人机环境系统的分析与评价ppt课件

第10章 人机环境系统的分析与评价,1,10.1 人机环境系统总体性能指标、任务与理论基础,1 总体性能的三个指标 安全 高效 经济,2,10.1.2 总体性能各指标的评价,1,安全性能的评价 ETA DTA FTA 事故树分析法,3,故障树的定性评价,4,2 高效性能的评价,5,系统的高效性能f（系统的工作效果，人的工作负荷） 工作效果的评价 人的负荷的评价 体力负荷 智力负荷 心理负荷,6,3 经济性能的评价,综合评价指标Q Q1（安全） 2（高效） 3（经济）,7,10.2 系统的建模与辨识,建立一个简明实用的系统模型，将为系统的分析、评价和决策提供可靠的基础。 构建系统模型，尤其是构建抽象程度很高的系统数学模型，这是一种创造性劳动。 所谓模型，简单地说，它是对于真实系统的一种抽象、描述和模仿。 它能简洁而又概括地反映系统的本质和基本特征，描述出系统的主要行为或功能。,8,10.2 系统的建模与辨识,系统的建模的要求 1)真实性 2)简明性 3)通用性,9,四项原则,切题 清晰 精度要求适当 尽量使用标准模型,10,10.2.2 四类数学模型,1,确定性系统的数学模型 2 随机性系统的数学模型 3 灰色系统的数学模型 4 模糊系统的数学模型,11,12,Ergonomics Goals,Ergonomics and MSDs Effective Ergonomics Programs Quiz,13,Science of fitting jobs to the people who do them Goal is to reduce work- related MSDs when their jobs require repetitive reaching, bending, lifting, using force, working with vibrating equipment, and doing other repetitive motions,14,What Are MSDs?,MSDs are injuries and illnesses to: 肌肉 神经 腱,韧带 关节 脊椎,15,Common MSDs,Carpal tunnel syndrome Tendinitis Trigger finger Raynauds phenomenon,De Quervains disease Rotator cuff tendinitis Carpet layers knee Herniated spinal disc Low back pain,16,Signs of MSDs,Less strength for gripping Less range of motion Loss of muscle function Inability to do everyday tasks,17,Common Symptoms of MSDs,Painful joints such as wrists, shoulders, forearms, knees Pain, tingling, numbness in hands or feet Shooting pain in arms or legs Swelling, inflammation, burning sensation Fingers or toes turning white Back or neck pain or stiffness,18,Report Signs or Symptoms of MSDs,Permanent disability may result if not reported early Report signs or symptoms of MSDs to your supervisor or human resources representative Report MSD hazards,19,Repetition,Same motion over and over puts stress on muscles and tendons How often the movement is repeated Speed of the movement Number of muscles involved Required force,20,Forceful Exertions,Amount of physical effort required to perform a task Effort needed to control equipment or tools Type of grip Weight of object Body posture Type and duration of the task,21,Awkward Postures,Reaching Twisting Bending Kneeling Squatting Working overhead i.e., arms raised Holding fixed positions,22,Contact Stress,Pressing your body against a hard or sharp edge Puts pressure on nerves, tendons, and blood vessels Allowing your wrists to rest on the keyboard when typing Holding tools with hard handles,23,Vibration,地板打磨 磨工、磨床 风钻、风凿 刨槽工 钻孔机 锯,24,Management Leadership and Employee Participation,MSD reporting and response system Designate persons with authority and resources to run the program Policies do not discourage employee participation or reporting of MSDs Employees participate in development, implementation, and evaluation of ergonomics program,25,Job Hazard Analysis,Determine whether MSD hazards exist Implement control measures to reduce the hazards Employee involvement in identification and control is required Training for employees and supervisors in affected jobs,26,Control Methods,Engineering Controls（工程设计控制） Work Practice Controls（劳动组织：操作方式与姿势） Administrative Controls（管理方法：减少危险几率） Use of PPE（个人防护）,27,Evaluate Ergonomics Program,Employer should make sure the program is effective Ask employees for their opinions Ensure hazards are being addressed Make necessary changes,28,Summary,Recognize MSD signs and symptoms Understand MSD hazards Learn to take steps to control MSD hazards Report MSDs Participate in the Ergonomics Program,29,Quiz,1. Name one risk factor that determines if repetition contributed to an MSD: _. 2. Loss of the muscle function is a sign of an MSD. True or False 3. MSDs are injuries to nerves and _. 4. Name a vibrating tool that could contribute to an MSD: _. 5. The preferred control measure in controlling MSDs is the use of PPE. True or False,30,Quiz (cont.),6. Describe a common（普遍性） MSD symptom: _. 7. Describe an awkward posture that you may experience while performing your job: _. 8. What does contact stress put pressure on that may result in an MSD? _ 9. Employee participation is not needed for an effective ergonomics program. True or False 10. The type of grip is a risk factor to consider when evaluating jobs with forceful exertions. True or False,31,Quiz Answers,1. How often motion repeated, speed of movement, number of muscles involved, or required forces 2. True 3. Soft tissue 4. Sander, grinder, chipper, router, drill, saw 5. False. Engineering controls is the preferred control measure,32,Quiz Answers (cont.),6. Painful joints, tingling or numbness, shooting pain, swelling, pale fingers, back or neck stiffness 7. Reaching, twisting, bending, kneeling, squatting, working overhead, holding fixed position 8. Nerves, tendons（腱）, or blood vessels（血管） 9. False; employee participation is essential and fundamental 10. True,33,考试题,1 名词解释（6424） 2 单选题 （102=20） 3 简答题（4832） 4 计算题(18=8） 5 分析与论述题（28=16）,34,祝愿各位考出自己出色的成绩！,35,