高考英语-分词的逻辑主语问题

分词的逻辑主语问题一、什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语：I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑主语)Hearing the news, he couldnt help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”：I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)二、使用分词逻辑主语的易错点分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子主语，否则会出错。请看下例：(1)Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B.the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D.she hurried to a policeman for help此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动，如：(2)_ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though to be told C. Having toldD. He was told根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：(3)_ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。三、分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：(1)某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致：Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来女人比男人活得长。Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. 从你的话看他应当能成功。Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。(2)当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时有作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致：Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French, its surprising that shes such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。(3)当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题：Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)(4)当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题：In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)四、分词的独立主格结构在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型，如：误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构：The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。以上各句的the job, the weather, he 等不能省略。