电大专科社工个案工作期末复习重点考试小抄.doc

电大社工个案工作期末复习重点考试小抄一、伦理守则的意义：（）1、 他是社会工作者自我约束的道德规范2、 它是社会工作者对服务对象的准则，也是服务对象要求社会工作者协助的依据。3、 他是社会工作者与服务对象间共信的保护和保障标准，也是与其他专业者共信互信的媒介。4、 它是社会人士评价的标准。二、我国伦理社会工作守则：（）1、 语言、概要要准确、精炼、易于理解，并突出专业特征。2、 对价值原则和标准要进行界定和说明，避免空泛式的口号式表述。3、 价值原则和标准应体现其社会制度，法律政策，和文化传统基础。4、 在确定伦理原则和标准的同时，应注意例外情形。5、 限制性标准和鼓励性标准并重。三、价值体系（）（一）、戈登的社会工作价值（）戈登的社会工作价值是作为哲学概念来加以陈述的，共有六个方面：1、 个人应受到社会关怀，2、 个人与社会是相互依赖的，3、 每个人对他人都负有社会责任，4、 每个人除了具有人类共同社会需求外，每个人也是独特而异于他人的，5、 民主社会的基本特质，在与每个人的潜能都能充分的实现，同时也假定了每个人应通过社会参与而尽到其社会责任。6、 社会有责任提供途径以消除自我实现的屏障，一边个人的自我实现的自我实现得以完成。（二）、比斯台可得社会工作价值（）(一)、比斯台克的社会工作基本价值（强调社会、个人双方）1、 人的潜能：人生而有不同的潜能，这些潜能包括生理的、理智的、情感的、社会的、美感的和心理的等。因此，除了社会上每个人的尊严和价值应被尊重之外，社会福利服务也应注重社会功能中人的潜能的存在。2、 人的责任：人有与生俱来的动力和责任以实现其本能。因此，个人应发挥潜能以实现社会功能，从而完成自我实现。3、 人的权利：人有权利以适当的方法完成自我实现，但这些方法必须是建设性的，而且也是与目标相关的。4、 人的基本需要：（1）根据人类学家的泛文化研究结果，证明所有人都有其基本的人性需要。（2）自我实现必须通过潜能的发展和成长过程才能完成。（3）基本人性需要的满足及和谐的成长，必须依靠社会所提供和保护的机会，才能得到保障。5、 社会功能：人的社会功能对也完成自我实现是非常重要的，因此，应促使社会上每个人的社会功能得以发挥。6、 社会的责任：社会有责任帮助个人完成自我实现，因而社会必须建立和维持公正、和平和秩序，并且培育和自我实现有关的条件和资源。7、 社会的权利：社会有权利要求每一个人贡献自己的力量，以促进社会的健全和繁荣。社会的繁荣是个人参与的结果，所以社会各项活动都必须通过每个人的关心、参与和活动才能实现；而社会工作更应通过各种活动来增强这种力量。8、 个人对社会的责任：作为社会成员之一，每个人都有义务在自我实现过程中对公益有所贡献。社会工作的任务是促进案主的健康发展，以便他们能够对社会有所贡献。9、 人的自我抉择权利：人有自我选择的能力，因而在完成自我实现义务的过程中，人应有自我抉择的权利。自我抉择是培养责任、促进成长和实现自我的必要途径。四、个案工作理论模式（主要考适用人群）（）【1】心理与社会治疗模式（）（一）对人性的假设（1）、个体的发展受生理、心理和社会三方面因素的影响，而且这三方面的因素又相互作用,共同影响案主的成长过程。（2）、不能简单的把案主的问题视为由某个或某方面因素导致的，它是各种因素综合作用的结果。（3）、心理与社会治疗模式借用系统理论的概念“人在情景中”理念,把案主放在一定的社会环境中去认识,通过了解案主所处的环境把握案主的问题。案主所处的环境一般涉及家庭、亲属、邻里、朋友、学校和工作单位等（二）、对求助者问题的假设案主的人际关系失调和心理困扰有三方面原因:（1）、案主早年未被满足的愿望或者未被解决的情绪冲突压抑在心中，经常干扰案主当前的生活,防碍案主的人际关系的适应。（2）、当前的社会环境的压力过于强烈，使案主早年未被解决的问题表现出来，从而导致案主的行为出现偏差。（3）、案主的问题还与不良的自我功能和不良的超我功能相关，在这些不良的自我功能和超我功能的影响下,案主对外部环境的认识能力以及对自己情绪的控制能力减弱，最终导致心理困扰和人际关系失调。（三）、对人际沟通的假设（1）、人际沟通是保证人际互动有效进行的基础（2）、人际沟通会影响案主的家庭关系和案主的社会角色的扮演，对案主的超我和自我的形成也起着十分重要的作用。（3）、案主的自我功能的强度，自我防卫机制和知觉等都是影响其人际沟通技能形成的重要因素。（四）、对求助者价值假设（1）、心理与社会治疗模式认为每个案主都是有价值的,他们都具有发展自己的潜能,只是未被开发而已。（2）、心理与社会治疗模式指出开展心理与社会治疗工作的目的就是要挖掘案主的潜能，使案主健康的成长。【2】理性情绪治疗模式（）（一）、对人性的基本假设（1）人天生有理性和非理性两种信念，情绪问题来自于非理性信念；（2）人天生有容易受人影响倾向，尤其童年时候；（3）人的思想、行为、情绪是互相影响同时存在；（4）人有谴责自己、他人及周围事物的强烈倾向；（5）人惯于以他人对自己的期望作为生活准则；（6）人有自由意志有能力改变自己的非理性信念；（7）人的存在就是价值，而不是由他们的能力、表现等决定的。（二）、心理失调的机制和原因（ABC理论）（1）基本概念 Aactivating event（诱发性经历） Bbelief（信念） Cconsequence (emotional and behavioral) Ddisputing intervention Eeffect Fnew feeling（2）基本观点： 不良的情绪或行为C不是由某一诱发事件A本身引起，而是由经历事件的个体对这一事件的解释和评价B引起。应该通过D驳斥B，取得E，从而产生新感觉F。不是：A（Activating events) C (Consequence)而是：A B(Belief) C (Consequence) 应该： D（debate) E(effect) F(Feel)（3）、非理性信念1、我们绝对需要每一位生活中重要人物的喜爱和赞许。2、一个人应该在各方面，至少在某一方面，有成就，有才干，这样才会是有价值的人。3、有些人是卑劣的，他们应该为自己的恶行受到严厉的责备和惩罚。4、如果遇到与自己希望不一致的事情，就认为很糟糕。5、人的不快是由外在环境原因造成的，人无法控制自己的悲伤和情绪困扰。6、常担心危险或灾难性事件发生。7、逃避困难和责任比面对它们更容易。8、人应该依赖别人，而且需要依赖一个比自己强的人。9、人的行为受到过去经验的影响，只要一件事情对求助者产生了影响，这种影响就会持续一辈子。10、应该对别人的困难和情绪困扰感到不安。11、对任何一个问题，都应该有正确的、完美的解决方法，如果找不到，就会很糟糕。（4）、次级症状：是指求助者会以非理性的信念对待自己的情绪和行为的困扰，从而造成情绪失调症状加重的现象，即日常所说的对焦虑的焦虑。 理性情绪治疗模式强调，当工作者在处理初级症状时，需要注意区分和解决次级症状的问题。五、个案工作专业关系建立（一）同感（1）、内容：体悟：准确地感受当事人的世界，能够以当事人的方式去看事物；体悟的传达：能向当事人准确表达你对其故事与生活的理解引导当事人对其感受作进一步的思考设身处地：案主发生的事情 （经验）对问题和处境采取的行动（行为） 他的体验 （感受）（2）、尊重伊根Egan “指出尊重不单是一个态度，不单是对人的一种看法，尊重是一种价值，是用行为表达出来的一种态度。”德兰尼Delaney “认为我接纳你，我认为你是一个有价值的人。纵使我不同意你所重视的一些意见，我仍然尊重你。”尊重的必要性 是建立良好专业关系的重要条件，是有效助人的基础。 可以给求助者创造一个安全、温暖的氛围，从而最大程度地表达自己。 可使求助者感到自己受尊重，被接纳，获得一种积极的情绪体验和自我价值感。（3）、真诚（）社工应该把自己和当事人之间的关系看作为一个真实的关系，他要以真正的自己来与对方相处；在专业关系中，他虽然在假设上是个专家，但他必须首先以一般人的心态与当事人相处，否则他的专长就不但会派不上用场，同时还可能带来蔽害。真诚的表达：1. 一个真诚的工作者，是一个内心与外表一致、言语与行为一致的人。2. 真诚的工作者，其“真实自我”与“专业自我”在很多方面达到了统一。3. 真诚，还表现在适当情形下工作者的自我表露工作者与案主分享自身的经验，以及工作者表达自己的感受与看法。4. 真是还需要工作者对案主有真实的喜爱，对人有乐观的看法与基本的信任。表达真诚时应注意：1.真诚不等于说实话2.自我披露不是自我发泄3.真诚应该实事求是（知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也）4.真诚应适度（过犹不及）（4）、简洁具体指工作员用自己的话，提纲挈领、简单扼要地将当事人所表达的内容回应给当事人。工作员所简述的语意，没有超越或减少当事人叙述的内容。 必要性： 验证。确定工作员对当事人的了解，就是当事人想要表达的内容。以确定两人的互动是在有共鸣的基准线上进行。 整理。协助工作员将当事人的叙述分门别类，归纳、比较，从中理出重要的工作方向。 促进当事人积极的自我了解六、个案问题的诊断原则1、坚持个别化原则2、判断过程注重双方的参与3、判断过程中工作者警惕自己的价值偏见4、避免将问题简单归因七、个案工作的特点1.注重以个人为工作对象；2.注重建立一对一的专业助人关系；3.注重个人和社会两方面的调整，兼顾形成问题的内因和外因；4.注重知识基础。总之，个案工作是以个人和家庭为工作的入手点，通过建立一对一的专业工作关系，运用特定的知识和方法，帮助个人调动内在和外在的资源，解决社会适应方面的问题，是个人的社会生活更美满。八、个案工作每个阶段任务（）个案工作程序化分为：接案或转介、收集资料、制定计划、签订协议、开展服务、结案、评估和追踪等不同的阶段1.接案或转介接案的工作重点:了解求助对象的求助愿望促使求助者进入案主角色明确服务对象的要求初步评估问题和需要转介：即针对一些非机构或者个人所能提供服务的个案，经过必要的程序，转送到其他机构或者个人，是求助者能够得到适当的服务。转介服务发生在两种情况下：1)工作者判断求助者所需解决的问题不属于本机构服务的范围；2)服务机构仅仅为某一个区域的人提供服务，求助者不属于这个区域。2.收集资料此阶段的工作重点包括两个：一是收集与服务对象问题相关的详细资料；资料包括：个人资料：基本资料如姓名、性别、年龄、教育程度等；心理方面；生理方面；价值观和能力环境资料：家庭系统、朋辈环境、社区环境、工作环境和与案主相关相互关系等方面的资料。二是结合资料对案主的问题进行确切评估从三个方面对案主的问题进行诊断：即服务对象的问题；问题产生的原因；案主已采取的措施。3.制定计划根据案主的问题，工作者与案主一起制定服务目标和计划。服务计划包括以下6个方面的内容：(1)案主基本情况(2)简要准确描述并列出案主的主要问题和相关问题(3)案主要达到的结果与工作者的工作目标。(4)基本阶段和方法，以及每个阶段需要采用的方法和需要动用的资源(5)达到目标所用的期限，即工作时间表(6)联系方式4.签订协议工作协议是工作者与案主共同承担合作实现双方所同意的目标和计划，是促使双方关系具有承诺和责任要素的重要途径。协议可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。协议包括5个方面的内容：(1)服务目标(2)服务的内容以及采用的方法(3)双方应该享有的权利和义务(4)服务的时间、地点和次数(5)双方签字5.服务计划的实施（开展服务）社工所扮演的角色：使能者联系人教育者倡导者治疗者、使能者，即社会工作者运用自身拥有的专业知识和技巧，调动服务对象自身的能力和资源，发挥服务对象的潜在能力，促使服务对象发生有效改变。工作者工作内容：1.支持与鼓励2.情绪疏导3.观念澄清4.行为改变5.环境改善6.信息提供7.直接干预6.结案结案是指工作者为结束与案主的专业关系所作的一切准备工作。出现以下五种情况之一就可以结案：(1)社会工作者与服务对象都认为工作目标已经达到；(2)虽然问题没有彻底解决，但服务对象已经具备独立面对和解决问题的能力；(3)社会工作者与服务对象的专业关系不和谐，希望结束服务；(4)服务对象出现了一些新的要求和问题，需要其他社会工作者或者服务机构解决；(5)因为一些不可预测的因素，需要结束服务。对于(3)、(4)、(5)这三种情况，社会工作者同时还需要与其他服务机构或者社会工作者联系，帮助服务对象获得合适、必要的服务。社工的四个结案工作：（1）提前告知案主。一般在结束的前一、两次和案主讨论结束的事情，使其有所准备。（2）在结束前要有充分的时间与案主分享对于关系结束的感受。（3）总结和肯定案主在个案中的收获，增强案主面对未来的信心。（4）处理案主分离的情绪结案的三种形式直接告诉案主延长服务间隔的时间变化联系的方式7.评估和追踪评估 是指对案主提供的服务的有效性进行评定。其目的是积累经验，作为以后工作的借鉴。评估的内容包括：服务对象的改变状况工作目标的实现程度服务介入工作的人力、物力和其他资源的投入。评估的方法：服务对象直接评估服务的效果工作者同行进行评估服务机构进行评估追踪结案并不意味着完全终止服务，工作者还须根据案主的情况进行跟进服务，同时跟进也是持续评估工作绩效的一部分。九、个案工作之前的准备，接案。（不局限课本）（）十、案例分析：（）问题一：他有什么问题？问题二：你如何介入？（运用系统理论视角分析宏观、中观、微观）(自己到度娘的文库里面个找相关的案例看看，生态系统理论分析的案例) 附：生态系统理论微观系统：环境层次的最里层是微观系统（microsystem），指个体活动和交往的直接环境，这个环境是不断变化和发展的，是环境系统的最里层。对大多数婴儿来说，微系统仅限于家庭。随着婴儿的不断成长，活动范围不断扩展幼儿园、学校和同伴关系不断纳入到婴幼儿的微系统中来。对学生来说，学校是除家庭以外对其影响最大的微系统。 中观系统：第二个环境层次是中间系统（mesosystem），中间系统是指各微系统之间的联系或相互关系。布朗芬布伦纳认为，如果微系统之间有较强的积极的联系，发展可能实现最优化。相反，微系统间的非积极的联系会产生消极的后果。儿童在家庭中与兄弟姐妹的相处模式会影响到他在学校中与同学间的相处模式。如果在家庭中儿童处于被溺爱的地位，在玩具和食物的分配上总是优先，那么一旦在学校中享受不到这种待遇则会产生极大的不平衡，就不易于与同学建立和谐、亲密的友谊关系，还会影响到教师对其指导教育的方式3。 外层系统：第三个环境层次是外层系统（exosystem）。是指那些儿童并未直接参与但却对他们的发展产生影响的系统。例如，父母的工作环境就是外层系统影响因素。儿童在家庭的情感关系可能会受到父母是否喜欢其工作的影响3 宏观系统：第四个环境系统是宏观系统（macrosystem）。指的是存在于以上3个系统中的文化、亚文化和社会环境。宏系统实际上是一个广阔的意识形态。它规定如何对待儿童，教给儿童什么以及儿童应该努力的目标。在不同文化中这些观念是不同的，但是这些观念存在于微系统、中系统和外系统中，直接或间接地影响儿童知识经验的获得3。十一、个案工作的工作原则1. 个被化2. 接纳3. 同理心4. 尊重5. 非批判6. 案主参与、自决7. 保密请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. Like a shining pearl, West Lake is the symbol of Hangzhou city. From ancient times, many poems have praised the amazing scenery of the lake. At the very beginning, the West Lake was a part of the Qiantang River. In the year 822, Bai Juyi, a famous poet and an officer of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), suggested to build a stronger causeway to store water so that the lake was doubled in size. And during the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), many temples and pagodas were built due to a Buddhist revival, and the look of West Lake was formed at that time.The West Lake is quite big and features different classic views from different locations. Technically, there are ten scenes which were marked by Emperor Qianlong with four-character inscriptions 200 years ago, such as the Melting Snow on the Broken Bridge and Sunset Glow over Leifeng Pagoda.8.