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中央广播电视大学2011-2012学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试建筑结构试验试题一、选择题（每小题3分，共45分） 1下列，( )不属于科学研究性试验。 A验证结构计算理论的假定 B为制订设计规范提供依据 C为发展和推广新结构、新材料与新工艺提供实践经验 D服役结构的可靠性鉴定 2( )和控制系统可以完成结构静荷试验、结构动荷试验、结构低周疲劳和模拟地震试验等等。 A液压千斤顶 B单向作用液压加载器 C双向作用液压加载器 D电液伺服作动器 3贴电阻片处的应变为1000ye，电阻片的灵敏系数K-2O，在这个电阻片上应产生的电阻变化率应是下列哪一个？( ) A0.2% B0.4% C0.1% D0.3% 4下列，( )可测出钢筋位置。 A超声法 B钻芯法 C磁检测法 D扁顶法 5用量纲分析法进行结构模型设计时，( )不属于基本量纲。 A质量M B应力d C长度L D时间T 6下列钢筋混凝土结构的承载力极限标志中，( )条不正确。 A.跨中最大挠度达到跨度的1/60 B受拉主筋重心处裂缝宽度达到1. 5mm C剪力区，受压混凝土剪压破坏或斜压破坏 D主筋端部相对混凝土滑移达0. 2mm 7疲劳试验过程中要进行四种形式的试验。( )首先调整最大、最小荷载，待稳定后开始记数，直到需做静载试验的次数。在运行过程中，需要做动态挠度与动应变测量。 A预加载 B静载试验 C疲劳试验 D破坏试验 8在结构抗震动力试验中，( )加载方法既能较好地模拟地震又易于实现。 A采用机械式偏心激振器激振 B采用地震模拟振动台 C采用炸药爆炸模拟人工地震 D采用电磁激振器激振 9( )能实现多点同步加载，在建筑结构试验中是理想的加载方法之一，它不但可以对建筑结构物施加静荷载，也可施加动荷载。 A液压加载 B重物加载 C机械式加载 D气压加载 10通过( )这种方式可以实现均布荷载的加载，也可以使用料盘实现集中荷载的加载。 A液压加载 B重物加载 C激振器加载 D机械式加载 11在轴向拉压状态下，( )布置应变片的形式和测量桥路的特点是：消除了温度影响，也消除了偏心荷载的影响，测量灵敏度提高了2(l+v)倍，使用的应变片较多。 A外设补偿片的半桥测试方案 B测量应变片互相补偿的半桥测试方案 C外设补偿片的全桥测试方案 D测量应变片互相补偿的全桥测试方案 12下列，( )属于砌体强度的间接测定法。 A回弹法与推出法 B推出法与扁顶法 C扁顶法与原位单砖双剪法 D原位单砖双剪法与回弹法 137r定理表述如下：如果一个物理现象可由n个物理量构成的物理方程式描述，在n个物理量中有k个独立的物理量，则该物理现象也可以用这些量组成的( n-k)个无量纲群的关系来描述。7c定理是相似的( )。 A必要条件 B充分条件 C判据存在定理 14用( )得到的频率和阻尼均比较准确，但只能测出基本频率。 A自由振动法 B共振法 C脉动法 15受弯构件的疲劳破坏标志为受压区混凝土疲劳破坏时，这是当( )可能发生。 A配筋率正常或较低时 B配筋率正常或过高时 C配筋率过高或倒T形截面时 D配筋率过低或倒T形截面时二、判断题（每小题3分共15分。将判断结果填入括弧，以表示 正确，以表示错误） 1动力试验包括振动试验和疲劳试验。( ) 2被测物理量的单位变化引起测试系统输出值变化量的大小称为灵敏度，灵敏度的表示方法是：输出量与被测物理量之比。( ) 3在动力反复荷载作用下，结构的强度要比静力低周反复加载降低10%以上。( ) 4动荷加载的方式有：重物加载、惯性力加载、激振器加载、爆炸加载、液压加载。( ) 5板、壳一般只承受压力，承载力标志是混凝土被压坏。( )三、简答题（共40分） 1结构试验按试验的目的、对象、荷载性质、试验场所以及试验持续时间可将结构试验分为哪几类？（7分） 答： 2电阻应变测量方法的主要特点如何？（7分） 答：3什么是结构试验的加载制度？它包括哪些内容？（7分）答：4静力试验最大优点是什么？（7分）答：5试述测量应变有哪几种仪器（方法）?（6分）答：6动力试验包括哪些试验？（6分）答：试卷代号：1 142 中央广播电视大学2011-2012学年度第一学期“开放本科”期末考试建筑结构试验试题答案及评分标准 （供参考）一、选择题（每小题3分，共45分） 1D 2D 3A 4C 5B 6A 7C 8B 9A 10B 11D 12A 13C 14A 15C二、判断题（每小题3分，共15分。将判断结果填入括弧，以表示正确，以表示错误） 1 2 3 4 5三、简答题（共40分） 1结构试验按试验的目的、对象、荷载性质、试验场所以及试验持续时间可将结构试验分为哪几类？（7分） 答：结构试验按试验的目的、对象、荷载性质、试验场所以及试验持续时间可将结构试验分为生产检验性试验和科学研究性试验；真型试验与模型试验；静力试验与动力试验；短期荷载试验与长期荷载试验。 2电阻应变测量方法的主要特点如何？（7分） 答：电阻应变测量方法的主要特点：测量灵敏度高；标距小；滞后小；在复杂的环境中也可以完成应变测量。 3什么是结构试验的加载制度？它包括哪些内容？（7分） 答：结构试验加载制度是指结构试验进行期间控制荷载与加载时间的关系。它包括加载速度的快慢、加载时间间歇的长短、分级荷载的大小和加载、卸载循环的次数等。 4静力试验最大优点是什么？（7分） 答：静力试验的最大优点是所有加载设备相对简单，荷载逐级施加，可以停下来仔细观测结构变形，给人一明晰的破坏概念。 5试述测量应变有哪几种仪器（方法）?（6分） 答：电阻应变计；手持式应变计；振弦式应变计。 6动力试验包括哪些试验？（6分） 答：动力试验包括振动试验和疲劳试验。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowed the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he chose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky in that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot. In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930s, had better players, like Mikan of the Minneapolis Lakers, Bob Davies of the Rochester Royals, and Dolph Shayes of the Syracuse Nationals, but operated in much worse facilities and did not do much better at attracting audiences. In 1948, Podoloff lured the Lakers, Royals, and two other teams to the BAA and proposed a merger of the two leagues for the 19491950 season. The result was the National Basketball Association (NBA), with Podoloff its first commissioner. The seventeen-team league struggled at first but soon reduced its size and gained stability, in large part because of Mikans appeal and Podoloffs skills. Despite the point-shaving scandal, college ball thrived in the 1950s, largely because it had prolific scorers and more great players than in any previous decade. Frank Selvy of Furman and Paul Arizin of Villanova both averaged over forty points early in the decade, while Clarence Bevo Francis of tiny Rio Grande College in Ohio amazed fans by scoring 116 points in one game while averaging 50 per game for a season. The decade also witnessed some of the most talented and complete players ever. Tom Gola at LaSalle, Bill Russell at San Francisco, Wilt Chamberlain at Kansas, Elgin Baylor at Seattle, Jerry West at West Virginia, and Oscar Robertson at Cincinnati, all had phenomenal skills that have since been the measure of other players. And in 1960 one of the best teams ever, Ohio State, won the NCAA title led by Jerry Lucas and John Havlicek. Professional basketball underwent major changes in the 1950s that helped increase its popularity. In 1950, Earl Lloyd, from West Virginia, played for the Washington Capitols and became the first African American to play in the NBA. In 1954, Danny Biasone, owner of the Syracuse Nationals, persuaded the NBA to institute the twenty-four-second shot clock, requiring a team to shoot within that time. This eliminated the slow pace that had long prevailed in the pros and made the NBA more exciting. Teams now scored one hundred points a game regularly. The league also now
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