主谓一致的三个原则.doc

主谓一致的三个原则1. 语法一致原则Both my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是医生。The living-room walls are a light yellow. 客厅的墙是淡黄色。Her job is teaching French. 她的工作是教法语。The location of the house is near the highway. 房子的地点靠近公路。2. 意义一致原则This news is important for us. 这条消息对我们很重要。Paris is among the largest cities in the world. 巴黎是世界上最大的城市之一。The thesis was about a hundred and fifty pages long. 论文有一百五十页长。Less people are going to university than usual. 现在上大学的人比平时少。意义一致的三个典型用法1. 形式上虽为单数，但意义为复数名词，如the police, people, cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Cattle eat grass. 牛吃草。The police were called in. 警察被召来了。注：people 作“民族”解时，其单数形式为people，复数形式为peoples，作主语时，应用语法一致原则。如：The Chinese people is a great people. 中华民族是一个伟大的民族。56 peoples make up the big family of China. 56个民族构成中国这个大家庭。2. 主语是指一类人的“the+形容词（或过去分词）”时，谓语动词通常用复数，这类词有：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等。另外，像the Chinese, the British, the Irish等表示一个国家或民族的人的总称，作主语时，谓语动词也用复数。如：The injured were taken to hospital. 受伤的人都送进了医院。The English do not drink much wine. 英国人不喝很多酒。AThe + 形容词指人做主语时，谓语动词一般用第三人称复数形式。如：(1) The poor were usually looked down upon by the rich. 过去，穷人常被富人瞧不起。(2) The wounded have been taken good care of in the hospital. 伤员在医院受到了很好的照护。BThe + 形容词指抽象概念做主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。如：The decayed has been thrown away. 腐烂的东西已经被扔掉了。3. 形式上为复数，而意义上却是单数的名词，如news, mathematics, physics，politics, economics及以s结尾的书名、国名等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Mathematics is the language of science. 数学是科学语言。 His “Selected Poems” was first published in 1965. 他的诗歌选集最早是1965年出版的。3. 就近原则Either you or I am wrong. 不是你错了就是我错了。Neither the students nor the teacher is interested in it. 老师和学生对此都不感兴趣。即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。1. 连词or, notbut, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的数与靠近它的主语一致。如：Not his parents but he doesnt want to go. 是他的父母亲不想去而不是他不想去。Neither you nor I am a stranger here. 你和我都不是刚来这里。Does neither he nor his classmates know the secret? 他和他的同学都不知道这个密秘？2. 当there be后有两个或几个并列的主语时，be的数由与其靠得最近的那个主语一致。如：There is an apple, two pears and some oranges on the plate. 盘子里有一个苹果，两个梨子和一些桔子。There are two pears, some oranges and an apple on the plate. 盘子里有两个梨子，一些桔子和一个苹果。英语主谓一致详解1. 代词做主语C主语是：who, what, which, all, more, most, some, any, none, the rest, the remainder时，谓语动词的形式须依具体情况而定。如：(1) Whos the girl over there? 那边的那个女孩是谁？(2) Who are the boys playing games there? 在那里做游戏的男孩子是哪些人？(3) Whats this? 这是什么？ (4) What are those? 哪些是什么？(5) Which is yours? 哪一个是你的？ (6) Which are childrens? 哪一些是孩子们的？不定代词作主语的主语一致归纳1. 单数型：someone, anyone, no one, everyone, something, nothing等复合不定代词作主语，谓语用单数；either, neither, each, little, much 等不定代词作主语时，谓语也用单数。如：Nothing is yet certain. 一切都还没有肯定。Neither was satisfactory. 两者都不使人满意。No one goes to the school during the vacation. 假期时没人到学校去。2. both, few, several, many作主语：此时谓语要用复数。如：Few of them are any good. 它们没有几个有用。Many have given their lives in the cause of truth. 为了真理许多人献出了生命。3. all 作主语：若指人，谓语用复数；若指事物或现象，谓语通常用单数。如：All are equal before the law. 法律面前，人人平等。All is well that ends well. 结局好一切都好。注：若all 后修饰有其他名词或接有“of+名词”，则其谓语与其中名词的数保持一致。All (of) the money is mine. 所有这些钱都是我的。All (of) his friends are poor. 他所有的朋友都很穷。4. none (of) 作主语：若指不可数名词，谓语用单数；若指复数可数名词，谓语可用单数(较正式)或复数(非正式)。如：None of the rooms are ready. 房间一个也没准备好。None of this milk can be used. 这牛奶一点都不能用了。None of the telephones is are working. 没有一部电话中是好的。注：neither, none做主语时，口语中或非正式文字中，谓语动词通常用复数，正式的书面语中用单数。如：Are/Is neither of the teams playing this week? 这个星期两个队中有哪一个队要进行比赛？None of them has/have been to the Great Wall. 他们中没有一个人去过长城。不过，none作主语，其表语是单数，谓语用单数；表语是复数，谓语则用复数。5. the rest 作主语：指不可数名词时谓语用单数，指可数名词时谓语用复数。如：The rest of the money is yours. 剩余的钱归你。The rest are arriving later. 其他人稍候就到。2. 名词做主语A. 一般说来，不可数名词及可数名词的单数做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Water is necessary for living things. 水对于生物来说是必须的。(2) The desk over there is Li Leis. 那边的那张课桌是李蕾的。(3) The dog is a useful animal. 狗是一种有用的动物。B. 表示总称意义的名词people (人们，人民), cattle, police，youth做主语时，谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如：(1) English people are fond of talking about weather. 英国人喜欢谈论天气。(2) Cattle are farmersfriends. 牛是农民的朋友。C. 主语是：public, board, family, class, team, group, crowd, audience, company, crew, committee, enemy, government, herd, jury, party等名词时，如果是作为整体的，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式；如果作为其中一个个的成员，谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如：如：(1) Our class is made up of fifty students. 我们班有五十个学生组成。(2) Our class are working very hard. 我们班学习都很努力。(3) His team is very strong. 他们队很强大。(4) His team are talking with the coach. 他们队在跟教练谈话。D. 主语是：时间、距离、价格、度量衡单位等名词或短语，即使是复数，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Three years passes quickly. 三年很快过去了。(2) Two meters is not long enough. 两米不够长。E. 主语是：news, politics, physics, plastics, mathematics等名词虽然以s结尾，但谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Physics is very interesting and useful. 物理既很有趣也很有用。(2) Plastics is widely used in our daily life. 塑料在日常生活中被广泛地应用。clothes, compasses, goods, glasses, trousers, scissors, shoes, socks, gloves等名时，谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如：(1) The trousers are not expensive. 这条裤子不贵。(2) Your socks are over there. 你的袜子在那边。F. 主语若是书名，剧名、报刊、杂志名称或国家、单位名称时，即使名词是复数形式，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) The Arabian Nights is very interesting. 一千零一夜很有趣。(2) The New York Times is popular in America. 纽约时报在美国很受欢迎。G. 在算式里，主语是数词时，谓语动词也只能用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Three and five is eight. 三加五等于八。(2) Twelve divided by six is two. 十二除以六等于二。H. 主语是：a lot of, lots of, plenty，百分比of +名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照名词的数而确定。如：(1) A lot of people have taken part in the activity. 很多人参加了这次活动。(2) Lots of water is lost. 大量的水被流失了。I. 主语是： kind of, type of, pair of, amount of, quantity of + 名词时，谓语动词的形式须依照kind, type, amount, pair, quantity的数而确定。如：(1) This pair of trousers was made by Master Li. 这条裤子是李师傅做的。(2) A large quantity of water in the sea has been polluted. 这个海里大量的水被污染了。(3) Large quantities of rice have been destroyed in the flood. 大量的庄稼在洪水中被毁坏了。J. 主语是：the number of + 名词的复数时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：The number of students in our class is seventy-eight. 我们班的学生数是七十八。主语是：a number of + 名词复数时，谓语动词用第三人称复数形式。如：A number of students of our school come from the countryside. 我们学校很多学生来自农村。注意类似结构：The variety of goods in this shop is rich. 这家商店的品种丰富。A variety of books have been published. 已出版了各种各样的书。K. 主语是：the population时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) What is the population of your town? 你们镇的人口多少？(2) The population of America is a little over two hundred million. 美国人口数大约是两亿多一点。主语是：分数 + population时，谓语动词常用第三人称复数形式。如：About eighty percent of the population in our country are farmers. 我们国家大约有百分之八十的人口是农民。 一、总的原则1.表示意义较抽象的“人口”时，表单数意义；表示某地区的全体居民时，为集合名词，既可表示单数意义(视为整体)也可表示复数意义(考虑其个体)。如：Chinas population is by far the largest of any country. 中国是全世界人口最多的国家。Most of the population has have fled. 大部分居民都逃走了。Half the worlds population doesnt dont get enough to eat. 世界有一半人口没有足够的食物吃。What percent of the population read reads books? 识字的人占人口总数的百分之几? 注：有的人认为，当population作主语时谓语动词一般用单数，但若前面有分数或百分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数这是不准确的说法，以上例句均引自权威词典，完全可以说明这一问题！二、注意之处若其后跟的是系表结构，且表语为复数，谓语动词要用复数。如：One third of the population here are farmers. 这里三分之一的人口是工人。3. 两个或两个以上的名词连在一起做主语(一) and, both.and 连接名词或代词做主语A谓语一般用复数形式。如：(1) Li Lei and Liu Mei are both interested in English. 李蕾和魏方都对英语感兴趣。(2) He and she are good friends. 他跟她是好朋友。Band 连接的两个成对的名词，如fork and knife, bread and butter；soda and water； coffee and water；aim and end；salt and water等，虽有and 连接，但仍表示单一的概念，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Where is your fork and knife? 你的刀叉在哪儿？(2) Is the bread and butter enough for you two? 你们两人吃这一点面包和黄油够了吗？Cand 连接的两个名词若是指同一个人, 即： and前的名词前有冠词,而and后面的名词前没有冠词。谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。如：Im told that the monitor and League secretary is ill today. 我听说班长兼团支书今天病了。Dand所连接的连个名词前分别有: every, each, no, many a等修饰时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Every boy and every girl enjoys themselves in the school. 在学校，每一个男孩和女孩都玩得挺开心。(2) Many a teacher and many a student has spoken at the meeting. 在会上，很多老师和学生发了言。(二) 主语是：连接词or, eitheror, neithernor, whetheror, notbut, not onlybut also等连接的名词或代词时，谓语动词的形式须跟与之最接近的名词或代词决定。如：(1) Neither he nor you are to blame. 他和你都不应该受责备。(2) Is neither he nor you to blame? 他和你都不应该受责备吗？(三) 主语是：介词in, out of, with, except, besides, without, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, but, along with, together with, like, including, in addition to等所连接的两个名词时，谓语动词的形式应与这些词前面的名词的数保持一致。如：(1) At the meeting, one in four is against the decision. 会上由四分之一的人反对这一决议。(2) The teacher with his students is discussing a question. 老师和学生们在讨论问题。(四) one and a half + 名词复数做主语，即名词超过一，但不满二时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：One and a half oranges is enough for the baby. 这个孩子有一个半桔子就够了。(五) many a + 名词单数；more than one + 名词单数；a + 名词单数 + or two等做句子的主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Many a student is interested in English grammar. 很多学生对英语语法感兴趣。(2) A worker or two is going to be sent to work abroad. 一两个工人将被派往国外去工作。(六) one or two +名词复数做句子的主语时，谓语动词第三人称复数形式。如：One or two spelling mistakes have been found in your composition. 在你的作文中发现了一两个拼写错误One or two days are enough for them. =A day or two is enough for them. 给他们一两天时间足够了。5. 主语是句子、短语A主语是非谓语动词短语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如：(1) Reading is of much help for learning a language. 阅读对学语言很有帮助。(2) To keep on doing morning exercises is good. (= It is good to keep on doing morning exercises. ) 坚持做早操很有好处。B主语是从句时，谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，如：Why he was absent yesterday is being questioned. 他昨天为什么没来正在询问之中。Where we can get so much money is still a problem. 我们到哪里去弄这么多钱还是个问题。Whoever told you that was lying. 不管这话是谁对你说的，都是撒谎。Whether he has signed the contract or not doesnt matter. 他是否在合同上签了字，是无关紧要的。What he chiefly wished for was a chance to explain. 他主要希望能有一个解释的机会。但what，who引导的从句做主语时，当指具体的东西或人时，谓语动词的形式必须根据具体的意思而定。如：What I want are these things. What she needs is (are) friends. 在定语从句中，当关系代词 who, which或 that做主语时，从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。如：The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。Are these the books that were bought yesterday? 这些就是昨天买的书吗？I, who am a new teacher, will teach you English. 我，一个新教师，将教你们英语。C在强调句型“It + be + 被强调的部分 + that / who ”中，be总是用单数形式；that / who后的谓语动词的形式必须跟被强调的主语保持一致。如：(1) It was Lin Tao who called you just now. 刚才给你打电话的就是林涛。(2) It is you that are going to be invited to the party. 只有你将被邀请去参加聚会。D定语从句中谓语动词的形式必须跟先行词的单、复数形式保持一致。如：(1) The girl who is speaking on the stage is Zhang Lis sister. 在台上讲话的那个女孩是张力的姐姐。(2) The children that are playing games over there are from Hunan. 在那边做游戏的孩子们是湖南人。注意：在“one of + 名词复数 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的谓语动词一般用第三人称复数形式，但当one前面有the, the very, the less, the only或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词一般用第三人称单数形式，如：(1) Li Lei is one of the students who are good at English. 李蕾是英语学得好的学生之一。(2) Alice is the only one of the girls that is from America. 艾利斯是唯一的一个来美国的女孩。连词or与主谓一致注意在疑问句中则通常与第一个主语 (即临近的一个主语)保持一致：a. You or he is to blame. 你或他有一人要受责备。b. Are you or he to blame? 受责备的是你还是他?顺便说一句，在现代英语中用neither.nor，either.or等连接主语时也可一律用复数(但考生在应试时应避免)。注：在现代英语中，有时即使以上结构中的名词为复数, 其谓语也可用单数(即将其视为 整体)，如：Over sixty per cent of families own owns a television. 百分之六十以上的家庭已拥有电视机。注：若其中的名词为表示可数意义的集合名词，则其谓语根据情况可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑其个体)，如：What percentage of the population read(s) books? 识字的人占人口的百分之几?时间、距离、金额作主语时的主谓一致表示时间、距离、度量、重量、金额等的复数名词作主语，被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；若强调个体也可以复数。如：Twenty years is a long time. 二十年是很长时间。Two kilometers is a long way to go on foot. 步行两千米是一段很长的路程。Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息。比较： Ten dollars is too much for this old coin. 这个古币没有10块钱这么高的价格。Three dollars were paid for the old coin. 那个古钱花了3块钱。 Twenty years is a long time. 20年是一段很长的时间。 Twenty years have passed since they got married. 他们结婚已有20年了。4. means作主语名词means(方法)单数与复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定(尤其注意其前的修饰语)：These means are very good. 这些方法很好。Such a means is really unpleasant. 这样的方法确实是令人不愉快。若没有特定的修饰语或语境，则用单数或复数谓语均可：There is are no good means. 没有好的方法。Are Is there any other means of doing it? 做这事还有其他的什么办法吗?5.“one and a half复数名词”与“a单数名词and a half”作主语此时国内不少书认为，这两个结构作主语，谓语均用单数。如：One and a half months has passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。但是，国外一些词书则认为，谓语动词的数取决于这两个结构中名词的数：One and a half months have passed. / A month and a half has passed. 已经过去了一个半月。“one of+名词复数”后面的定语从句， 谓语动词应该用复数；而“the (only) one of + 名词复数”后面的定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。如：He is one of the students that have passed the exam 他是通过了考试的学生之一。He is the (only) one of the students that has passed the exam. 他就是通过考试的那个学生。“a (the, this, that) kind /sort / type of + 名词”做主语，谓语用单数形式；但“these (those, all, many, some) kinds of + 名词”做主语，谓语则用复数形式。如：This kind of book is useful for us. 这种书对我们很用。Many kinds of shoes are on sale in that shop. 那个店里有许多种鞋出售。注：“名词+ of a (the, this, that, these, those, all, some, many等) + kind(s) ”做主语，谓语动词的数与前面名词的数一致。如：Book of this kind is useful for us. 这种书对我们有用。Apples of these kinds are sour. 这种苹果是酸的。这几道题的谓语用单数还是用复数请看下面这一道题：题一：The boys and the girls each _ to do something different, which _the teacher uneasy. A. want, make B. wants, makes C. want, makes D. wants, make许多同学认为，each 表示“每个”，表单数意义，所以第一空填 wants，第二空前的 which 指前句所说的情况，表单数意义，所以第二空填 makes，从而确定答案为B。该分析只对了一半，即第二空填 makes 的分析是对的，而第一空填 wants 的分析则不对。其实，此题的最佳答案为C，即第一空应填复数动词 want，因为此句的主语 the boys and the girls，而 each 只是主语的同位语，按照英语语法，谓语应与其相应的主语保持一致(即所谓的主谓一致)，而不是与主语的同位语保持一致。题二：He speaks French _ German, but his mother _ is English.A. as well as, language B. as well as, tongueC. so well as, language D. so well as, tongue答案选B，第一空应填 as well as，表示“而且，还，和”，第二空格应填 tongue，mother tongue 意为“母语”。许多同学想当然地认为“母语”是mother language，其实错了。英语中表示“母语”有三种常用的方法：native language，native tongue，mother tongue，但是习惯上却不说 mother language。题三：More than one student _ read the novels, which _ written by David. A. has, was B. have, were C. has, were D. have, was【分析】此题容易误选B，其实最佳答案为C。more than one student (不止一个学生) 从形式上看是单数，但从意义上却是复数，它用作主语时，英语习惯上让其谓语与该主语的形式（而不是意义）保持一致，即用单数谓语。至于第二空要用复数，因为 which 指的是 novels，故谓语用 were。