初中英语语法之连词.docx

第十一讲：连词1、连词的含义：连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连接词。2、连词的分类：连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。1、并列连接词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有：and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为),still(可是),as well as(也),both.and.(.和.), not only .but also.(不但而且), either or(或或),neither nor(既不也不)等。2、从属连接词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有：when(当时候), while(正当时候), after(在之后), before(在之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(假如), as(如一样；由于), as as(和一样), as far as(就而言), as long as(只要), as soon as(一就), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比), whether (是否), in order that(为了), sothat(如此以致), so that(以便), now that(现在既然), by the time(到时候), every time(每当), as if(仿佛),no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。辨析(1) because、as、since、for的用法：because(因为)表示原因的语气最强,常表示必然的因果关系,从句一般放在主句后面；另外,回答why的问句只能用because. as(因为)表示一般的因果关系,语气比because弱,说明比较明显的原因,它引导的从句可以放在句首也可以放在句尾。since(既然)表示对方已经知道、无需加以说明的原因或事实。for(因为)是并列连词,语气较弱,用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释。如：He is not at school today because he is seriously ill.（他今天没有上学因为他病得厉害）/ As all of you have got here, now, lets go to the zoo.（既然大伙儿都到了我们就去动物园吧）/ I will ask Lin Tao to go with me since you are very busy.（既然你很忙我就叫林涛和我一起去吧）/ We must be off now for the match starts at 7：00.（我们得走了因为比赛在七点开始）(2)if、whether的区别：表示“是否”时,if和whether同义,引导宾语从句,另外,whether还可以引导主语从句、表语从句(以及同位语从句)等名词性从句或者让步状语从句；而if还可以表示“如果”,引导条件状语从句,(主句与从句遵循主将从现的原则)。如：I dont know if/whether he will arrive on time.（我不知道他是不是会按时到达）/ I will ring you up if he arrives on time.（如果他按时到达我会给你打电话的） 注意下列情况只能用whether不能用if：引导主语从句,引导表语从句,引导从句作介词宾语,引导不定式短语,引导让步状语从句,在动词discuss之后,在wonder / not sure之后,在if与whether含义易混时。如：Whether it is a fine day next Sunday is still a question.（下个星期天是不是个好天还是个问题）(引导主语从句) / Please ask him whether to go there with a raincoat or not.（请问一下带不带雨衣去那儿）(作动词的宾语) / Hainan is the place to be, whether its summer or winter.（海南是个该去的地方无论冬夏）(引导让步状语从句)/ Please let me know whether you need my help.（请告诉我你是否需要我的帮助）(引导宾语从句)(如果换成if则还可能表示“如果你需要我的帮助请告知”)(3)while、when、as的用法区别：while常表示一个较长的动作,它引导的从句动作与主句的动作是同时发生的、是平行的；when可以表示较短的动作也可以表示较长的动作,主句和从句的动作可以同时发生也可以先后发生；as与上两词同义,可替换while和when, 表示主句和从句的动作同时发生,常译为“一边一边”。如：Please do not trouble me while I am writing my homework.（我写作业时请不要打扰我）/ Ill go home when I have finished my job.（我干完了活儿就回去）/ They were running quickly across the road when they heard the sound of a truck coming.（他们正快速地穿过马路忽然听到了卡车开来的声音）/ As we walked in the dark street, we sang songs and talked loudly.（当我们在黑洞洞的街上走路时我们高声地唱歌说话）(4)till/until与nottill/until的区别：前者表示一个延续性的动作,后者表示一个才开始的动作。如：I will stay here and watch the baby until you return.（我会呆在这里看着娃娃直到你回来）(stay这个动作一直进行到你return) / They wont go on working until they get what they think is reasonable.（他们要到获得了他们认为合理的东西时才会继续干下去的） 另外till与until基本可以互换,但是在句首时只能用until,不能用till. 如：Until the last minute of the match we kept playing.（我们坚持到比赛的最后一分钟）/ Not until he had finished his work did he go home.（直到做完工作他才回家）（倒装句）(5)though与although的区别：两个词都表示“虽然”,均不可以与but同时使用,但在句中可加still或yet连用。although“尽管、虽然”仅作连词,比较正式,一般可以换为though； though“虽然、尽管、即使”,还可以与even连用(=even if),表示“即使、纵然”,作副词时意思是“然而、不过”,不能放在句首。如：He passed the exams although illness prevented him from going to classes.（尽管疾病使他无法上课但是他还是通过了考试）/ she wont leave the TV set,even though her husband is waiting for her for the supper.（她不愿离开电视机虽然丈夫在等她吃饭）/ It was a quiet party. I had a good time, though.（这是个不热闹的聚会尽管如此我还是玩得很开心）(6)prefer torather than与preferto的区别：prefer torather than后面都是用动词原形,preferto都是用动名词或名词。如：I prefer English to Japanese.（与日语相比我更喜欢英语）/ I prefer to learn English rather than learn Japanese. （与日语相比我更喜欢学英语）介词和连词一、基础练习1. Henry, Mary and Tom, is coming to China for a visit? Which is WRONG?A. together with B. like C. besides D. but in addition to2. His father will be back from Londona few days.A. since B. in C. on D. after3. He usually goes to work on time .A. except for raining days B. besides it rains C. but that it rains D. except on rainy days4. Did you have trouble the post office?A. to have found B. with finding C. to find D. in finding5. If you keep on, youll succeed .A. in time B. at one timeC. at the same time D. on time6. The train leaves6：00 pm, so I have to be at the station5：40 pm at the latest?A. at； until B. for； afterC. at； by D. before； around7. the gate and youll find the entrancethe parkthe other side.A. Through； to； on B. Along； of； onC. Down； to； at D. Up； of； by8. One five will have the chance to join in thegame.A. within B. among C. in D. from9. Do you go there bus? No, we go there a train.A. in； on B. on； on C. by； in D. by； with10. I made the coat my own hands. It was madehand, not with a machine.A. in； in B. in； with C. with； by D. with； with11. The trees front of the house are the charge of Mr. Li.A. in； in B. at； in C. in； by D. from； in12. The old man died cold a cold night.A. from； at B. of； inC. of； on D. for； during13. My uncle lives116 Changhe Street. His room is the sixth floor.A. at； on B. to； at C. on； in D. of； to14. I dont think you can work out the maths problemher help.A. since B. unless C. with D. without15. He is runningthe wind towards the stationTom running the right.A. down； and； on B. against； with； onC. for； with； in D. with； while； to16. In Hangzhou Mr. Black was so struckthe beauty of nature that he stayedanother night.A. at； on B. with； at C. for； in D. by； for17. How long has the bookshop been in business? 1987.A. After B. In C. From D. Since18. We offered him our congratulationshis passing the college entrance exams.A. at B. on C. for D. of19. Guangdong liesthe south of China and Fujian isthe east of it. Hainan isthe coast of the mainland.A. in； in； on B. in； on； offC. on； to； on D. in； to； away20. The student, whom all the teachers are pleased,is very strict himself everything.A. to； with； in B. with； with； inC. with； at； with D. at； with； at21. Some doctors were sent t?the front where medical workers were .A. in great need B. in great need ofC. needed great D. needed in22. hearing the good news, they jumped with joy.A. For B. To C. On D. At23. She is well-knownher poems and she is also famous an actress.A. for； for B. as； for C. for； as D. by； for 24. He climbed silentlyseizing the thief.A. in the purpose； by surprise B. with purpose of； surprisinglyC. with purpose of； surprisedly D. with the purpose of； by surprise25. The touch they had both kept in many years broke.A. for B. on C. into D. with26. The pianist began to play and the girl in red began to sing the music.A. with B. along C. through D. to27. He divided the sweetsthe children who were divided three groups.A. in； in B. into； intoC. between； in D. among； into28. Early the morning of May 1, we started offthe mountain village.A. in； for B. in； t? C. on； D. on； for29. Ted has been absentclass for quite some time.A. for B. with C. of D. from30. The railway was openedtraffic April 4, 1985.A. to； on B. to； in C. by； on D. for； on答案及简析1.D。“名词介词短语”作主语时，谓语动词要与前面的名词保持一致。D项表达错误。2.B。表示“从现在起多长时间之后”用in。3.D。except后接动词不定式可与but连用，但except后还可接that, when, where等从句或介词短语，在表示对细节加以纠正之意时用except for。 4.D。have troubledifficulty in doing sth.with sth.是一个习惯用法，表示“做某事吃力、费劲”。5.A。in time除平时熟悉的“及时”之意外，还有“迟早”的意思，相当于sooner or later。6.C。具体时间即点时间前常用介词at, 表示“到为止”用by。7.A。through指“从某事物的内部空间穿过”；entrance后习惯接to；表示“在边”用on。8.C。“one in five”指“五人中有一个”，即“one out of five”。9.C。“乘坐交通工具”时，用by抽象名词（无冠词的名词）或用inon加冠词再加交通工具。10.C。“由手工制作”用固定词组with ones hands或by hand。11.A。in front of表示“在前面”；in the charge of表示“在掌管控制下”。12.C。die of用于疾病、情感、饥饿、寒冷等原因造成的死亡，die from指除了疾病、情感、饥饿、寒冷以外的原因造成的死亡，on a cold night为特定时间。13.A。在相对小的地点或门牌前用at；房间“在第几层”用“on. floor”。14.D。“在帮助下”用with,“没有帮助”用without。15.B。“逆顶风而跑”用against；“with 宾宾补”表示伴随；表示“在左右边”用on。16.D。“be struck by”意为“被迷住打动”，stay for the night表示“留下来过夜”。17.D。since常与现在完成时连用。18.B。offer sb. congratulations on sth. or doing sth.congratulate sb. on sth. or doing sth.19.B。in the south表示在“一个范围之内的南部”，on the east表示“在东边接壤”，off the coast表示“离开海岸”。20.B。表示“对感到满意”，用be pleased with。此句为定语从句； 主句中用了be strict with sb. in sth.句型。21.A。如果选C，great应改为greatly。22.C。on (ones) doing意为“当时”，相当于when引导的时间状语从句。如：On (my) asking for information, I heard a loud noise outside.23.C。be well-knownfamous for 意为“因而著名”，be well-knownfamous as意为“作为而著名”。24.D。with the purpose of是一个固定词组，意为“怀着意图”；by surprise相当于suddenly。 25.A。keep in touch为固定短语，for.表示一段时间。26.D。sing to the music意为“伴随着音乐而唱”。27.D。介词between指“两者之间”；among用于“三者或三者以上之间”。根据定语从句可知children应是三者以上。28.D。表示在“某一天的早晨”常说“on the morning of.”；后面用for表示去的目的地。29.D。be absent from是一个固定短语，意思是“缺席”。30.A。be opened to traffic的意思是“通车”；在具体的某一天之前通常用on。