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作业1一、简答题1简述社区的定义用五个基本特征？ 答：所谓的社区是指聚居在一定地域范围内的人们组成的社会生活共同体。目前，城市社区的范围，一般是批经过社区体制改革后作了规模调整的居民委员会辖区。 这个定义表明，社区具有以下一个基本特征：1.社区是一个社会实体；2.社区具有多重功能；3.社区是人们参与社会生活的基本场所；4.社区是以聚落作为自己的依托或物质载体的；5.社区是发展变化的 2简述社区党建的紧迫性和重要性？答：（一）紧迫性1、传统的街道党建已不适应社区管理工作提出的新要求。2、“条块分割”使基层党组织在社区建设中难以形成联动合力。3、完全依靠行政建制设置基层党组织的方式已经明显不适应新的形势。（二）重要性1、加强和改进社区党建工作,是社会主义市场经济发展的需要。2、加强和改进社区党建工作,是巩固党的执政基础,扩大党的工作覆盖面的需要。3、加强和改进社区党建工作,是密切党同人民群众血肉联系的需要。4、加强和改进社区党建工作,是推进基层民主政治建设，维护社会稳定的需要。二、论述题1试述社区管理体制的构建原则和基本框架。答：从社区建设的本质特征和实践经验来看，构筑社区建设的管理体制应遵循以下几个基本原则：1、“重心下移、立足基层”的原则。此处所谓“重心下移，立足基层”，主要是指立足街道办事处这个最基层的政权组织和居民委员会这个基层群众性自治组织来开展社区建设工作，把社区建设管理体制的重心下移至街道、居委会层次。2、“条块结合、以块为主”的原则。此处所谓“条块结合，以块为主”，主要是指在社区建设管理体制中，行政部门的专业管理与街道办事处的综合管理相结合，而以后者为主。3、党政主导、各方参与的原则。这个原则要求我们在构筑社区建设的管理体制时，一方面要维护社区党组织的领导核心地位和市辖区政府及街道办事处的主导地位，另一方面又要广泛吸收社区内单位和居民代表参与决策和管理过程，充分调动各方面的积极性。4、有利于扩大基层民主的原则。通过社区建设管理体制的构筑，健全民主选举制度，实行政务、居务和财务公开，让群众参与讨论和决定基层公共事务和公益事业，对干部实行民主监督。遵循上述社区管理构建原则，根据我省实际和各地的实践经验，社区建设管理体制的基本框架主要包括以下内容：1、设区市成立社区建设领导小组，由市党政领导任正副组长，有关部门和群团组织负责人参加。2、区（市、县）党委、政府对社区建设负有直接领导责任。3、各职能部门要明确分工，齐抓共管，形成合力。4、社区居委会应根据社区建设的原则，探索社区居民的自治与社区成员自治有机结合的新途径，组织开展符合本社区特点的多样化的社区建设活动。2 试述如何加强社区队伍建设？答：1、专职队伍。专职人员队伍建设是搞好社区工作的基本保证。要注意从机关干部、大中专毕业生、复退转业军人、下岗职工、待业青年中选聘政治素质好、文化程度高、工作能力强、热爱社区工作的优秀人才，经过法定程序，充实到社区居委会干部队伍中来。今后要逐步做到凡是从事社区居委会工作的干部，必须先要接受专业培训，取得从事这一职业的资格证书后再上岗。2、志愿者队伍。志愿者多少是衡量社区文明程度高低的一个重要标志。要把千千万万的社区工作积极分子组织起来；要教育引导居民发挥自身特长，把从事志愿者服务作为居民的义务和良好的道德风尚来提倡；要加紧研究制定鼓励社区居民参加社区志愿者活动的制度和法规；要研究探索参加志愿者服务活动的回报制度；要有目的地引导组织志愿者活动，逐步使志愿者服务活动制度化、经常化。3、理论工作者队伍。理论工作者在推进社区建设工作中做了大量先导性工作，各级政府和有关部门应当认真听取他们的意见和建议，充分发挥他们的智囊作用和参谋作用，用正确的理论指导社区建设实践。在加强社区队伍建设过程中，一要加强培训。要有计划、分层次地通过党校、干校培训和社区党支部（党总支）、社区居民委员会成员。二要切实加强和改进作风建设。集中解决思想作风、学风、工作作风、领导作风和干部生活作风等方面的突出问题，进一步密切党同人民群众的联系。三要建立健全管理监督机制。要对干部严格要求、严格教育、严格管理、严格监督，努力提高队伍素质。作业2简答题1、社区服务的定义及其特征社区服务是在政府的指导和扶持下，发动和组织社区成员，利用和开发社区资源，开展各种福利服务和便民生活服务，以不断满足社区成员的生活需求。 社区服务的主要特征： 1、区域性。2、福利性。3、群众性。4、互助性。5、服务性。6、综合性2、城市居委会的职责有哪些？答：居民委员会承担着以下几项任务：一是宣传宪法、法律、法规和国家的政策，维护居民的合法权益，教育居民履行依法应尽的义务，爱护公共财产，开展多种形式的社会主义精神文明建设活动；二是办理本居住区居民的公共事务和公益事业；三是调解民间纠纷；四是协助维护社会治安；五是协助人民政府或者它的派出机关做好与居民利益有关的公共卫生、计划生育、优抚救济、青少年教育等工作；六是向人民政府或者它的派出机关反映居民的意见、要求和提出建议；七是将依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人编入居民小组并对他们进行监督和教育；八是召集和主持居民会议并向居民会议报告工作；九是监督居民公约的执行。论述题1、论述为什么要实行社会治安综合治理？社会治安综合治理是指在各级党委和政府的统一领导下，各部门协调一致，齐抓共管，依靠广大人民群众，运用政治、经济、行政、法律、文化、教育等多种手段整治社会治安，预防和惩罚违法犯罪，教育改造违法犯罪的人，保障社会稳定，为社会主义现代化建设和改革开放创造良好的社会环境。1、社会治安综合治理是解决我国社会治安问题的根本途径。实践证明，不打不行，如不坚持“严打”，犯罪分子的气焰必然更加嚣张，治安问题还会多得多；但光靠打也不行，单一的打击并不能根本改变社会治安的严峻形势。只有实行综合治理，才是在新形势下解决我国治安问题的根本出路。2、社会治安综合治理既是长期的工作，又是紧迫的任务。一是加强社会治安综合治理是维护社会稳定的需要。二是加强社会治安综合治理是深化改革和扩大开放的需要。3、社会治安综合治理是精神文明建设的重要组成部分。一是社会治安综合治理的许多工作是社会主义精神文明建设的重要内容。二是社会治安综合治理搞好了，可以有力地促进整个社会主义精神文明建设。4、社会治安综合治理是密切党同人民群众联系的重要方面。党和政府下决心对社会治安进行综合治理，是顺乎民愿，深得人心。为人民办好这件大事、实事，保障人民安居乐业，对于释除民怨，取信于民，密切党同人民群众的联系，树立党和政府的权威，具有十分重要的意义。 5、社会治安综合治理是加强社会主义法制建设的重要措施。社会治安综合治理，有利于逐步把我国的各项社会管理工作纳入法制的轨道，实现依法治国的目标。 6、社会治安综合治理是新形势下坚持专门工作和群众路线相结合原则的新发展。综治、公安、检察、法院、司法行政、国家安全等部门都是维护社会治安的专门机关。但是，光靠专门机关也是不行的。产生违法犯罪等治安问题的因素是复杂的、多方面的，因此解决这些问题也必须多方努力，综合治理。 2、论述如何做好社区治安综合治理工作？1、统一思想，提高认识。首先，它是保持党同人民血肉联系，维护政府形象的需要。其次，它是促进社会经济发展的需要。再次，它是城市化进程和管理运行机制的必然要求。2、建立健全工作机制，形成社区综合治理工作合力。坚持“打防结合、预防为主”方针，逐步建立完美“打防控”一体化的工作机制“。3、加强社区调解力量，做好矛盾纠纷排查调解。矛盾纠纷排查调处工作方法：严格遵守调解纪律，秉公办事，讲究方法。坚持发挥党的政治优势与依法调处相结合，加强思想政治工作与解决群众实际问题相结合，法律手段与政策调节相结合，标本兼治，重在治本。4、加强青少年教育，做好安置帮教工作。加强社区青少年的思想首先教育，根据公民道德建设实施纲要的要求，开展青少年喜闻乐见的社区教育活动，培养青少年的家庭美德、职业首先和社会公德；建立社区青少年管理档案。为了做好帮教工作，注意采取正确的帮教方法，一要因人施救。二要以正面教育为主。碱要耐心帮教，不怕反复。四要广泛开展各种有益活动。5、健全动态管理机制，加强流动人口管理。在具体措施上要突出“三个抓”：一抓网络，二抓服务，三抓规范。6、加强普法工作，深入开展法制宣传教育。一是发挥社区优势，切实开展治安综合治理宣传教育。二是开展经常性防范教育。三是在社区营造浓郁的综治工作氛围。四是社区要建立法律咨询服务工作站。7、大力推行群防群治，增加社区防范功能。逐步建立起全方位的“打防控”一体化的社区治安防范网络和工作体系。并加大科技防范力度，推进“科技创安”。通过组织开展军警民共建和企地共建，不断扩大社会安全创建活动的覆盖面，推动福建安全创建活动向深度和广度发展。总之，大力推行群防群治，切实开展“创安”活动，加强社区治安防范工作，一定要坚持实事求是的原则，从居民迫切和热切关注的问题入手，认真进行调查研究，总结经验，以开拓创新、与时俱进的精神积极探索社区治安防范工作的新途径、新办法。要发挥求真务实的工作作风，勇于攻坚克难，抓好各项措施的落实，推进社区防范工作的深入开展，维护社区的治安稳定。作业3简答题1、创建文明社区的指导思想、方针原则和主要目标？（一）指导思想：认真贯彻党的十六大精神，以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，按照党中央和省委关于推进城市社区建设的工作要求，围绕我省新世纪初国民经济和社会发展总体部署以发展为主题，以服务社区居民、提高居民文明素质和生活质量、推动城市文明程度整体提升为目标，深入开展文明社区创建活动，促进社区政治、经济、文化协调发展，努力建设管理有序、文明祥和的新型社区，不断满足群众多层次，多样化的物质文化需要。 （二）方针原则：（1）以经济建设为中心。（2）以为人民服务为宗旨。（3）一切从实际出发。（4）坚持与创新相结合 （三）主要目标：根据中央文明委提出的力争用五年时间使直辖市、省会城市和计划单列市的社区基本能建成文明社区的目标，作为全国创建文明城市先进城市的福州、厦门、三明、泉州、漳州5市，在创建文明社区工作方面应走在前面，率先达到中央和省的要求。其它各市应在近年来创建“文明安全小区”基础上，按照整合后的社区规模开展创建活动，并逐步达到文明社区的要求。到2005年，建成100个省级文明社区，600个设区市级文明社区。2、创建文明社区的有效途径 （一）依靠群众创建；（二）设计有效载体；（三）推进区域共建；（四）开展创建活动。3、社区卫生服务的特点、原则和意义。社区卫生服务的特点：1、以健康为中心；2、以人群为对象；3、以家庭为基础；4、提供综合服务。 国内电视大学学生交流业社区卫生服务的原则：（一）公平合理的原则；（二）经济实惠的原则；（三）因地制宜的原则；（四）上下结合的原则；（五）部门协作的原则；（六）自我发展的原则；（七）优质服务的原则。社区卫生服务的意义：（一）是实现人人享有卫生保健的有效策略；（二）是动员全社会参与的重要手段；（三）是适应市场经济，大力发展健康产业的重要举措；（四）是合理利用资源的可靠措施；（五）是改变卫生服务模式的最佳途径；（六）是精神文明建设的重要组成部分；（七）是贯彻实施母婴保健法，实现两个纲要目标的重要策略。 4、简述社区卫生服务面临的问题与对策？ 答：社区卫生服务工作中存在的主要问题：1、指导思想上的偏差。部分基层领导对开展社区卫生服务重要意义的认识还不到位，片面地理解开展社区卫生服务是上级要求做，是卫生行政部门的工作。2、各有关部门对社区卫生服务工作的宣传力度不够，街居群众参与意识还不强。3、配套的相关政策难以到位。4、社区卫生服务的人才较缺乏，全科医生、社区护士的教育培训体系尚未健全。解决社区卫生服务问题的对策：1、加快发展；2、实施促进政策；3、提高队伍水平；4、严格监督管理；5、加强组织领导。作业4简答题1、城市生态系统的特点？P272答：1）以人为主；2）与自然生态系统的结构和功能大不相同；3）城市生态系统功能；4）城市生态系统功能要求；5）城市生态建设2、简述社区教育的构建策略和政策措施。P319答：一、构建策略：1、领导策略；2、组织策略；3、融合策略；4、共享策略；5、参与策略；6、创新策略二、政策措施：1、建立指导体系；2、建构阵地网络；3、加强师资队伍建设；4、制定切实有效的环境政策、筹资政策、激励政策。3、社区教育的定义、内容和形式。P312、P314答：定义：社区教育，是把一个地区的各类教育作为一个有机的整体，放在社会的大环境中，通过一定的组织机制，全面管理，统筹协调，使学校教育，社会教育，家庭教育相互结合，相互衔接。 内容和形式：社区教育可以构建三网交叉的网络：（1）社区教育纵向网络。即各类社区学校，包括成人学历学校、文明市民学校、社会力量办学三个层面的学校。（2）社区教育横向网络。为发挥政府各职能局在社区教育中的指导作用可以成立了一批教育指导中心。如：卫生局举办的胎教指导中心、区残联举办的特教指导中心、区妇联举办的家教、妇女教育指导中心、区劳动和社会保障局举办的流动人中培训中心等。（3）社区远程教育信息网。建设“社区教育”网络，可以包括胎教、青少年教育、老年大学、网上课堂、外来人口、科普等栏目。论述题：如何创建绿色社区。创建绿色社区：”绿色社区“有着狭义和广义的两种含义。狭义的绿色社区指的是具备了一定的符合环境保护要求的设施，建立了较为完美的管理体系和公众参与机制的社区，广义的绿色社区指的就是实现了环境保护和可持续发展的社会生活共同体。（1）基本条件：省级绿色社区具有一些基本的必备的先决条件。将获得市级文明社区称号、获得市级绿色社区称号、按照ISO1400环境管理体系进行社区环境管理、居民对社区环境满意等号项指标作为创建绿色社区的基本条件。（2）环境质量：在评价指标体系中，把与人体健康密切相关的空气、水、声、固体废物等主要环境要素做为环境质量的考核指标，要求符合国家和地方环境质量标准。（3）环境建设：设计了社区绿化覆盖率，生活污水集中处理率，节水节能节电，环保住宅标率等指标，其评价标准要求高于城市的平均水平。（4）环境管理：从环境管理机构、环境管理制度、环境监督机制、环境管理水平等四方面设计了评价标准。（5）公众参与：在指标设置中，突出了保障环境权益、履行环保义务、承担环保责任的内容，强调了居民的环保知情权、参与权和监督权请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. Like a shining pearl, West Lake is the symbol of Hangzhou city. From ancient times, many poems have praised the amazing scenery of the lake. At the very beginning, the West Lake was a part of the Qiantang River. In the year 822, Bai Juyi, a famous poet and an officer of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), suggested to build a stronger causeway to store water so that the lake was doubled in size. And during the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), many temples and pagodas were built due to a Buddhist revival, and the look of West Lake was formed at that time.The West Lake is quite big and features different classic views from different locations. Technically, there are ten scenes which were marked by Emperor Qianlong with four-character inscriptions 200 years ago, such as the Melting Snow on the Broken Bridge and Sunset Glow over Leifeng Pagoda.
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