2010年高考英语语法专题复习课件-定语从句.ppt

2010高考英语 语法 专题复习系列课件 02 定语从句 一 定义及相关术语 1 定语从句 修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后 2 先行词 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词 3 关系词 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词有 that which who whom whose as等关系副词有 when where why 关系词通常有下列三个作用 A 引导定语从句 B 代替先行词 C 在定语从句中担当一个成分 Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman 二 关系代词引导的定语从句 1 who指人 在定语从句中作主语 TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics 2 whom指人 在定语从句中做宾语 常可省略 MrLiuistheperson whom youtalkedaboutonthebus LiMingisjusttheboy whom Iwanttosee Theprofessor whom youarewaitingforhascome Thegirl whom theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor 注意 关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替 也可省略 Theman whom who youmetjustnowismyoldfriend 3 which指物 在定语从句中做主语或宾语 做宾语时常可省略 Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice Thisisthepen which heboughtyesterday Thefilm which theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall 4 that指人时 相当于who或whom 指物时 相当于which 在定语从句中作主语或宾语 作宾语时常可省略 Thenumberofpeoplethat whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion Whereisthemanthat whomIsawthismorning Thepersonthat whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind Theseasonthat whichcomesafterspringissummer YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat whichcamefromAustralia 5 whose通常指人 也可指物 在定语从句中做定语 Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin 注意 指物时 常用下列结构来代替 Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow 三 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时 从句常常由 介词 关系代词 引出 Theschool which that heoncestudiedinisveryfamous Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous TomorrowI llbringherethemagazine which that youaskedfor TomorrowI llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked Thisistheboy whom who that Iplayedtenniswithyesterday ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday We llgotohearthefamoussinger whom who that wehaveoftentalkedabout We llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions 注意 1 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开 介词仍放在短语动词的后面 如 lookfor lookafter takecareof等 Thisisthewatch which that Iamlookingfor ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy Thebabies whom who that thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy 若介词放在关系代词前 关系代词指人时只可用whom 不可用who that 关系代词指物时只可用which 不可用that 关系代词是所有格时用whose Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour Themanwiththat whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable 介词 关系代词 前还可有some any none all both neither many most each few等代词或者数词 Heloveshisparentsdeeply bothofwhomareverykindtohim Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples someofwhichhavegonebad Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall mostofwhomarefrombigcities Uptonow hehaswrittentenstories threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife 四 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 when指时间 在定语从句中作时间状语 IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived October1 1949wasthedaywhenthePeople sRepublicofChinawasfounded Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents 2 where指地点 在定语从句中作地点状语 ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy 3 why指原因 在定语从句中作原因状语 Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous Idon tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday 注意 关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句来表示 Fromtheyearswhen inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup 五 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 A 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号 与主句隔开 用逗号 与主句隔开 意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语 如删除 主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整 B 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词的补充说明 如删除 主句仍能表达完整的意思 译法上译成先行词的定语 的 通常译成主句的并列句 关系词的使用上A 作宾语时可省略B 不可省略A 可用thatB 不用thatA 可用who代替whomB 不可用who代替whom Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere inwhichtheylive Thereasonwhy forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica 限制性定语从句举例 非限制性定语从句举例 Hismother wholoveshimverymuch isstrictwithhim China whichwasfoundedin1949 isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful LastsummerIvisitedthePeople sGreatHall inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear 注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义 1 Herbrotherwhoisnowasoldieralwaysencourageshertogotocollege 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学 意含 她还有其他哥哥 Herbrother whoisnowasoldier alwaysencourageshertogotocollege 她哥哥是当兵的 他总是鼓励她上大学 意含 她只有一个哥哥 2 Allthebooksthathavepicturesinthemarewellwritten 所有里面带插图的书都写得很好 意含 不带插图的书则不一定写得好 Allthebooks whichhavepicturesinthem arewellwritten 所有的书都带插图 这些书都写得很好 意含 没有不带插图的书 一 限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况 1 当先行词是everything anything nothing something除外 all none few little some等代词时 或当先行词受every any all some no little few much等代词修饰时 HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr Lisaid Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded Anymanthat whohasasenseofdutywon tdosuchathing 注意 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可用关系代词who Allthegueststhat whowereinvitedtoherweddingwereimportantpeople Anymanthat whohasasenseofdutywon tdosuchathing 2 当先行词被序数词修饰时 ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen 3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen 4 当先行词被thevery theonly修饰时 ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy Afterthefireinhishouse theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowns 注意 当先行词指人时 通常用关系代词who WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting 5 当先行词前面有who which等疑问代词时 Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate WhichistheT shirtthatfitsmemost 6 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时 Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewalkingupthestreet 二 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句时 其用法有相同之处 也有不同之处 具体情况是 1 as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语 代表前面整个句子 Hemarriedher as whichwasnatural Heishonest as whichwecansee 2 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前 主句之后 甚至还可以分割主句 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后 另外 as常常有 正如 正像 的含义 Asisknowntoall Chinaisadevelopingcountry Heisfromthesouth aswecanknowfromhisaccent John asyouknow isafamouswriter ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes whichIdon tbelieve 注意 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时 关系词往往只用which 如 Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain whichmadehisteacherveryangry Thesetablesaremadeofmetal whichmadethemveryheavy 3 当先行词受such thesame修饰时 关系词常用as I veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek 注意 当先行词受thesame修饰时 偶尔也用that引导定语从句 但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别 SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary swedding Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore 三 以theway为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由inwhich或that引导 而且通常可以省略 Theway that inwhich heansweredthequestionswassurprising Idon tliketheway that inwhich youlaughather 四 关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用 即所担当的成分 A Iknowaplacewherewecanhaveapicnic Iknowaplacewhich thatisfamousforitsbeautifulnaturalscenery Compare B Iwillneverforgetthedayswhenwespentourholidaystogether Iwillneverforgetthedaysthat whichwespenttogether C Thisisthereasonwhyhewasdismissed Thisisthereasonthat whichheexplainedtomeforhisnotattendingthemeeting 五 but有时也用作关系词引导定语从句 Thereareveryfewbutadmirehistalents but whodon t 六 定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1 定语从句修饰限定先行词 它与先行词是修饰关系 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容 它与先行词是同位关系 TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis Thefactthathehasalreadydiedisquiteclear 2 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导 关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分 关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略 同位语从句主要由连词that引导 在从句中一般不担当成分 有时也由where when how who whether what等连词引导 这些连词则在从句中担当成分 Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus Thequestionwhetherheissuretowinthegameishardtoanswer 3 同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子 而定语从句则不能 A Theideathathewecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice B Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun C Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals 1 Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay ofcourse madetheothersunhappy A whichB whoC thisD what 2 AfterlivinginParisforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown hegrewupasachild A whichB whenC thatD where 3 Thegentleman youtoldmeyesterdayprovedtobeathief A whoB aboutwhomC whomD withwhom 4 Pleasetakeanyseat isfree A whichB whereC inwhichD that 5 Theoldmanhastwosons isasoldier A oneofwhomB bothofthemC allofwhomD noneofthem 6 Thisistheship wecrossedthePacific 太平洋 A bywhichB bythatC whereD inwhich 7 NewYorkisfamousforitssky scrapers 摩天大楼 hasmorethan100storeys A thehigherofthemB thehighestofwhichC thehighestofthemD someofwhich 8 Myhomevillageisnolongerthesame itusedtobe A whichB asC whereD when 9 IntheofficeIneverseemtohavetimeuntilafter5 30p m manypeoplehavegonehome A whosetimeB thatC atwhichD bywhichtime 10 Theboy compositionwonthefirstprizeistheyoungestinthegroup A whoB whoseC thatD which 11 Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood wasmorethanwecouldexpect A whatB whichC thatD it 12 Mr Wangisaboss factoryLiPingworked A inwhoseB whoseC inwhomD ofwhich 13 Idon tliketheway youspeaktoher A B thatC inwhichD AllA B andC 14 Ishallneverforgettheyears Ilivedinthecountrywiththefarmers hasagoodeffectonmylife A that whichB when whichC which thatD when who 15 isknowntoall Chinawillbeanadvancedandpowerfulcountryin20or30year stime A WhatB ThatC AsD It 16 Isthisbook youwanttoborrowfromthelibrary A thatB whichC theoneD 17 Suchabook youshowedmeisdifficulttounderstand A thatB whichC asD like 18 Thespeakerspokeofsomewritersandsomebooks werepopularthen A B thatC whichD who 19 Thisisthestore wevisitedthefamousshopassistants A whereB thereC thatD which 20 I mgoingtospendmyholidayinBeijing livemyoldparents A whichB thatC whereD there 再见