资源描述
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Chapter1词类和词类转换1.1词的分类n. pron. adj. num. v. adv. art. prep. conj. interj.1.2词类转换 1.派生词(词根+词缀) 2.兼类词(词形不变,多个词性) 3.合成词(一般由两个或两个以上的词合成)Chapter2名词2.1名词的数 1.名词复数的构成(规则变化、不规则变化) 2.惯用单数或复数的名词 如sports meet,take notes等2.2可数名词与不可数名词 1.可数名词量的表示 基数词+可数名词,如twenty cups;可数名词可与(a)few,many,a large/small number of,some等连用表示不定数量。 2.以复数形式出现的名词量的表示 如a pair of shoes. 3.不可数名词量的表示 如a piece of news.2.3能兼用作可数与不可数名词的物质名词 如sheep,ice cream等.2.4同一名词用作可数与不可数名词时的意义差别 如change(零钱、变化).2.5名词所有格 1.名词所有格的构成 2.- s所有格的主要用法 3.of结构表示的所有关系 Of+名词,如the end of the term.4.双重所有格 Of+名词所有格,如a friend of Mr.Whites =one of Mr. Whites friends.Chapter3代词3.1人称代词 1.人称代词主格与宾格形式人称第一人称第三人称第三人称格单数复数单复数单数复数主格I我we我们you你,你们he他she她it它they他(它)们宾格meusyouhimheritthem2.人称代词的用法3.it的用法(1)it作代词代替上文中提到的无生命的事物或幼儿、动物。(2)作“这、那”解,指心目中的人。(3)作无人称动词的主语,表示时间、天气和距离。(4)作先行词,引导非谓语动词如动词不定式。3.2物主代词 1.物主代词形式物主代词分为形容词性和名词性。形容词性my我的your你的his他的her她的its它的our我们的your你们的their他们的名词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs 2.物主代词的用法3.3反身代词 1.反身代词形式人称代词Iyouhesheitweyouthey自身代词myself我自己yourself你自己himself他自己herself她自己itself它自己ourselves我们自己yourselves你们自己Themselves他们自己 2.反身代词的用法3.4指示代词 1.指示代词的形式单数this这that那复数these些those那些 2.指示代词的用法3.5相互代词 each other, one another3.6疑问代词 1.who,what 2.who,which 3.what,which 4.whose 5.whom3.7不定代词 1.one(s)2.some,any3.something,anything,nothing,everything4.someone/-body;anyone/-body;no one/-body;everyone/-body5.anyone/anybody,any(one)of6.on one/nobody,none,nothing7.everyone/everybody,every (one) of,each(one)of8.one,everyone9.both,all10.either,any11.neither,none12.another,other(s)13.(a)few,(a)little14.many,much15.most3.8代词与其他词类的搭配1.不定代词用作形容词与其他词类的搭配 (1)all/both+the或物主代词。(2)some/any/many+other+名词。2.代词用于表示时间 All,another,one,other,this/that,these/thoseChapter4冠词4.1冠词的分类 a(an),the.4.2不定冠词的用法 1.类别的表示 2.数量的表示 3.度量的表示 4.不定冠词惯用法4.3定冠词的用法 1.特指 2.情景所指 3.前指 4.表示独一无二意义的名词 5.表示方位 6.形容词最高级 7.表示序列8.表示自然现象 9.only/same+名词 10.定冠词惯用法4.4不用冠词的情况 1.表示交通工具 2.表示一日三餐 3.表示季节 4.表示体育运动和乐器 5.个体名词表示抽象意义 6.表示学科 7.表示称呼 8.不用冠词的惯用语4.5时间表示中冠词的使用不用冠词定冠词节假日New Years Day元旦New Years Eve除夕Christmas Day圣诞Childrens Day儿童节the Spring Festival春节the Dragon Boat Festival端午节月份January一月April四月日Tuesday星期二Friday星期五年饭1977 1977年2000 2000年the year 1977 1977年the year 2000 2000年一天各段时间at noon正午at night晚上at midnight半夜on weekends在周末in the morning上午in the afternoon 下午in the evening 晚上in the night 夜里on the weekend 周末most of the time大多数时间at the moment此刻4.6专有名词前冠词的使用不用冠词定冠词说明人名Alice艾丽丝Mr. Lee李先生Professor Martin马丁教授the Browns布朗一家the+姓氏复数表示一家人洲名Africa非洲South America南美洲国家China中国Britain英语Australia澳大利亚Switzerland瑞士the Netherlands荷兰the United States of America美利坚合众国the Peoples public of China中华人民共和国定冠词用于国家全称城市地区Shanghai 上海London伦敦New York纽约the South Pole南极the North Pole北极路街Beijing Road北京路25th Street25号大街场所Tian An Men Square天安门广场Nanpu Bridge南浦大桥Beihai Park北海公园the Great Wall长城the Summer Palace颐和园普通名词组成的专有名词前须加定冠词语言English英语German德语French法语the English language英语the German language德语the French language法语报刊China Daily中国日报the New York Times纽约时报机构活动the Young Pioneers少先队the Olympic Games奥林匹克运动会江河海洋the Yangtze River长江the Yellow River黄河the South China南中国海the Pacific太平洋山脉山峰Mount Tai泰山the Himalayas喜马拉雅山脉山脉前用定冠词,但山峰名称前多不用定冠词Chapter5数词5.1数词的分类和构成 1.1-12基数词序数词说明1 one1st first1.1-12为基数词中的基本数词。2.序数词1-3为特殊变化。3.序数词4-12在相应基数词词尾加-th构成。注意:fifth 第五,ninth 第九和twelfth 第十二的特殊拼写。2 two2nd second3 three3rd third4 four4th fourth5 five5th fifth6 six6th sixth7 seven7th seventh8 eight 8th eighth9 nine9th ninth10 ten10th tenth11 eleven11th eleventh12 twelve12th twelfth 2.13-19基数词序数词说明13 thirteen13th thirteenth1.13-19基数词在数词3-9后加-teen构成。其中13,15发生拼写变化。2.序数词在基数词后加-th构成。14 fourteen14th fourteenth15 fifteen15th fifteenth16 sixteen16th sixteenth17 seventeen17th seventeenth18 eighteen18th eighteenth19 nineteen19th nineteenth 3.20-99基数词序数词说明20 twenty20th twentieth1.20-90整十位数,在基数词2-9之后加后缀-ty构成。其中20、30、40和50拼写发生变化。2.20-90整十位数的序数词构成时,将相应基数词词尾-y变成i,加-eth。3.十位数之间的数,由十位数加个位数构成,中间用连字符号。构成序数词时,十位数用基数词表示,个位数用序数词表示。21 twenty-one21st twenty-first29 twenty-nine29 twenty-ninth30 thirty30th thirtieth40 forty40th fortieth50 fifty50th fiftieth60 sixty60th sixtieth70 seventy70th seventieth80 eighty80th eightieth 90 ninety90th ninetieth93 ninety-three93rd ninety-third99 ninety-nine99th ninety-ninth 4.100-1,000,000基数词序数词说明100 one hundred100th (one) hundredth1. 整百位数由1-9加hundred构成。相应序数词在词尾加-th。2. 百位数含十位数和个位数时,百位数与十位数之间用and连接,也可以省略,但百位数加个位数时,and一般不省去。构成序数词时,只将最后一个数变成序数词。3. 千位数1-9加thousand构成。4. 千位数带百、十、个位数可由千位数直接加百、十、个位数构成。5. 汉语中的“万”在英语中用“千”作单位。6. 百万以million为单位。7. 千至百万的序数词,将最后一个词变为序数词。200 two hundred200th two hundredth202 two hundred and two202nd two hundred and second247 two hundred (and) forty-seven247th two hundred (and) forty-seventh1,000 one thousand1,000th (one)thousandth2,000 two thousand 2,000th two thousandth2,001 two thousand (and) one2,001st two thousand and first2,425 two thousand ,four hundred (and) twenty-five2,425th two thousand ,four hundred (and) twenty-fifth10,000 ten thousand10,000th ten thousandth100,000 one hundred thousand100,000th one hundred thousandth1,000,000 one million1,000,000th (one) millionth5.2分数词5.3half的用法5.4不定数量的表示5.5大约数的表示5.6数词的表示基数词序数词时刻7:00 seven oclock7:30 half past seven;seven thirty8:15 (a)quarter past eight;eight fifteen1:45 (a)quarter two;one forty-five6:50 ten(minutes)to seven;six fifty 6:09 nine minutes past six;six nine9:34 twenty-six minutes to ten;nine thirty-four月日4月5日April5(th);5(th)April7月2日July2(nd);2(nd)July年份1998 nineteen ninety-eightthe 20th century20世纪1803 eighteen o three ;eighteen and three2004 two thousand and fourthe 1980s/1980s the nineteen eighties事物编号Lesson Two 第二课the Second LessonPart One 第一部分the First PartUnit Three 第三单元the Third Unitpage51第51页Room308 308室Flight129 129航班Bus(No.)46 46路公共汽车World War2 第二次世界大战the Second World War电话号码63214578 six three,two one,four five ,seven eight02-639877 o two ,six three ,nine eight ,seven seven算式2+3=5 Two and/plus three is/makes five.10-6=4 Ten minus six is/leaves four.4*5=20 Four times five is twenty.16/4=4 Sixteen divided by four is/gives four.5.7年龄的表示Chapter6形容词和副词6.1用作表语的形容词6.2用作定语的形容词6.3形容词的主动意义和被动意义6.4常用副词用法讨论 1.ago,before 2.just,just now 3.late,later (on) 4.already,yet,still 5.ever 6.almost,nearly 7.so 8.too 9.very,very much 10.somewhere,anywhere6.5 -ly结尾的副词6.6 else6.7疑问副词 1.how,when,where,why 2.how+形容词构成的疑问词 3.how+副词构成的疑问词 4.how与what的某些用法区别6.8形容词和副词比较级和最高级 1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成 (1)形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成-er,-est形式:分类例词说明原级比较级最高级单音节一般单音节单词shortshortershortestyoungyoungeryoungestpoorpoorerpoorest-e结尾largelargerlargest以-e结尾的形容词加-r或-est。widewiderwidest重读闭音节,且词尾为单个辅音字母bigbiggerbiggest词尾辅音字母双写后再加-er,-est。hothotterhotest辅音字母+y结尾drydrierdriest将词尾y改为i再加-er,-est。双音节以-y,-er,-ow结尾easyeasiereasiest多采用-er,-est形式。clevercleverercleverestnarrownarrowernarrowestmore,most形式:分类例词原级比较级最高级一般双音节形容词carefulmore carefulmost carefulactivemore activemost activeusefulmore usefulmost useful三音节以及三音节以上的形容词difficultmore difficultmost difficultinterestingmore interestingmost interesting-ed结尾的形容词tiredmore tiredmost tiredworriedmore worriedmost worried (2)副词比较级和最高级的规则变化构成方法例词原级比较级最高级单音节副词采用-er,-est形式。fastfasterfastestquickquickerquickesthardharderhardestsoonsoonersoonest以-ly后缀词尾的副词采用more ,most形式。carefullymore carefullymost carefullywarmlymore warmlymost warmlyquietlymore quietlymost quietly(3)形容词和副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化原级比较级最高级说明manymuchmoremostgoodwellbetterbestbadbadly illworseworstBadly作“迫切,非常”解时,采用more,most形式。如:Teachers are needed more badly in our city than in theirs.littlelessleastfarfartherfurtherfarthestfurthestfarther,further都可以表示距离、时间上的“更远、更往前”,但表示“进一步”只能用further。例如:We went farther/further intothe woods.我们再向树林里面走去。We need further information.我们需要进一步的信息。oldolderelderoldesteldest1. older,oldest用于比较年龄的大小。例如:He is older than me.他比我大。2. elder,eldest用于表示家庭成员间长幼关系。例如:She is my elder sister.她是我姐姐。Alice is the eldest daughter in the family.艾丽丝是家中的长女。3. 美国英语中older,oldest用于表示家庭成员间长幼关系。例如:Ben is my older brother.本是我的哥哥。Hank is my oldest son.汉克是我的长子。 2.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的常用结构 3.比较级程度的表示 4.比较中应注意的问题Chapter7动词分类7.1及物动词与不及物动词 1.某些容易混淆的及物动词与不及物动词 2.易被误用为及物动词的不及物动词 3.易被误用为不及物动词的机务动词7.2连系动词7.3短语动词与介词动词1.短语动词2.介词动词7.4动词变形 1.加-s规则pass规则例词一般动词在词尾加-s。taketakes bringbringsburnburnschangechanges以-s,-sh,-ch,-x结尾的词,在词尾加-es。passpasseswashwashesmatchmatchesfixfixes以-o结尾的动词加-es。dodoesgogoes以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,将y改为I,加-es。studystudiescarrycarries以原因字母+y结尾的动词,在词尾加-s。playplayspaypays 2.构成动词-ing形式的规则规则例词一般动词在词尾加-ing。ringringingpushpushingbuybuying以辅音字母+e结尾的动词,去掉e加-ing。livelivingmakemaking以-ie结尾的动词将ie改成y,加ing。diedyinglielying重读闭音节为末尾音节,且以单个辅音字母结尾的动词,将词尾辅音字母双写,再加-ing。putputtingfitfittingbeginbeginning重读r音节为末尾音节的动词,将r双写,加-ing。preferpreferring说明:1fix的动词-ing形式为fixing,词尾x不能双写。2非重读r音节,词尾r不必双写。例如:offer-offering,appear-appearing。3travel的-ing形式为travel(l)ing。词尾l可以双写,也可以不双写。3.构成动词-ed形式的规则规则例词原形 过去式 过去分词一般动词在词尾加-ed。work worked workedclimb climbed climbedneed needed needede结尾的动词后加d。 phone phoned phonedlive lived lived1. 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,将y改成i,加-ed。2. 以原因字母+y结尾的动词,直接加-ed。 try tried triedcarry carried carriedplay played played以重读闭音节为末尾音节的动词,且词尾为单个辅音字母,将词尾辅音字母双写,再加-ed。 fit fitted fittedstop stopped stopped词尾为重读r音节,将词尾字母r双写,加-ed。 prefer preferred preferred说明:1fix的过去式、过去分词为fixed,词尾x不要双写。2词尾r音节非重读,词尾r不必双写。例如:wonder-wondered。3travel的过去式、过去分词为travel(l)ed,词尾l可以双写,也可以不双写。4.动词过去式、过去分词的不规则变化分类例词动词原形 过去式 过去分词AAA型cost cost costcut cut cuthit hit hitABB型meet met metkeep kept keptpay paid paidABA型run ran runbecome became becomecome came comeABC型do does dideat ate eatentake took taken说明:1某些规则动词常被误用为是不规则动词。例如:welcome() welcome,welcome () welcomed,welcomed2某些不规则动词常被误用为规则动词。例如:cost() costed,costed () cost,costhurt() hurted,hurted () hurt,hurtChapter8情态动词8.1常用情态动词1.could/can表示能力2.may/might,can/could表示许可3.must表示必须4.should,ought to表示应该5.must,may/might表示推测语气6.shall7.will/would8.need8.2 had better8.3 used to1.used to+动词原形 2.used to的否定形式和疑问式构成 3.use用作实义动词Chapter9动词时态9.1一般现在时 1.动词形式BEHAVEDO动词形式amisarehavehasworkworks 2.用法9.2现在进行时 1.动词形式 HAVEDO动词形式amis having areamis workingare2.用法9.3一般过去时 1.动词形式BEHAVEDO动词形式waswerehadworked 2.用法9.4过去进行时 1.动词形式HAVEDO动词形式was havingwerewas workingwere 2.用法9.5现在完成时 1.动词形式BEHAVEDO动词形式have b
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