you please show me the way to the _ shop?A. shoe B. shoes C. shoes D. shoes5. Help yourselves to some _, dear children!A. fishs B. fishes C. fish D. the fish6. _ hard work it is!A. What a B. How C. What D. How a 7. Do you believe that there are two _ in my class?A. Maries B. Marys C. Marys D. Marys8. His family _ a happy one.A. be B. are C. is D. was9. I met two _ in the street yesterday morning.A. German B. Australian C. American D. Japanese10. My grandparents like _ very much, so they grow some in their _ garden every year.A. vegetable, vegetable B. vegetable, vegetabes C. vegetables, vegetables D. vegetables, vegetable11. The friend of _ lives in the town.A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brothers D. my brothers12. My mother went to the supermarket and bought _ for me yesterday.A. a couple of shoes B. a pair of shoes C. a set of shoes D. two shoes13. There are five _ on the table.A. tomatos B. pinaoes C. radioes D. photos14. Tom has two _.A. brother in law B. brothers-in-law C. brothers in law D. brother-in-laws15. The chair over there is _.A. Marys and Joys B. Marys and Joy C. Mary and Joy D. Mary and Joys16. There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any_A. sheeps, people B. sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples17. How far is it form here? -About _ walk.A. ten minutes B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutess18.There is only a little _ in the fridge. Thats not enough for breakfast.A. cakes B. bread C. eggs D. sandwiches19. His full name is Jim Auan Green. So his family name is _.A. Jim B. Auan C. Jim Auan D. Green20. Whose ruler is it? Its _.A. hes B. Shes C. Wang Lis D. me21. She is from _. She is _.A. Germany; a Germany B. the Germany; German C. German; a Germany D. Germany; a German22. _came to our school last week.A. The Williams B. Williams C. The Williams D. The William23. We are going to _ to buy some rulers.A. the stationerss B. the stationers C. the stationers D. the stationer24. These _ sell well in this bookstore.A. childs B. book of childrens C. childrens books D. books of children25. _ room is very nice.A. Toms and Johns B. Toms and John C. Tom and Johns D. Tom and John26. -What can I do for you? -Id like some _.A. bottle of orange B. bottle of oranges C. bottles of orange D. bottles of oranges27. This is James Allan Green. We can call him _.A. Mr Green B. Mr Allan C. Mr James D. James Green28. Mr Black has a _.A. ten year old boy B. ten-years old boy C. boy of ten year old D. boy of ten29. Many western festivals are very popular in China, but _ is still the most important for the Chinese.A. April Fools Day B. Christmas Day C. Halloween D. Spring Festival 30. In England, the last name is the _.A. family name B. middle name C. given name D. full name 编者的话:亲爱的同学们: 学完了名词你的收获是什么呢?你最迷惑的是什么呢？你认为最重要的考点是什么呢？赶快写下你自己的收获与老师一起分享一下吧！记住：不懂的一定要问哦！ Unit2冠词一冠词的定义和分类：冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用。只能置于名词或名词词组前，用来说明该名词的含义。冠词分为：不定冠词 a/an; 定冠词the; 零冠词（不用冠词的情况）。2 不定冠词a/an： 不定冠词用在名词单数前，表示“一个，一”不定冠词位置例词特别注意a辅音音素开始的单词前a bag/cat/dog/flya university/unitan元音音素开始的单词前an animal /apple /egg /English teacher /ice cream / Island / Italian car /orange/office/an houran unhappy dayan honest boyan A/E/F/H/I/L/M/N/O/S/X（Mr. Li has one fox.)带不定冠词的短语：catch a cold,（感冒） have a fever（发烧）, take a bath（洗 澡）, have a look（看一看）, have a good time（玩的开心）, have a rest （休息一下）三定冠词the：1， 双方都明白的人或物2， 上文提到过的人或物3， 世上独一无二的事物：the sun/ sky/ earth/ moon/ east/ west4， 与形容词连用表示一类人：the rich/ young/ old /poor/ living/ dead5， 用在序数词和形容词最高级前：the first/ second/ best/ biggest6， 用在乐器前：play the piano/the violin/ the guitar7， 用在姓氏的复数名词前表示一家人：the Greens/ the Lis. 8， 用在由普通名词组成的专有名词前：the United States, the Peoples Republic of China, the Great Wall, the Yellow River9， 介词短语中常用定冠词：in the box, behind the chair, in the morning (afternoon/evening), the day after tomorrow, the next morning, in the rain, in the sky, in the country, in the middle of, in the end, by the way等等。10，在same 前。the same class, look the same.四零冠词：1， 洲名、国名、人名的名词前不使用冠词：Asia, Europe, Africa, Australia, America, China, Japan, Tom, Mary2， 节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不使用冠词：National Day, summer holiday, January, Autumn3， 三餐，球类，棋牌，体育活动前不使用冠词：have lunch，play football, in Spring, play chess, paly cards4， 习惯用语：by bus/bike/train, on foot, after class, after school, day and night（日日夜夜）, for example（例如）, in trouble（陷入困境）, in danger( 处于危险中）, in fact（事实上）, at noon, at night, at home, on duty（值日）, 5， 当名词前已有this, that, my, his, her, any, every, some, those 等限定词修饰时不必再使用冠词。特别注意：有冠词和无冠词意义不同。有the 通常表示具体的场所，无the 表示在该场所从事的事情。go to school 去上学go to the school 去学校in hospital 住院in the hospital在医院at table 吃饭at the table在桌子旁 小升初专项练习冠词一在需要填入冠词的地方填入适当的冠词，不需要的画 “/”。1, Is Canada _ English-speaking country?2, _ Great Wall is _ longest wall in _ world.3, January is _ first month of the year.4, Is your uncle _ athlete or _ manager?5, Do you know _ moon move round _ earth?6, We should be kind to _ old.7, I often stay at _ home to do some reading on _ Sundays8, Tina, Could you please play _ piano for me while Im singing?9, _ China is _ old country with _ long history.10, We have three meals _ day, We have _ breakfast at seven. 二单项选择。1. Do you like playing _ tennis or _ piano?A. the; the B. the; x C. x; x D. x; the 2. -Where is Tom? - I think hes still in _ bed, but he might just be in _ bathroomA. x; x B. the; the C. the; x D. x; the3. He wondered when the doctor could finish _ operation.A. a B. an C. the D. any4. The pictures have been on show for _ hour and _half.A. an; an B. a; a C. an; a D. a; an5. Mary likes music, but she doesnt like _ music of that film.A. the B. a C. some D. x6. It _ me _ hour to do homework.A. took; an B. take; a C. take; an D. took; the 7. Sunday is _ day of the week.A. one B. the first C. first D. the one 8. Which is _, the sun, the earth or the moon?A. bigger B. biggest C. the biggest D. big9. There is a desk in his bedroom. On _ desk there is _ pencil-box.A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a;a 10. What _ good idea it is!A. a B. an C. the D. /11. Yesterday I went to _ school on _ foot.A. the. The B. /; / C. a; / D. the;/12. There is _ “U” in the word “useful”.A. a B. / C. an D. the 13. Though he is rich, he has _ friend.A. a little B. a few C. a lot of D. few14. There is a tall tree _ our classroom.A. in the front of B. in front C. in front of D. a front the15. September 10th is _ in China.A. Teachers Day B. Teacherss Day C. Teachers Day D. the Teachers Day16. People often go skating in _ winter.A. / B. a C. an D. the 17. Would you like _ bread for breakfast?A. any B. the C. some D. a 18. Li Taos father is _ old worker.A. an B. a C. the D. /19. Are you _ university student or a middle school student?A. an B.a C. the D. /20. Im very sorry to keep you waiting for me for _ hour.A. the B. an C. a D. /21. _ man in the black car is _ driver.A. The; the B. The; a C. A; the D. A; a22. We had _ in the park last Sunday.A. good a time B. time good a C. a time good D. a good time23. My son studies at _ universiy in _ England.A. a; / B. an; / C. an; the D. a; the24. Peter showed me _ unusual watch.A. / B. an C. the D. a 25. She plays _ piano well while she plays _ football badly.A. the; the B. a; / C. a; a D. the;/ 26. We had better send him to _ hospital at noce.A. / B. a C. the D. an 27. Gates enjoys playing _ golf, but Beethoven liked playing _ piano.A. /;the B. a;the C. the; / D. /;/28, Its very cold outside. Dont play _ snow over there.A. the B. / C. with D. a 29, They have _ information about the accident that happened yesterday.A. a B. an C. a few D. a little30. -Whats the matter with you? - I caught _ bad cold and had to stay in _ bed.A. a;/ B. a;the C. a;a D. the; the 三单句改错。1. John studied at an university. _2. Wang Lin is a honest boy. _3. You will find a word on a second page. _4. The girl in a white is a nurse. _5. This is tree. _四阅读下面短文，填入恰当的冠词，使短文意义完整，不需要冠词处画 “/”。_ other day, when my father and I were visiting _ art exhibition, we met Mr. Brown, _ old friend of my fathers. They hadnt seen each other for about ten years, ever since they were in _same company. They were glad to see _ each other. Mr. Brown told us he had come here to attend _ meeting. He said he was staying in _ hotel near _ railway station and asked my father to go to see him in _ hotel. My father said he would as soon as he had _. 编者的话：亲爱的同学们：在这一章冠词的学习中，你会很惊喜的发现，冠词学习起来会比名词轻松多了。但是冠词的学习也是非常重要的，占到小升初考试的3%-4%，尤其是固定短语的使用，如：球类不加the,乐器类要加the.等是历年小升初考试的重点。赶快拿出手中的笔总结出来吧！Unit3数词一数词的定义和分类在英语中表示数目或顺序的词称为数词。表示数目的词称为基数词，如1,2,3.。表示数目顺序的词成为序数词，如第一，第二，第三.。还有以基数词和序数词合成的分数词。2 基数词：1. 1-12（独立的基数词）1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten11 eleven 12 twelve2. 13-19（有对应的个位数加后缀teen构成，但要注意13,15,18 的基数词构成）13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen3. 20-99(1)20-90整十位数（由2-9加后缀ty构成，注意20-50整十位数构成）20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety(2)21-99非整十数（由整十位数+个位数构成，十位数和个位数之间用-连接）22 twenty-two 33 thirty-three 44 forty-four 55 fifty-five 67 sixty-seven 71 seventy-one 88 eighty-eight 96 ninety-six4. 100-999(1)100-900整百位数（由1-9后面加hundred构成）100 a/one hundred 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred 500 five hundred 600 six hundred 700 seven hundred 800 eight hundred 900 nine hundred(2)101-999非整百数（由整百位数+整十位数+个位数构成。百位数 和十位数之间用and连接。十位数和个位数之间用连字符-连接。如果没有十位数，则百位数和个位数之间用and连接）101 one hundred and one 232 two hundred and thirty-two 320 three hundred and twenty 444 four hundred and forty-four 507 five hundred and seven 621 six hundred and twenty-one 796 seven hundred and ninety-six 811 eight hundred and eleven5. 千以上的基数词：英语中没有专门表示“万”“亿”的说法，但是却有专门表示“百万”“十亿”的说法，分别是million,billion.一千 a/one thousand 五千five thousand 一万 ten thousand 六万 sixty thousand一百万 a/one million 四百万 four million 十亿 a/one billon 二十亿 two billon特别注意：hundred, thousand, million 表示具体几百，几千，几百万时不能加s. 但是在下面词组中常加s, 后面还要跟介词of. 表示约数。hundreds of（数以百计的）; thousands of（数以千计的）, millions of（数以百万计的）, thousands and thousands of 成千上万的三序数词：1. 序数词的构成 变化方式 举例 备注第一，第二，第三 特殊变化first ( 1st ) second ( 2nd ) third (3rd ) 第四至第十九在基数词后面加上后缀-thfourth ( 4th ); fifth; sixth; seventh; eighth; ninth; tenth; eleventh; twelfth; thirteenth; fourteenth; fifteenth; sixteenth; seventeenth; eighteenth; nineteenth这类序数词共有16个特别关注：5；8； 9；12的序数词！ 第二十至第九十(整十位数） 变y为i加ethtwentieth; thirtieth; fortieth; fiftieth; sixtieth; seventieth; eightieth; ninetieth共8个，全是十位整数。第二十一至第九十九(非整十位数）十位不变，仅把个位上的基数词变成序数词，表示“第几十几”。twenty-first thirty-first;forty-third sixty-second;eighty-seventh; ninety-eighth2. 序数词的用法1， 序数词做定语时一般要加定冠词：the first time, the second day; 但当表示“再一”“又一”时，通常加不定冠词 ：Will you try a second time? 要不要再试一次？2， 事物的“编号”可用序数词，也可用基数词，当数字较长时多用基数词：the first partpart one; the tenth lessonlesson ten; the eighth pagepage eight; Room 4038; 175 Daxue Road; Number 5; bus No, 3; 3， 日期中的“几号”可用基数词，也可用序数词，要注意读法：Oct. 1 或 Oct. 1st 读作：Oct. (the) first. 或the first of Oct.4， “the first +可数名词复数”表示“前几个” “头几个” : the first two pages 前两页。四分数词：1.分数词由基数词和序数词构成，分子由基数词表示，分母由序数词表示，当分 子大于“1”时，分母中序数词要用复数形式：(子基母序） 1/3one-third; 2/3two-thirds2. “百分比” 的表达法由“基数词+percent” : 50%-fifty percent3. 带“小数点”的数只能用基数词，“点”用point表示：3.1415926读作：three point one four one five nine two six五年月日，时刻和四则运算：1. 2008年8月8日：Oct. 8, 2008或Oct. 8th, 2008 2000年：the year two thousand 20世纪80年代：1980s 或ninete
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