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命题点1 高考阅读理解之细节事实本尽管近几年高考英语阅读试题中推断题呈不断上升的趋势，但细节题仍然占有较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题转向通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查同学们对英语语言的理解能力，因此难度比往年有所增加。一、题型特点与命题方式所谓细节题，是指原文提到了某事物、现象或理论，题干针对原文具体叙述本身发问。一般包括直接理解题（在原文中可直接找到答案，常用who, what, when, where, why和how等提问。）语义转化题（需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论）、数字计算题、排列顺序题、图表图画题等。抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其它类型问题的基础。这类题型的题干常为：When / Where did the story happen?Which of the following statements is (not) correct?Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?All the statements are true except该题型几乎都可以在文章中直接找到与答案有关的信息，或是其变体。所以，搜查信息在阅读中非常重要，它包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。在一篇短文里大部分篇幅都属于这类围绕主体展开的细节。做这类题一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找出与问题有关的词语或句子，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。二、解题思路与应试技巧 细节题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题，正确答案的根据一定可以在原文中找到，即原文的改写往往成为正确选项。通常细节题的正确选项有以下特征：1、对原文句子中的关键词进行替换。把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，成为正确选项。2、词性或者语态的变化。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，给考生制造障碍。3、语言简化。把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化，成为正确答案。4、正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达而成为正确选项（适用于寻找错误选项的题目）。干扰项也是以文章中的某个细节设题，若不仔细辨别，很容易把它当成正确选项。干扰项有以下特征：1、将原文内容扩大或缩小。把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误选项。2、把未然当已然。改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。3、无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。4、偷换概念。把原来做该事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，一不小心就会误选。5、文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，确属原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题。下面结合最新高考试题，对细节题的不同类型加以解读。1、直接信息题对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。 【考例】（2009湖南卷，B篇）61. How long does it take the battery to charge up an iPhone?A. 15 minutes. B. 30 minutes. C. 1.5 hours.D. 3 hours.【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词How long，charge up，iPhone，由第一段第一句Just plug RichardSolo 1800 into your iPhone once or twice a day, for fifteen minutes, and keep your iPhone charged up.可以得出答案为A。（2009陕西卷，B篇）46. Edmonds entered the world of politics first as _. A. news secretary for a congressman B. a speechwriter for President Clinton C. news secretary in the White House D. a speechwriter for Secretary Donna Shalala 【解析】A。直接信息题。快速查找题干中的关键词the world of politics，在第三段第二句话找到相关信息：He joined the world of politics as news secretary for his congressman （国会议员） from Baltimore During Bill Clintons presidency 因此答案为A。2、间接信息题做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。【考例】（2009山东卷，A篇）57. Which of the following is true of the Hatches? A. They had their children during the Great Depression. B. They left the family farm to live in an old house. C. They gave away their possessions to their neighbors. D. They helped their neighbors to find jobs. 【解析】C。间接信息题。第四段第一句话说Hatch夫妇是在大萧条时期出生的(Children of the Great Depression, Ish and Arlene were known for their habit of saving.)，而不是他们在大萧条时期有了孩子，排除A；第三段提到他们的老房子位于他们家的农场里，B错误；第二段提到他们帮助有困难的邻居们，但未提及帮助他们找工作，D项错误。C项说Hatch 夫妇把他们的钱全都赠给了他们的邻居们，符合文意。3、数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。【考例】（2009福建卷，B篇）61. The foreign drivers who break the traffic law and do not pay on the spot are likely to be fined up to _. A. 60 B. 300 C. 900 D. 980【解析】D。依据文章第一段可知，这种罚款可高达900英镑(Foreign drivers will have to pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month.)，再依据第二段If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will be clamped（扣留）until they pay and they will face an additional fee of 80 for getting back their vehicles.可知本题选D，即当场不能交罚款的外国司机罚款的费用是900+ 80=980英镑。 4、排列顺序题这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。【考例】（2009湖北卷，D篇）64. Which order of steps is followed in carrying out the project? A. Assessment Prototype Design Construction. B. Assessment Design Prototype Construction. C. Design Assessment Prototype Construction. D. Design Prototype Assessment Construction. 【解析】D。请看文章第二段：Gerner manages school facilities（设施） for Clark County, Nevada, a district roughly the size of Massachusetts. By 2018, 143,000 additional students will enter the already crowded public-education system. Gerner needs 73 new schools to house them. Four architecture teams have nearly finished designing primary school prototypes（样品）; they plan to construct their schools starting in 2009. The district will then assess how well the schools perform, and three winners will copy those designs in 50 to 70 new buildings.根据第二段的描述，工程的实施应按照“设计提供样品评估建设”的程序。其它程序都不符合标准的建筑要求。 （2008福建卷，A篇）59. Whats the right order of the events related to Tanni? a. She works as a coach. b. She took up athletics.c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona. d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.A. b, d, c, e, a B. a, d, b, c, e C. a, d, c, e, b D. b, d, a, e, c 【解析】A。排列顺序题。本题要求判断各个事件的先后顺序。观察文章的26段，注意几个表示时间的词（组）：1984，1988，1992，in the same year，2007，可帮助考生迅速找到答案。5、图表图画题在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。【考例】（2009安徽卷，D篇）71. The chart shows that from 2005 to 2008, _. A. the percentage of the Spanish families with a computer rose 35 points B. the percentage of the White families with a computer remained unchanged C. the number of the Black families with a computer was on the decrease D. the number of the Asian families with a computer showed the sharpest increase【解析】D。请看原文中的柱形图：由柱形图可以清楚地看出，拥有电脑的亚洲家庭的数量急剧增加，其他三项表述都与图表不符，故D项正确。（2007江苏卷，C篇）65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _.【解析】A。所给的四幅图画分别代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“游览”和“餐饮”。根据文章中“All Fees Included. No Hidden Cost.”可知这次游览的费用都包含在“Package Fee”里面，没有其它暗含的费用。但是由于这是一个总共5.7小时的游览，下午乘飞机返回还不耽误吃晚饭和看日落（in time for dinner and sunset）可知是不需要住宿的，因此“住宿”的费用不包含在整个费用之内。巩固练习：（1）Most people who enjoy movies do not really care how they are made. They just want to enjoy a good story. Movie producer and director George Lucas wants people to see the best made movies. So, his latest movie Star Wars was made without using film.Star Wars was made using digital cameras. A digital camera does not use traditional film. It captures images on videotape. The images recorded on videotape are the placed in a computer.George Lucas says that using digital cameras permits him to have much more control over the final product. For example, the image can be changed after it is placed in a computer. An expert can change color, add or take out objects, add people or beings who are not real. Much of what is seen in the new movie Star Wars is not real. Huge buildings, spacecraft and alien beings from other worlds were produced in a computer.Movie experts say digital technology is the real future of the motion picture industry. A theater will no longer have to wait days or weeks to show a new movie. Theaters will be able to receive copies of new movies by linking computers. Or they will use small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.When the new movie Star Wars was released last month, only 94 theaters around the world had the digital equipment needed to show it. So Mr. Lucas company produced about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie on traditional film for release in most theaters. However, most people who have seen the movie say these film copies are of much better quality than other filmed movies.Critics say the new digital technology is very costly. Many theater owners will not buy the new technology, yet many of the people who worked on the new movie Star Wars say they would not like to work with film again. They said using digital equipment was faster, and videotape is much less costly than film. One cameraman said the director of a movie can immediately see what was just recorded, something impossible to do with film.1. According to George Lucas, what makes the best made movies possible?A. A good story.B. Film.C. Digital cameras.D. Videotape.2. Which is NOT true for the real future of the motion picture industry, according to movie experts?A. Linking computers for copies of new movies.B. Showing filmed movies in theaters. C. Using small computer disks to get a copy of the movie.D. Having the digital equipment needed to show the movie.3. According to the passage, which is true about the new movie Star Wars?A. There are about 6,000 copies of the new digital movie. B. It has been shown in only 94 theaters around the world. C. It is the best among filmed movies.D. It is the product of the new digital technology.4. Which of the following is NOT the advantages of the new digital movie? A. The director can have the objects and people added or taken out.B. It will be more convenient for theaters to get such kind of new movies. C. People all agree that the new digital movies are less costly than the filmed movies. D. The director can monitor the recording and check what was recorded just now.（2）As the US wakes up to Chinas rising status as an economic and strategic competitor, US parents are urging their children to learn Chinese, reports Julian Borger.The US is being swept by a rush to learn Mandarinfrom wealthy New York mothers hiring Chinese nannies（保姆）for their small children to a defence department education project in Oregon.The forces driving Mandarins momentum（势头）are parental ambition for children facing a future in which China is almost certain to be a major player, and the government is worried about that America may get left behind in that new world.The bottleneck is the supply of teachers. Mandarin instructors are difficult to import and difficult to train. There are visa problems in bringing over teachers from China but the biggest barrier is cultural. Teaching in Asia is generally done by rote and the change to western, interactive styles of instruction can be a large leap.On the other hand, it requires enormous firmness for westerners to learn a language like Chinese, with its thousands of written characters. According to the Asia Society in New York, all of Americas teacher-training institutions turn out only a couple of dozen homegrown Mandarin teachers.One way to ease the shortage is to find native Mandarin speakers and use fast-track methods to train them. However, the majority of Chinese-Americans grew up speaking Cantonese, the dialect spoken in Hong Kong, where their parents came from. Many are themselves signing on as Mandarin students at the private language schools springing up on the west coast.1. Why are US parents so eager to make their children learn Mandarin?A. They are urged by the government to do so.B. They are afraid to be left behind by other parents.C. They believe China will play a major role in the future world.D. They are just carried away by Mandarins momentum.2. The underlined word “rote” in the 4th paragraph probably refers to a teaching pattern which .A. focuses on memory workB. allows the students to think independentlyC. is centered on interactive skills D. puts much emphasis on examinations3. What is the main problem in the Mandarins momentum in the US?A. The lack of qualified teachers.B. The cultural barrier between the east and west.C. The Americans lack of firmness.D. The many written Chinese characters.（3） The New Yorker1 Year, 46 IssuesCover Price: $194.70Your Price: $46.00About The New Yorker: The New Yorker is the eclectic magazine for readers interested in the arts, current events, and culture. The New Yorker includes articles on domestic and international news, exploring current ideas and trends, plus sports, fashion, and entertainment events. In addition, The New Yorker is well known for publishing outstanding short fiction and cartoons with an ironic twist.Playboy1 Year, 12 IssuesCover Price: $72.88Your Price: $15.96About Playboy: Playboy is a magazine of literature, political thought, sports, commentary and humor. Although Playboy is most well known for its pictorials of beautiful women, it is also highly regarded for its interviews and fiction writing. Playboy includes regular feature articles on finance, sports, entertainment, self-improvement, technology, and psychology. You must be 18 or older to order Playboy.Nickelodeon 1 Year, 10 IssuesCover Price: $39.90Your Price: $19.97About Nickelodeon: Nickelodeon is filled with wonderful entertainment for children. It is wholesome, imaginative, and truly from a childs point of view. Nickelodeon sees the world from your childs perspective, where its fun to laughto thinkto doto learn. Share the award-winning entertainment and humor magazine from Nickelodeon with your kids.Lucky1 Year, 12 IssuesCover Price: $35.40Your Price: $15.00About Lucky: Lucky is the ultimate shopping magazine with the best looks, the best buys, and the best trends before they hit the stores. But what makes really unique is all the detailed information youll get on how to purchase the merchandise youll find. Lucky provides you with 800 numbers, web site addresses, and more to make your shopping experience easy and convenient! Lucky is your one-stop shopping guide to all the greatest new products on the market. Whats more, it provides wonderful entertainment for women.1. Which magazine gives buyers the largest price advantage in percentage?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. NickelodeonD. Lucky2. If you are a housewife, which magazine will you probably buy?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. NickelodeonD. Lucky3. If you are asked to choose a magazine for a little boy, which one do you think is suitable?A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. NickelodeonD. Lucky4. What information is contained in all the four magazines?A. Sports B. News C. Entertainment D. Trends 5. For each issue, which magazine is the cheapest according to the advertisement? A. The New Yorker B. Playboy C. NickelodeonD. Lucky （4）Happiness pays off, studies show.Psychologists seeking the real secrets of happiness report that very happy people tend to be more extroverted and agreeable than less happy people.“Our findings suggest that very happy people have rich and satisfying social relationships and spend little time alone relative to average people,” write psychologists Ed Diener and Martin E.P. Seligman in the journal Psychological Science.Solid social relationships do not promise happiness, but they are an important contributing factor. The very happy people whom the authors studied all said they had good quality social relationships. However, the authors write, there is no single key to high happiness. “High happiness seems to be like beautiful symphonic（交响乐）musicincluding many instruments, without any one being enough for the beautiful quality.”Diener regards happiness as “subjective (主观的) well-being” in other words, the person evaluates（评估）his or her own quality of life. The question to ask is, “Is my life going well，according to the standards I choose to use?” If the answer is “yes”, then that person is judged to be happy. Because people evaluate their lives based on happiness，“subjective well-being is very important. Though necessary, it is not enough for having a good life. Subjective well-being “seems quite necessary for the good society, although it is not enough for that society because there are other things we also value and would want in such a place,” says Diener. Can subjective well-being be measured scientifically? Diener points out three parts contributing to happiness: pleasant emotions and moods, lack of negative emotions and moods, and satisfaction judgment, to which other factorsincluding cheerfulness and feelings of fulfillmentmay be added.There is no magic formula（公式）for happiness. Diener suggests steps you can take to ensure you are as happy as you can be. Surrounding yourself with good friends and familypeople who care about you and whom you care about is a start. Joining in activities you enjoy and value is also important; whether its work or play, keeping busy in an environment enjoyable to you will contribute much to your subjective well-being. In addition, a healthy outlook is necessary.1. The underlined word “extroverted” probably means_.A. pleasant and social B. hard-working and active C. careful and shy D. warm-hearted and helpful2. Happiness and symphonic music are common in that _.A. they are both something beautiful B. they both make people feel pleased C. they both depend on more than one factorD. they are both hard to achieve 3. According to Diener, a person can be judged to be happy when he _.A. has rich social relationships B. spends more time with other people C. lives a quality life D. thinks his life is going well according to the standards he chooses to use 4. Which of the following does not belong to components contributing to happiness?A. Pleasant moods. B. Negative emotions.C. Satisfaction judgment. D. Feelings of fulfillment.（5） Children have their own rules in playing games. They seldom need a referee (裁判) and rarely trouble to keep scores. They dont care much about who wins or loses, and it doesnt seem to worry them if the game is not finished. Yet, they like games that depend a lot on luck, so that their personal abilities cannot be directly compared. They also enjoy games that move in stages, in which each stage, the choosing of leaders, the picking-up of sides, or the determining of which side shall start, is almost a game in itself. Grown-ups can hardly find childrens games exciting, and they often feel puzzled at why their kids play such simple games again and again. However, it is found that a child plays games for very important reasons. He can be a good player without having to think whether he is a popular person, and he can find himself being a useful partner to some- one of whom he is ordinarily afraid. He becomes a leader when it comes to his turn. He can be confident, too, in par- ticular games that it is his place to give orders, to pretend to be dead, or to kiss some- one he has caught.It appears to us that when children play a game they imagine a situation under their controk Everyone knows the rules, and more importantly, everyone plays according to the rules. Those rules may be childish, but they make sure that everychild has a chance to win. 1. What is true about children when they play games? A. They can stop playing any time they like. B. They can test their personal abilities. C. They want to pick a better team. D. They dont need rules. 2. To become a leader in a game, the child has to _. A. play well B. wait for his turn C. be confident in himself D. be popular among his playmates 3. What do we know about grown-ups? A. They are not interested in games. B. They find childrens games too easy. C. They dont need a reason to play games. D. They dont understand childrens games. 4. Why does a child like playing games? A. Because he can be someone other than himself. B. Because he can become popular among friends. C. Because he finds he is always lucky in games. D. Because he likes the place where he plays a game. 5. The writer believes that_. A. children should make better rules for their games B. children should invite grown-ups to play with them C. childrens games can do them a lot of good D. children play games without reasons （6）Tired ot Working Your Country ! With over 500 instruc
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