资源描述
语法复习一：定语从句（一）定义1)在复合句中（一个句子的某一成分由句子承当），修饰某一名词或代词从句叫定语从句或形容词从句；在句中起定语的作用.2)被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词antecedent1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman.先行词 关系代词 定语从句2) You must do everything that I do.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(二)：关系代词的作用; 1.连接主句和从句。2.代表被修饰的先行词。3.在定语从句做一个句子成分。eg. This is the room which I lived in last year.先行词 关系代词 定语从句(三)：定语从句中有 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as.关系副词 when, where, why 等引导定语从句。（四）：用关系代词还是用关系副词关系代词起代词的作用，关系副词起副词的作用，因此同样的先行词，选用什么样的关系词，要由它在定语从句中担任的逻辑作用来决定。关系代词词行先行词充当成分who人主、宾、表Whom人宾That人&物主、宾、表Which物主、宾、表As物主、宾Whose=of whomof which人&物定语关系副词When=atinonduring which时间状Where=atinto which地点状Why=for which原因状that 在口语中可以代替关系副词以上三者状注：先行词是time, minute, moment, next time很少用关系副词when,可用that 但通常省去。 一、指人的用法that用于指人，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：A driver that has knocked someone down must stop.撞人的司机必须停车。(关系代词that指driver，在从句中作主语)He is the man that you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作宾语)He is not that man that he was.他已不是过去的他了。(关系代词that指man，在从句中作表语)二、指物的用法that用于指物，在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语或表语。如：This is the plane that will fly to Tokyo in the afternoon.这是下午要飞往东京的那架飞机。(关系代词that指plane，在定语从句中作主语)She was annoyed by something that I had said.她为我说的某句话而不高兴。(关系代词that指something，在定语从句中作宾语)Shengzhen is not the city that it used to be.深圳现在已不是原来的那个城市了。(关系代词that指city，在定语从句中作表语)关系代词which只用于指事或物，不用于指人，它在定语从句中主要用作主语或宾语。She was not on the train which arrived just now.她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(关系代词which指train，在从句中用作主语)He never got back the money which he had lent him.他从未收回他曾借给他的那笔钱。(关系代词which指money，在从句中用作宾语)关系代词who, whom)的用法who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如：I met a girl who knew your sister.我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadnt met before.她把我介绍给她丈夫，我以前没见过他。但是，用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。The person to whom I complained is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager.我向他投诉的那个人是经理。关系代词whose的用法关系代词whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如：She is the woman whose car was stolen.她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。This is the house whose windows were broken.这就是窗户被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job.格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学，她想找一份工作。His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight.他的房子窗户无一完好，一派令人心酸的景象。as1.用于引导限制性定语从句，主要与such, as, the same连用，其意为“像的”“凡是的”“一类的人(物)”。如：Hes not such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那样愚蠢。He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.他并不是一个做事半途而废的人。2.用于引导非限制性定语从句，根据情况可位于主句之前或之后，有时也可插在主句中间，其意为“这件事”“这一点”。如(www.yygrammar.com)：He is late, as is often the case.他迟到了，这是经常的事。As is usual with children, they soon got tired.孩子们一贯如此,他们很快就厌倦了。David, as you know, has not been well lately.大卫最近身体不太好，这你是知道的。关系副词where主要用于修饰表示地点的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。This is the village where he was born.这就是他出生的村子。Thats the hotel where we were staying last summer.这就是我们去年夏天住的旅馆。与前面when的情况一样，注意不要一见到先行词为地点名词，就以为一定要用关系副词where来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作地点状语，就用where；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用where，而要用that, which等。如：He works in a factory that which makes TV sets.他在一家电视机厂工作。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作主语。另外注意，where有时还可用于抽象名词后引导定语从句。如：We have reached a point where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。There are cases where the word“mighty”is used as an adverb.在一些情况下，mighty一词可用作副词。I dont want a job where Im chained to a desk all day.我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。关系副词when主要用于修饰表示时间的名词，同时它在定语从句中用作时间状语。There comes a time when you have to make a choice.你必须作出抉择的时候到了。Gone are the days when they could do what they liked.他们为所欲为的日子一去不复返了。Well put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。注意不要一见到先行词为时间名词，就以为一定要用关系副词when来引导定语从句，同时还要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分如果在定语从句中用作时间状语，就用when；如果在定语从句中不是用作时间状语，而是用作主语或宾语，那就不能用when，而要用that, which等。如：Dont forget the time (that, which) Ive told you.不要忘记我告诉你的时间。关系代词that / which在定语从句中用作动词told的宾语，正因为是用作宾语，所以也可以省略。关系副词why主要用于修饰表示原因的名词（主要是the reason），同时它在定语从句中用作原因状语。如：We dont know the reason why he didnt show up.我们不知道他为什么没有来。She didnt tell me the reason why she refused the offer.她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的因。与关系副词when和where不同，why可以换成that或省略。如：Thats one of the reasons (why, that) I asked you to come.这就是我请你来的原因之一。另外，与关系副词when和where可以引导非限制性定语从句不一样，why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。误：The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.正：The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.（五）：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句从句与先行词的关系从句是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果省去，主句的意思就会不完整或不明确。从句只是对先行词的附加说明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整标 点从句和主句之间不用逗号分开从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开关系代词指人who (that) whom指物which (that)人和物whose关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省去指人who（作主语）whom（做宾语）指物which人和物的whose关系代词一般不可省修饰从句只修饰一个名词或代词可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句翻译定语从句译在被修饰词的前面定语从句通常被译成另一个独立的句子限制性非限制性形式上无逗号有逗号内容上先行词不是唯一的先行词是唯一的，定语从句可有可无。关系词可用that ,why.作宾语可以省略不可用that ,why。关系词一律不省。先行词名词或代词名词或代词，也可以使整个句子汉语翻译译作定语译成并列句 1二者差异比较限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词之间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that引导。He has a brother who is a physicist.He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一个)He returned all the books which are written in English.He returned all the books, which are written in English. The man who lives next door is a doctor.My sister, who lives next door, is a doctor.（六） 关系代词that和which的区别 只能用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none ，few.等不定代词，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Im interested in everything that I dont know. (2) 如果先等词被 all ,little none any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.例如：I read all the books that you gave to me. This is the only money that I have in my pocket. (3) 如果先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰或者先行词是最高级时，关系代词常用that,不用which。This is the first book that was written in English. This is the last factory that I visited. (4) 如果先等词被the only ,the very , the same ,the last修饰，关系代词常用that,不用which.This is the only book that I really like.He was the only person in the office that was invited to the ball.(5) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。而不用who, which.例如： The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.(6)who ,which开头的特殊疑问句中，关系代词用that.Who is the person that is standing there?Which of us that knows English doesnt know this? (7) 关系代词作表语时，关系代词用that.It took us many years to make the city that it is today.He is not the man that he used to be. (8) 先行词是奇数词或是序数词时，关系代词用that .Yesterday I caught two fish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water. (9) 当主句 “ there be “开头时，关系代词要用that 引导的定语从句修饰该句型的主语。There are four desks in the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.(10) 当先行词是 “ to be “ 后面的表语时关系代词用that . This is the dictionary that was bought in the bookstore yesterday.只能用which的情况 1) 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。如：There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.Bei jing , which is chinas capital, is rich in culture.2)those/that +名词后的定语从句用which引导。不能用关系代词that。That pen which he took is mine.A shop should keep those goods which sells well.3) 介词后只用which This is the room in which he lived. The chair on which he is sitting is made of wood.(4) which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语， 不用that.例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.(5)先行词是that时，关系代词要用which.Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?(6) 关系代词后面有插入语时，益用关系代词 which.Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.只用who, whom.而不用that的情况 (1) 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those, ones等时，关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：Is there anyone here who will go with you?People all like those who have good manners.（2） 当先行词是指人的集合名词时，如果作这个名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 Mr. Smith came to visit my family, who were watching TV then. Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting. (3)当先行词有较长的 后置定语或者在被分割的定语从句中，宜用关系代词 who Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.(4) 当先行词用-body 或-one 构成的复合不定代词时，关系代词用who Wed better not believe in anyone who we dont know.(5) 当先行词是一个限定性的表示人的特定名词时，常用who The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brothers sister.（七）“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1)“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the father of whom is a teacher. (2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句（不常用）。例如： We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.（3）*关系代词前的介词如何确定？A.依据定语从句中动词的某种习惯搭配 Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.B.依据先行词的某种习惯搭配确定 There was no way in which it could be bought back to the earth. ( in this way)C.根据所表达的意思确定The gas with which doctors can save the patients is called oxygen.The gas without which we can not live is called oxygen.(4)*注意关系代词的位置 介词在关系代词前时，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介词在句尾时，关系代词可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且还可以省略。 This is the drawer in which I put my letters. = This is the drawer (which/that )I put my letters in.Have you seen the pen with which I wrote letters this morning?= Have you seen the pen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?所以一个句子有时有多种用法如：那就是他工作的大学This is the college at which he works.This is the college that/which he works at. 但像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.This is the book which /that I am looking for.（八） whose 引导从句的意义1）指人=of whom 表示所修饰的“某（些）人的用做所修饰的先行词的所有格。A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.2) 指物=of which 表所修饰的“某物的“I live in the room whose window faces south.I live in the room, the window of which faces south( whose +从句 可以用“of which +从句”代替)（九）As 与which 是有区别的A) 相同之处： 都可以用来引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的主句所表达的内容。which 可做宾语或表语He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents very happy.B) 区别：1）as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：1) As we all know, Galileos theory of falling objects is right.= Galileos theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right= Galileos theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout our village3) As is expected, the England team won the football match.4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.2.） as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含义，which 没有。后面的谓语动词多是see, know, expect, say, mention, report等。 Bob did an excellent job, as we had expected.Our team won the game, which made us happy.As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.We are facing the problems which we faced years ago.We hope to get such a tool as he is using. We hope to get the tool which he is using.3.) as 在引导限制性定语从句多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。the sameas such.asThis is the same story as he told me.I hope to get such a book as he is using4).as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。可代表一个句子。例如：The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see.5).as做主语时， 其后必跟系动词，而which 无此限制The meeting was put off, as was what we wanted.He was murdered, as seemed true.6)as引导从句时，从句语义必须和主句一致She was married again, which was unexpectedShe was married again, as was unexpected 77）the same as 与the same .that 的区别： 前者修饰的是原物同样的而后者修饰的就是先行词 This is the same watch as I lost.这和我丢的那一只手表是一样的。This is the dame watch that I lost.着就是我丢的那一只手表。（十）什么时候that 可以省略？1) 引导同位语从句，主语从句，表语从句不能省略，且不做成分。The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.Its known to all that light travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)The reason for his absence was that he was ill. ( 有时可省，一般不省)2）宾语从句中可以省略I dont think (that) you are right.3）that 只有在定语从句中做成分，可做主、宾、表语。（十一）关系代词做主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于先行词而不是关系代词。I want to see the film that is on show.The students who dont study hard will not pas the exam.(十二)one of the 与the one of the 做先行词时谓语不一致。Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.Li Bai is the one of the greatest poets that has lived in China.This is one of the books that I have been written in Chinese.This is the only one of the books that has been written in Chinese.（十三）关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 1)when 表示时间, 充当时间状语 when=on/ in/ of /at+which I still remember the day when I join the party I will never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.但注意：1.当先行词是表地点：place ,room, mountain, airport等时间：time, day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名词时,并且分别在句中做地点、时间、原因状语时，应用where ,when ,why引导。但是如果如果表示时间地点原因的名词不做状语，而是做主语，宾语，或者表语时，必须用关系代词that /which来引导而不是用where等。I still remember the day that we spent together。May 1 is the day that I will never forget。The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people all over the world look forward to visiting.长江三峡是个美丽的地方，全世界的人都渴望来参观。The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left and disappeared in the crowd.Is this the reason that he gave us for being late? This is the factory that we visitedThat is the house that he lived in.2.当先行词为 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 时，关系词不用when而用that.或省略This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.The first time I saw him was in 1980By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics但如果time前无修饰语,关系词用that when 均可 I will never forgot the time when (that) we met for the first time.3. 当先行词为way 时，关系词用in which ,that, 或省略.This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.但注意： 4.why 表示原因（现行词只有一个 reason），做原因状语。 Why= for which That is the reason why he was late.（十四）学生容易出现的问题。1. 在定语从句中多加了宾语，如：Some of the boys I invited them didnt come.Some of the boys I invited didnt come. 2. 把定语从句的动词的单复数弄错。This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward. 3. 省略了定语从句中做主语的关系代词。Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth. Children who eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.4. 定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或者是介词。The house where he lives in needs repairing.The house where he lives needs repairing. The house which/that he lives in needs repairing.（十五）代有插入语的定语从句who 与whom 的选用。担主语成分时用who ,担 宾格成分时用whom方法：要区分是定语从句中的插入语还是主谓结构。Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)Jason is a man whom I believe to be honest. 做宾语The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.The girl who we supposed to be drowned came back.（十六）什么时候宜用非限制性定语从句1） 当先行词是专有名词时，通常用非限制性定语从句，它本身就具有特殊性，无需在加限定。 Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly. My house, which I bought last year, has got a garden . Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spent all his money.2) 当先行词是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一个，但跟非限制从句时则表示唯一的一个，Her room has a window which faces south.Her room has a window, which faces south.I have a brother who is working in Beijing.I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.3.当先行词表示类属意义，即表示某类动物，事物或人时，其后所跟的定语从句一般是非限制性的。A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all over the world.语法复习二：动词时态1 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。 时间状语： every, sometimes,at, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I dont want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。2 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。 Where did you go just now?2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了 It is time sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事 Id rather you came tomorrow.4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间。)Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着)Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.( 含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike?3 used to / be used to used to + do：过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful. Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步) be used to + doing： 对已感到习惯，或习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看 出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。4 一般将来时 1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month。 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5 be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to表将来 will表意愿If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排)Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排)7 一般现在时表将来 1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如： Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。 When B
展开阅读全文