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非谓语动词苏丽霞 非谓语动词， 顾名思义就是不能做谓语的动词。 是我们英语语法学习中的重点， 也是难点。学好非谓语动词对于理解阅读材料中结构比较复杂的长句，对于写作得高分非常有用。主要包括：不定式， 动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词）。其中动名词和现在分词合起来又叫做 ing 分词。下面我们先看非谓语动词的基本结构。一， 不定式 动词不定式无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。主 动被 动一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing/完成式to have writtento have been written否定式：not + (to) do1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，例如：Im glad to meet you. 2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：He seems to be reading in his room.3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.4）被动式：A, 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式的承受者时，用被动语态。She asked to be sent to work in Tibet. The book is said to have been translated into English.It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here.B，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，尽管不定式与被修饰词是被动关系，也还要用主动语态1, Give him some books to read Do you have any clothes to wash ?“Do you have any clothes to be washed?” asked the maid. 2, S +be+easy difficult hard pleasant interesting exciting comfortable +to doThis question is easy to answer. The boy is difficult to teach.3, The house is to let The manager is to blame .4,There be句型中，主动形式或被动形式均可但有时含意不同There is nothing to do now (we have nothing to do now )现在没事干There is nothing to be done now (we can do nothing now )现在没什么办法二， 动名词动名词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。语 态式主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited. 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词Do you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这吸烟吗？He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。三， 分词1） 现在分词现在分词无人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化.其时态和语态的变化形式与动名词相同.现在及 物 动 词 write不及物动词go分词主动语态被动语态主动语态一般式writingbeing writtengoing完成式having written having been writtenhaving gone否定式：not + 现在分词1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2） 过去分词过去分词无人称和数的变化,也没有时态和语态的变化。过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求，要一一记住。再来看非谓语动词的句法功能：句子成分非谓语 主语表语宾语补语定语状语同位语不定式动名词（极少）现在分词过去分词从表格中可以看出， 非谓语动词可以在句子中充当除了谓语以外的很多成分，下面我们就以比较的方法了解它的各种用法。首先对比不定式和动名词。一， 作主语不定式侧重于动作的具体性和将来性。 To see is to believe. To play basketball is a great pleasure.但为使句子平衡,常用it 代它作主语, 把它移到句子后部去.It is a great pleasure to play basketball.动名词作主语侧重于习惯性。Seeing is believing.Playing chess is fun.Its no use waiting here.动名词作主语,也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.It is no use talking too much.2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting/ worthwhile 等形容词 + doing”结构中作主语。例如：It is nice playing chess after supper.二， 作宾语A跟不定式作宾语的常见动词:（）hope, want , expect, wish, desire, like, love, hate, plan, intend, mean, prepare, decide, determine, afford, fail, manage, try、dare, help , promise、refuse、 learn、offer、 agree、forget ,bother .B. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explaintell sb what to doCit 作形式宾语.make/ find it adj. to do sth.The strong wind made it difficult for me to breathe动名词作动词宾语下列动词后只能接动名词：suggest, finish, avoid, stop, cant help, mind, enjoy, require, practise, miss, escape, pardon, advise, consider, imagine, keep, appreciate, escape, permit。I cant imagine marrying a girl of that sort.I recommend buying the dictionary.Will you admit having broken the window?有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：leave off, put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help动名词作介词宾语注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,只能是动名词,不可用不定式 。Are you good at playing football?其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语。look forward to ,devoteto, get used to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to这些短语中的to都是介词。注意下列不同动词或句型的用法：1 forget ,remember , regret +doing 动作已经发生+to do 动作未发生2 want ,need ,require + doing 表被动= to be done注：be worth doing = be worthy to be done3 try doing 试着做 try to do 尽力做，想要做4 stop doing 停止做某事，(先后是一件事). stop to do 停下来做某事,(先后不是同一件事)5 go on doing 继续敌某事，(先后 是同一件事 ) go on to do 接下来做某事，(先后不是同一件事)6 mean doing 意味着做某事 mean to do 故意或想要做某事 7 cant help doing sth 抑制不住、禁不住做某事 cant help (to) do sth 无帮助、无助于做某事8 prefer to do rather than do 宁愿 而不 prefer doing to doing would rather do than do would do rather than do 9 have nothing to do /do nothing but/except do 只好做（别无选择）10 在 begin , start , continue 等词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语，意义区别不大.但要注意：1）本身是-ing 形式时，其后要接不定式2）如果表示主语有意识地开始做某事，多用动名词3）主语是物多用不定式4）其后的动词是表示情感的或与智力有关的，不用 v-ing 形式know, realize, hate , love , understand , wonder , remember , forget三， 作表语不定式作表语表示主语的内容，但侧重于目的性。 Her wish was to become an artist.My duty is to help others.动名词作表语起名词作用,表示主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。The nurses job is looking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurses job. Four skills of English learning are listening, speaking, reading and writing.= listening, speaking, reading and writing are four skills of English learning .注: 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别。在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式。四， 作定语不定式作定语A. 一般表示将发生的情况，放在名词后。Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.(主谓关系)She has a good chance to go to college. (同位关系)He has got lots of questions to ask. (动宾关系)注意:如不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系,而这个不定式又是不及物动词, 它后面应有必要的介词。There is nothing to worry about.I need a pen to write with.He is looking for a room to live in.动名词作定语动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系.。表示名词用途。 a racing car= a car that is used to racea swimming pool= a pool for swimming五，作宾语补足语跟不定式作宾语补足语的动词A. let, have, make, get等表使役的动词They made us go with them.注意: Let/ have/make sb. do ; get sb. to doThey got us to go with them.B. ask, tell, request, order等表要求,命令的动词The chairman requested the members to be silent.C. allow, permit, forbid等表许可或禁止的动词 The guard forbade me to enter.D. wish, want, expect, intend等表希望的动词(hope无此用法)Many parents expect their children to study abroad.E. see、watch、notice、look at、 hear、listen to、observe、feel等表感官的动词 I noticed tears come into his eyes. We often hear her sing the song at home. 注: 感官动词后的不定式均不带toF. 其他动词advise, help, persuade, encourage, warn, cause, force, remind Please remind me to take the raincoat.六，作状语1)不定式作目的状语Tim sat near the fire to get warm.The athletes practised hard to win the match.强调作目的状语的不定式, 常用in order (not) to，so as (not) to短语.前者可放在句首,也可放在句中;后者只能放在句中。2).不定式作结果状语作结果状语的不定式常用于一些固定搭配中。如:too to, enough to，only to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词+ as to do引导。Would you be so kind as to step this way, please?I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.3)不定式作原因状语I am glad to see you .Sorry to trouble you.接下来我们对比现在分词和过去分词的用法。一， 作表语现在分词作表语：现在分词作表语起形容词作用,说明主语的特征及主语所具备的动作功能。常译为”使(令) 怎样。” 如:The news is very disappointing.His story is very moving.(Encouraging, inspiring, exciting, interesting.)过去分词作表语：过去分词作表语,相当于一个形容词,说明主语的状态。如，He is gone.The glass is broken.He was lost in thought.They were deeply moved.注意:被动结构与系表结构的区别 这两种结构形式都是be+过去分词。 这两种结构的主要区别是:被动语态强调所发生的动作,而系表结构表示的是主语的特点或状态。The cup was broken by my little brother.(被动结构)The cup is broken.(系表结构)二， 作定语现在分词作定语, 表示主动意义,它与所修饰的名词构成 主谓关系,通常可改为定语从句。它从以下两方面来说明中心词。 A.表示动作正在进行 Dont wake up the sleeping boy.= Dont wake up the boy who is sleepingI don t know the man writing something over there.=I don t know the man who is writing something over there.过去分词作定语, 它的逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词,有以下三个特点 : A.及物动词的过去分词作定语和它的逻辑主语的关系是被动的。所表示的时间概念是完成。 The building built last year can hold 1,000 people= The building that was built last year canB.不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成。与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。fallen leaves=leaves that have fallen a retired worker=a worker who has retiredthe risen sun=the sun that has risen C.有些表示心理活动的过去分词作定语,表面是修饰它后面的名词,但实质是说明当事者的心理状态。所以过去分词与它所修饰的名词没有被动关系。The surprised look showed that he hadnt expected this.= (He was surprised and his look showed his surprise)三，作宾语补足语用现在分词作宾补，说明宾语是动作的执行者，形成逻辑上的主谓关系；A.作感官动词的宾补, 如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel 表示正在进行的意义We found them reading in the classroom.B. 作使役动词的宾补, 如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch表示”使进行/处于(某种状态)” ,强调动作或状态的持续性.Can you keep the clock going? 过去分词作宾补,过去分词和宾语的关系是被动关系,说明宾语的状态,表示动作的完成。常用来作感官动词,如: see, look at ,watch, notice, find, observe, listen to, hear, smell taste, feel和使役动词如: have, get, keep , send, leave, catch的宾补When I walked home, I saw a man caught by the police.As soon as he returned home, he found his house broken into.He kept himself covered with a blanket.四， 作状语现在分词可在句中作时间、原因、条件、结果, 让步、伴随或方式等状语。1)作时间状语, 可以表示三个时间概念A.表示和谓语动作同时发生,相当于 “as soon as” 引导的时间状语从句Hearing the good news, he jumped up with joy. = As soon as he heard the good news, he = On hearing the good news, heB.谓语动词的动作发生在分词动作的过程中,表示”在做某事期间”相当于由when/while 引导的时间状语从句。Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.= When/While I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend.= When/While walking in the street, I came across C.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。如:Having done his homework, the boy went out to play.Having written his composition, he began to do his Maths homework.2)作原因状语,相当于由because/as 引导的原因状语从句A.和谓语动词的动作同时发生Being ill, he didnt go to school.=Because/As he was ill, he didnt go Not knowing what to do next, he went to his teacher for advice.= Because/As he didnt know what to do next, he went to B.如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,分词就要用完成时。 Having seen the film many times, he didnt go to see it last night.3)作条件状语,相当于由 if 引导的条件状语从句 (If) Using your head, you will find a way.=If you use your head, you will find 4)作让步状语,相当于由 although/though 引导的让步状语从句Although/Though getting up early, he was late for the meeting.= Although/Though he got up early, he was late for the meeting.5)作伴随状语(方式状语),表示同谓语的动作同时发生,相当于由并列连词连接的两个并列动作。They sat there on the stone, talking with each other.=They sat there on the stone and talked with each other.注意:只有现在分词的一般式才可作伴随状语,且常放于主句后。6)作结果状语,现在分词的动作同谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生。The mother died, leaving five children behind.They fired at the enemy, killing two.注意：现在分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,句子的 主语可能是分词动作的执行者, 句子的 主语也可能是分词动作的承受者。但在一些表示说话者态度的固定表达方式中, 分词短语的逻辑主语和句子的主语是不一致的。这种结构常见的有:1)generally/strickly/+speaking2)Judging from/talking of/allowing for.3) Considering that /seeing that /supposing that注意：现在分词作状语的几个特性。时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系。人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。过去分词可在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步,方式或伴随情况等状语。过去分词无论作何种状语, 它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语, 而且存在着逻辑上的被动关系.1)做时间或条件状语,通常放在句首。Seen from the top of the hill, the town looks even more beautiful.=If the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town = When the town is seen from the top of the hill, the town 2) 作原因状语Deeply moved by the story, the children began to cry.=As/Because they were deeply moved by the story, the children.3)作让步状语Seriously wounded, he still kept on fighting.=Although/Though he was seriously wounded, he still kept.4)作方式或伴随情况状语She walked out of the house, followed by her little daughter.=She walked out of the house, and was followed by her little daughter.He sat there, lost in thought.= He sat there, and was lost in thought.最后， 介绍几种解题技巧。一、分析句子结构1. _many times , but he still couldnt understand it . A. Having been told B. To be toldC. He was told D. Though he was told分析：用连词but 引导并列句子，因此，前面也是个独立句子，故选C。2. _many times , he still couldnt understand it .A. Having been told B. To be toldC. He was told D. Though he was told分析：句中用逗号隔开，且无连词引导，因此，前面不是句子结构，只是句子的一个成分，故选A，用非谓语动词作状语。二、分析逻辑主语非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑上的动作执行者就叫做逻辑主语。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致。若不一致，则须加上自己的逻辑主语。1. _no buses , we have to walk home .2. _Sunday , I shall have a quiet day at home . A. There being B. It were C. There were D. It being分析：句1. 表示“没有公共汽车”，应用“there be”结构，即逻辑主语是“the buses”，故选A 。句2. 同理选D。三、分析语态分析语态就是在确定逻辑主语之后，分析非谓语动词和逻辑主语在搭配使用时是主动还是被动关系。1. _from space , the earth looks blue .2._from space , we can see the earth is blue .A. Seen B. Seeing C. To see D.See这两个题选项中的非谓语动词都没有加自己的逻辑主语, 因此其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。分析：句1. “地球被看”，表被动，故选A，用过去分词表被动。句2. 我们“主动看”即表主动，故选B。四、分析时态，在选定了主动或被动后，还要考虑动作发生的时间问题，即时态。1. The building _now will be a gym .2. The building _next year will be a gym.3. The building _last year is a gym.A. having been built B.to be builtC.being built D. built 分析：句1中 now 说明大楼正在被修，故用进行式，选C。句2中next year 说明大楼将在明年被修，故用表将来的不定式，选B。句3中 last year 说明大楼已被修，但不能选A，因为现在分词的完成式不能作定语，故用过去分词，选D非谓语动词练习题：1、We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketball, _ that all children like these things.A thinking B think C to think D thought2、There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.A add B to add C adding D added3、I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses _ talking while she works.A working; stopping B to work; stoppingC working; to stop D to work; to stop4、A good story does not necessarily have to have a happy ending, but the reader must not be left _.A unsatisfied B unsatisfying C to be satisfying D being satisfied5、No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.A performed B performing C to be performed D being performed6、_ this cake, youll need 2 eggs,175g sugar and 175g flour.A Having made B Make C To make D Making7、If you think that treating a woman well means always _ her permission for things, think again.A gets B got C to get D getting8、As the twentieth century came to a close, the raw materials for a great national literature were at hand, waiting _A to use B to be used C to have used D to be using9、It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness _.A to make B to be made C making D being made10、The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008.A hold B holding C held D to be held11、_ with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time.A Faced B Face C Facing D To face12、AIDS is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.A that it is B to be C that it has been D to have been13、Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table.A do B to do C doing D and doing14、Faced with a bill for $10,000, _.A John has taken an extra job B the boss has given John an extra jobC an extra job has been taken D an extra job has been given to John15、He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets had been sold out.A to tell B to be told C telling D told16、Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure” award, a title_ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.A being given B is given C given D was given17、Police are now searching for a woman who is reported to _ since the flood hit the area last Friday.A have been missing B have got lost C be missing D get lost18、The bird flu _ through Asia has jumped from birds to humans at least 20 times so far,_ 16.A sweeps; killed B swept; killing C sweeping; to kill D sweeping; killing19、The man _ of shooting 6 school children was caught by Beijing police, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Friday.A being suspected B suspecting C suspected D to be suspected20、The students entered the classroom, smiling and _ , and _ down to have their lessons.A talked; sat B talking; sitting C talking; sat D talked; sitting21、Have you ever heard of an American president called Chester A. Arhur?No , and hes not mentioned in my history book at all. He seems _A to have been completely forgotten B having completely forgottenC to have completely forgotten D completely forgetting22、With the magazine An Express Way to English _ us , we will improved our language skills a lot.A helping B helped C has helped D to help23、It displeases my parents when Richard and I stay out late at night. My parents dont approve _A of Richard and me staying out late at nightB of me and Richard staying out late at nightC to Richardss and my staying out late at nightD when Richard and me stay out late at night24、A communicative satellite _ as much as 3.5 tons was sent up into space last week.A weighing B weighed C to be weighed D being weighed25、_ of stealing money from the bank, he was questioned by the police.A Accusing B Accused C Having accused D To accuse参考答案：15 ADCAA 610 CDBBD 1115 ADCAB 1620 CADCC 2125 ADAAB
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