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第一节开头偏离主题是写作中的大忌，也是最大的败笔。因此，文章伊始就要注意掌稳，不能偏离航道。前面谈到的审题和打腹稿就是有效避免此类错误的重要法宝。此外，掌握下列原则也是使文章主题鲜明、中心突出的可靠保障。英国博物学家John Ray有句名言：Well begun is half done.良好的开端成功的一半。做事如此，写作又何尝不是如此？中文文章讲究的是凤头、猪肚和豹尾，强调文章的开篇要有神采，要引人人胜；结尾要有力度，能画龙睛，耐人寻味。英文文章也不例外。一篇开宗明义、立意新颖的文章，定会激发阅读者的兴奋点，使之为之一震。下面的开篇“法宝”会助你旗开得胜，马到成功。一、开头的原则英文式的思考方式属于垂直模式，其特点是决不拐弯抹角，有话统统和托出。这种思维模式突出地体现在英文独特的行文方式上。1开篇点题例1 Topic: The iPadOpening: The iPad is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented. It is not only esteemed by teachers, research workers, administrators, but also by many students.例2 Topic: The Two-day WeekendOpening: Since the carrying out of the two-day weekend, college students ave benefited a lot from it. First. .点评：用主题句点明主题，而且one of the most welcome and popular ectronic devices和not only. but also，使文章开门见山，引人人胜。假如文章这样开头：The iPad is an electronic device ever invented是否如同一杯白开水平淡而无味了呢？2易于展开例 1 Topic: My View on OpporturutyOpening: Different people have different opinions as to the view of opportunity. Some people argue that. 例 2 Topic: Why I Want to Go to College?Opening: There are several reasons why I want to go to college. First all,点评：例1中的两个different为下文的展开提供了广阔的空间，作者此有了很大的自由度。先提出别人的观点，再表明自己的态度。可写的容实在很多，发挥的余地也很大。例2则旗帜鲜明地告诉读者：本段将以列举的方式娓娓道来。假如两篇文章分别这样开头：My view on oppoItunity is that.；I want to get a college degree或I want to go to college，则下文展开的空间极为有限，三两语之后便无话可说；无法在有限的篇幅内得以充分的阐述。因此，开篇的主题句既不要写得太笼统，也不能太具体。3吸引读者例 1 Topic: Positive and Negative Aspects of SportsOPening: I feel there are so many benefits a person gets from participating in sports. No matter what sports you participate in, there are a lot of obvious advantages.例2 Topic: The Two-day WeekendOpening: Many college students wait for the two-day weekend with great anticipation and excitement. They see it as a time to breathe and make use of their free time to either relax or catch up on their studies.点评：例1不仅开篇点题，而且feel一词恰如其分地表达了作者的切，身感受。此处，它与think, believe, suppose等词之间的差别如同“闪电与莹火“。显然，“莹火”的魅力和冲击力根本无法与“闪电”相比。例2的开头虽见不到benefit之类的词语，但是大学生期待双休日的心情却在wait for.great anticipation and excitement生动的描述中跃然纸上。相比之下，The two-day weekend benefits college students a lot这种语句是否会显得苍白无力、呆板枯燥了许多呢？二、开头的技巧开头的好坏，关系到整篇文章。开头的写作方法很多，常用的模板如下。1开门见山，切入正题the Two-Day Weekendthe two-day weekend policy has been adopted for a long time. It has brought many advantages to colleges and universities. Most importantly, it has lightened the burden on students.Reading BooksPeople often say that gold and silver are the most valuable things in the world. But I must assert that reading books is more valuable than anything else, because books give us knowledge which in turn gives us the power to make fortune.Motorcycles and City TrafficMotorcycles are becoming increasingly popular in Chinese cities in recent years. People drive motorcycles to their workplace, to schools, to shopping centers and so on.2. 定义主题，逐步展开English ClubEnglish club are occasions where English teachers and English learners can talk with each other in English on some topics.they offer opportunities for the college students to practice their English. So as soon as they appear on the campus, they are welcome.PatriotismPatriotism means the love of ones country. A persons motherland is a place where he is born and bred, a place where his ancestors lived from generation to generation. .先给主题下定义，然后通过举例、逻辑推理等方法加以详细说明。这样会给人，严谨、逻辑清晰、以理服人的印象。3概括开始，逐一论证Road AccidentsIn recent years the number of road accidents has been on the rise in big cities. Whenever ey happen, the people involved are either injured or killed. They cause great lossesNo More Video Games Teenagers are spending far too much time and money on video games these days. Video games should be done away with. They are nothing but a waste of time, money and energy事物的共同特点归纳在-起，然后再论述，让人顿生居高临下、纵览全文之感。4间接铺垫，效果不凡What Is a Good Teacher?Some people say that a good teacher should be at first a well-read person. While others claim that he must be devoted to the education. In my opinion, Large Companies and Small CompaniesUpon graduation from college, young men and women face the first choice in their career life: to go to a large company or a small one? Although many graduates are attracted by the prestige of large companies, I believe the small one will afford more chances of success and. . .先引述别人的看法，再话锋一转表明自己的态度，令人感到观点鲜明、重点突出。5数据引证，言之有据The Average Family ExpensesThe average family income in the United States has increased from $ 12, 000 per year in 1980 to $ 16,000 in 1985. Since this is a considerable increase, the way in which the average family spends its income has also changedLets Speak Mandarin ChineseIn China, there are more than 100 different dialects. The differences between dialects are so enormous that even people from neighboring areas have trouble understanding each other.翔实的数据不但说理性强，也更能征服读者。此种开头多用于图表式作文。6名言、谚语，更胜一筹We Need to Broaden Our KnowledgeKnowledge is power. Scientific and technological knowledge is especially the case. Science and technology are the motive power of the social development. Without them, human society could never have developed from primitive society to modern society.Reading Selectively or Extensively?Knowledge is power. Everybody knows it. The main way for us students to gain knowledge from the books. So some students argue that we should read extensively名言、谚语不仅富于哲理，而且精辟透彻，是智慧的结晶。以此开篇实乃高屋建瓴。7比较、对比，泾渭分明How to Achieve SuccessSome people say the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work.There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if he works little and.University Students and LecturesCompared with primary school and middle school, life in university is much more colorful. Besides their studies, university students can have more time playing sports，比较才会有鉴别，没有高山怎能显出平地？孰优孰劣，相形才能见绌嘛！第二节结尾尾应是文章的综合与概括，对观点的归纳与总结，对问题做出的合乎情理、合乎逻辑的解答。结尾部分应内容充实，简短有力。好的结尾可以给读者深刻的启示，大大增强文章的感染力，并留下美好的回味。如果文章只凤头而无豹尾，则为虎头蛇尾。自然，文章的风采也会大打折扣。结尾模板如下。1概括总结Say Goodbye to Exam-oriented EducationIn conclusion, quality-oriented education is far superior to exam-oriented education, which is already out of tune with modern melody.NewspapersIn a word, newspapers are probably the worlds greatest and most popular ways to receive daily news. But not only do they inform us, they also warn us, teach us, entertain us, and advertise for us. These are the important functions that can be of great benefit to the public every day.文章内容加以概括、归纳和总结，突出了主题，强调了要点。2. 首尾呼应，重述主题Is Diligence Really Worthless?In Conclusion, diligence is considered a virtue everywhere and every time. It is both useful and helpful for one to work well and live well in the modern society.The InternetThe Internet exerts such a profound effect on our life that it has revolutionized the way of peoples living and thinking.不同的词句或表达方式，简明扼要地叙述主题信息，可以进一步强化主题。3名言、警句Should We Study at Home or Abroad?In my opinion, everyone has his own choice because the needs and conditions differ from person to person. There is no denying the fact that some students achieve success after studying abroad, but it is not the only way or the best way for all the students, for “One mans meal is another mans poison. “The Value of TimeWe should develop a good habit of saving time. Dont postpone what we should do ay till tomorrow. Laziness will not only bring us failure but also lead us to the road of poverty如此结尾使文章内涵深刻，耐人寻味。其画龙点睛、升华主题的作用无与比伦比。4表明自己的观点Heavy TrafficIn my opinion, the best solution to this problem is to combine these two ways. It means that well lay down more roads in spacious areas and open up more bus lines in downtown areas.Is Stress a Bad Thing?Personally, Im in favor of the former view. I think it is impossible to avoid stress when one is entirely devoted to the career he pursues. In my opinion, it is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.仁者见仁，智者见智，坦诚相告，不求认同。第三节重述任何一篇文章都是围绕同一个主题进行说明、分析或展开的。为了紧扣主题，突出中心，关键的词语和观点需要反复强调和阐述。可是，再好的句被重复几次之后，也难免会产生乏味、呆板之感。因此，如何在写作中免简单地重复往往令人一筹莫展。下面的三种方法或许会让你顿开茅，喜笑颜开。一、善用同义词，增强其语势例1 They had located the treasure buried deep in the sand. They tried to dig it out, whatever they did, they couldnt uncover it.例 2 For more than 100 years, many women in America had been calling for equality with men and many men had supported them in this demand. In 1920, women gained the right to vote. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, leaders of womens organizations were asking for “full of liberation now” .What did they mean? They wanted equal rights in getting and holding better jobs.两个同义词“dig out和uncover”“挖”出了文采；三个同义语“call for , ask for和want”更使“要求”咄咄逼人。作者丰富的词汇储备可见一斑。二、巧妙改结构，赏心又悦目例 1 Dont you realize that his speech is important?Dont you realize the importance of his speech?例 2 Some people believe in the saying “A rolling stone gathers no moss” ,so they will keep one job until retirement. Their belief is to take up one thing, like it and be good at it. And they absolutely believe that only by doing so can .they do it well and get the most from it.复合句与简单句交替使用，动词和名词轮流出现，丰富多彩的句式体现多样化。三、“换汤不换药”，主题把握好例1Dont Push the Students Too HardGenerally speaking, studying too hard may be harmful to students.At present, many teachers expect their students to do more work than theycan handle. Furthermore, parents do not realize that pressing their children to study harder than called for can injure their health.In fact, most parents know that growing boys and girls need relaxation as well as exercise. On the other hand, many students have no choice but to burn the candle at both ends in order to get good grades and please their parents. But a physically weak or socially deprived child may not be able to keep up with such a hurried pace. Therefore, some students may very possibly fail in school because of this pressure to study in excess of what is required.文章标题是说父母不要强迫孩子超负荷学习。变换的说法将主题不断深入，令人警醒，发人深省。例2Man pollutes his environment in various ways. For example, some people dirty the air with gases and smoke. The machines and motor cars they operate also fill the air with disturbing noises. Other people poison the water with chemical and other substances. Still others damage the soil with too many fertilizers, besides; people ruin natural beauty by scattering rubbish on the land and in the water.相同的意思，换个说法。多种方式的表达取代了单调、枯燥的重复。不有异曲同工之效，更有清新别致之感。四、重复用得妙，感染力更高例1美国总统林肯的文采有口皆碑。他在葛提斯堡国家烈士公墓落成典礼的著名演讲中的最后一句话，常常被后人作为经典佳句吟诵和引用。. . and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth（要使我们这个民有、民治、民享的政府永世长存。）句中三个由people组成的介词短语不但把英语的平行结构用到了极致，更使主题思想得以升华，增强了演说的感染力。例2It is always distressing to have electricity cut off. Without electricity, no one could do any reading or writing; Without electricity, no one could expect his food fresh in the refrigerator; and without electricity, no one could enjoy himself in either listening to music or watching TV shows. Whats more, without electricity, no one could really feel safe in complete darkness for burglars often take advantage of the darkness and do whatever they like.一连串的Without electricity，no one could. .一气呵成，使文章主题层层深化，语势步步增强。平凡的语句；不平凡的组合，创造的是非凡的效果。套用模板段首句一、争议法(l)The issue/study of_ is (a subject) of great interest to many people.(2) The topic/question of _is of great concern. For many parents/the future of the country _.(3) The subject of_ is of great importance to/regarding many scientists/the departments concerned/the practice and experience/the position of women_.(4) The question of _is a matter of much contention among the general public.二、对立法1) Some people think that _, while others/most people believe/insist argue/claim that_.2) When asked about _, the majority of people say that _, but I think/view a hit differently.3)_has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.三、比较法1) For years, _had been viewed as But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing _,people_.四、现象法1)In recent years, there has been a growing trend/an interesting tendency that/of_2)In recent years/decades, there has been a widespread/popular belief phenomenon that_.3)In recent years, it is widely acknowledged that_.4) Recently the issue of the problem of /the phenomenon of_has caused/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.结尾句一、建议法1) There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of_.2) Based on the above understanding, my recommendation is that_.3 ) It is important/imperative/necessary/essential/urgent/desirable/advisable that_.二、观点法2) As a popular saying goes, _. In my opinion, what really counts is not_, but _.I believe that as long as _, we will_. So I am of the opinion that_.三、号召法1)It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of_.2)It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency.一、开头切忌拐弯抹角或开门半天不见山，也不要范围过大，以免在限的篇幅内无法自圆其说。二、结尾段应意尽言止，恰到好处。既不要虎头蛇尾，也不要画蛇添足。三、善用技巧，适当重复，紧扣主题，篇幅长要适度。Ex1请找出下文中表达相同意思的语句。1.Is there a dark side to the computer revolution? Do computers threaten ie health of our society? It certainly doesnt seem that way on the surface. You dont expect your home computer to turn its game gun on you. And how can a achine whose chief advantages are speed and efficiency do a threat to our society?2. The Womens Liberation Movement had gained results all over the nation,but many men -and women still felt that a womans first responsibilities should remain to her home and family. These Americans believed that because of biological differences, women and men should have different working conditions rid different kinds of work. They argue that those who favored “Womens Lib” were asking too much.3. This period greatly benefits the interviewee because he or she can take this opportunity to give the interviewer a good impression. Moreover, the potential employee can learn more about the job, its requirements and benefits. In a word, job interviews are very beneficial for both interviewers and interviewees.Ex.2请删除文中与主题无关的句子。1. (1) ln India a large family is often considered financially beneficial and in general children are regarded as a form of wealth, (2) At an early age children help around the home and business, (3) When the children are older, they can work and bring in money. (4) Generally boys are more desirable than girls. (5)And when the parents are old, the children can take care of them.2. (2) Scientists fear that nuclear energy will one day destroy us. (2) They say that the explosion of a nuclear bomb can kill millions of people and cause disease and deformity in later generation. (3) Because of limited energy sources, scientists are studying the possibilities of nuclear power. (4) And any failure from a nuclear plant can work enormous damage to the affected area. (5) whats more, up to now people have not discovered a safe way to dispose of radioactive wastes.
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